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- $Unique_ID{BRK04122}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Polymyositis}
- $Subject{Polymyositis Primary Idiopathic Polymyositis Childhood Polymyositis
- Polymyositis malignant tumors Polymyositis connective tissue disease overlap
- syndromes Sclerodermatomyositis Mixed Connective Tissue disease}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1989, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 278:
- Polymyositis
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Polymyositis) is not the
- name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate
- names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- DISORDER SUBDIVISIONS
-
- Primary Idiopathic Polymyositis
- Childhood Polymyositis
- Polymyositis associated with malignant tumors
- Polymyositis associated with connective tissue disease overlap syndromes,
- including Sclerodermatomyositis and Mixed Connective Tissue disease
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Polymyositis is a systemic connective tissue disorder characterized by
- inflammatory and degenerative changes in the muscles, leading to symmetric
- weakness and some degree of muscle atrophy. The areas principally affected
- are the hip, shoulders, arms, pharynx and neck.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Symptoms of Polymyositis may start gradually or suddenly. The symptoms often
- wax and wane for no apparent reason.
-
- The major symptom of the disorder is muscle weakness, most often in the
- hip and shoulder areas, eventually making it difficult for patients to lift
- their arms or to climb steps. Other muscles which may be affected are the
- neck and throat muscles, which may result in difficulty in swallowing and
- cause changes in the voice. Rarely, chest muscles are affected.
-
- The muscle weakness may appear suddenly and progress over weeks to
- months. The difficulty in swallowing and dilatation of the lower esophagus
- and small intestine may be indistinguishable from that in Scleroderma
- (Progressive Systemic Sclerosis), (For more information on Scleroderma,
- choose "scleroderma" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) The
- muscles of the hands, feet and face often escape involvement. Contractures
- of the limbs may develop late in the chronic stage.
-
- Other symptoms of Polymyositis may include fever, weight loss and
- occasionally pain or tenderness in muscles and joints. A few people with
- Polymyositis have an extreme sensitivity to cold (Raynaud's Phenomenon) that
- is most often felt in the fingers. Raynaud's Phenomenon is caused by
- narrowing of the blood vessels in the fingers. (For more information, choose
- "Raynaud" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) People with
- Polymyositis may develop numb and shiny red areas around and under the finger
- nails.
-
- Pain in many joints (polyarthralgia), accompanied at times by swelling,
- fluid and other evidence of non-deforming arthritis, occurs in approximately
- one third of patients with polymyositis. These rheumatic complaints tend to
- be mild and respond well to corticosteroids. Gastrointestinal involvement,
- except for the pharynx and the esophagus, is relatively uncommon in
- polymyositis.
-
- Inflammation of the lungs with increase of interstitial tissue (interstitial
- pneumonitis), manifested by difficulty in breathing and by coughing, may
- precede myositis and dominate the clinical picture. Involvement of the heart,
- detected chiefly by irregularities in the electrocardiogram (ECG), has been
- reported. Acute kidney failure has been reported as a consequence of excess
- muscle protein myoglobin in the urine (Crush syndrome) due to severe
- disintegration of muscle (rhabdomyolysis). Sjogren's syndrome can occur in
- some patients with polymyositis. (For more information, choose "Sjogren" as
- your search term in the Rare Disease Database.) Abdominal symptoms, more
- common in children, may be associated with the passage of dark stools or the
- vomiting of blood from gastro-intestinal ulcerations that may progress to
- perforation and require surgical intervention.
-
- An associated malignancy, usually a carcinoma, may occur in about 15% of
- men and a smaller proportion of women over age 50 with polymyositis.
-
- Causes
-
- The cause of polymyositis is unknown. The disorders may be caused by the
- body's natural immune defense mechanisms attacking its own tissue (autoimmune
- reaction). Viruses may also play a role.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Polymyositis may appear at any time from infancy through the age of 80 years,
- but most commonly they occur between 40 to 60 years. In children, the
- symptoms usually appear between the ages of 5 to 15 years. Females are
- affected twice as often as males.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Scleroderma (Progressive Systemic Sclerosis) is a rare, chronic collagen
- vascular disorder characterized by diffuse hardening, degenerative changes
- and vascular inflammation of the connective tissues of the skin, joints and
- many visceral organs. It shares certain clinical findings with polymyositis.
-
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an inflammatory connective tissue
- disorder that can affect many parts of the body including the joints, skin
- and internal organs. SLE is a disease of the body's immune system. It
- shares certain clinical findings with Polymyositis.
-
- (For more information on these related disorders, choose "Scleroderma"
- and "Lupus" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Corticosteroids such as prednisone, (together with antacids and potassium
- supplements), are widely used in treatment of Polymyositis. Measurement of
- muscle enzyme activity is used to gauge the effectiveness of therapy.
- Reduction of these enzymes to normal values is noted in a majority of
- patients with this disorder within 4 to 6 weeks after treatment is started.
- This is followed by an improvement in muscle strength. At this point the
- dose of prednisone can usually be reduced slowly. In many cases of adult
- polymyositis prolonged maintenance therapy with prednisone may be necessary
- indefinitely.
-
- Immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate, cyclophosphamide,
- chlorambucil and azathioprine have been beneficial to patients who fail to
- respond to corticosteroids alone. Some patients have received methotrexate
- for 5 years or longer for control of this disorder.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- The FDA has approved the following orphan product for treatment of
- Polymyositis:
-
- Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human) (Iveegam, Immuno)
- Sponsored by:
- Immuno Clinic Research Corp.
- 155 E. 56th St.
- New York, NY 10022
-
- The drug cyclophosphamide, in combination with the drug mesna, is being
- tested in severe polymyositis patients who are unresponsive to steroid
- immunosuppressant therapy. This therapy may be beneficial, but more research
- is needed to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- November 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Polymyositis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis Support Group
- 146 Newtown Rd.
- Woolston, Southhampton
- SO2 9HR England
- Phone Southhampton 449708
-
- The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
- Clearinghouse
- Box AMS
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 495-4484
-
- Arthritis Foundation
- 1314 Spring St., NW
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- (404) 872-7100
-
- References
-
- POLYMYOSITIS AND DERMATOMYOSITIS: C.M. Pearson; Arthritis Medical Information
- Series, Arthritis Foundation, 1983.
-
-