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$Unique_ID{BRK04078}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome}
$Subject{Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome Chromosome 12, Isochromosome 12p
Mosaicism Killian Syndrome Killian/Teschler-Nicola Syndrome Pallister Mosaic
Syndrome Pallister Mosaic Syndrome Tetrasomy 12p Teschler-Nicola/Killian
Syndrome Chromosome 12, Partial Trisomy 12P Hypomelanosis of ITO}
$Volume{}
$Log{}
Copyright (C) 1992 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
512:
Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome
** IMPORTANT **
It is possible that the main title of the article (Pallister-Killian
Mosaic Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS
listing to find the alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this
article.
Synonyms
Chromosome 12, Isochromosome 12p Mosaicism
Killian Syndrome
Killian/Teschler-Nicola Syndrome
Pallister Mosaic Syndrome
Pallister Mosaic Syndrome Tetrasomy 12p
Teschler-Nicola/Killian Syndrome
Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
Disorders section of this report:
Chromosome 12, Partial Trisomy 12P
Hypomelanosis of ITO
General Discussion
** REMINDER **
The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
section of this report.
Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome is a rare chromosomal disorder that
occurs for no apparent reason. Major symptoms may include a coarse face with
a high forehead, sparse hair on the scalp, an abnormally wide space between
the eyes, a fold of the skin over the inner corner of the eyes, and a broad
nasal bridge with a highly arched palate. Mental retardation, loss of muscle
tone, and streaks of skin lacking color are often present.
Symptoms
Patients with Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome typically have low muscle
tone at birth, sparse scalp hair, a high forehead, a coarse face, an
abnormally wide space between the eyes, a broad nasal bridge, a highly arched
palate, a fold of the skin over the inner corner of the eyes, and large ears
with lobes that are thick and protrude outward.
Other features frequently found in patients with this disorder may
include: streaks of skin in which there is no color (hypopigmentation),
extra nipples, seizures, droopy upper eyelids, crossed eyes (strabismus),
joints that will not move (contractures), and delays in perceiving,
recognizing, judging, sensing, reasoning or imagining (cognitive delays).
Congenital heart defects, hernia's of the diaphragm, a narrowing of the
external auditory canal (stenosis) and an abnormal opening in the anus have
also been associated with Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome.
Causes
Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome is caused by tetrasomy for chromosome 12p.
Patients with Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome have four copies of the short
arm of chromosome 12 instead of the normal two. All recorded cases of this
disorder have been sporadic (not believed to be hereditary).
Affected Population
Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome is a very rare disorder that affects males
and females in equal numbers. There have been approximately 30 cases of this
disorder reported in the medical literature.
Related Disorders
Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Pallister-
Killian Mosaic Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential
diagnosis:
Hypomelanosis of ITO is a rare disorder in which the main characteristic
is lesions of the skin. A whorl-like lack of pigmentation of the skin may
occur on any part of the body except the soles, palms, and scalp. Over half
of the patients with this disorder may have seizures, mental retardation,
crossed eyes, nearsightedness, a cleft along the edge of the eyeball
(coloboma), an abnormally small head and/or an abnormal overgrowth of brain
tissue (megalencephaly). Autosomal dominant inheritance has been suggested
in some cases.
Chromosome 12, Partial Trisomy 12P, is a rare genetic disorder in which
there is a triplicated section of the short arm of the 12th chromosome.
Patients with this disorder have a lack of muscle tone (hypotonia), growth
retardation, and distinct facial features such as a flat upturned nose with a
wide bridge, shallow eye sockets, a vertical fold of the skin over the inner
corner of the eye, an upward slant of the opening between the upper and lower
eyelids, a long thick lower lip, a large tongue and short broad hands with
the fifth finger bent to the side. Chromosome 12, Partial Trisomy 12P
affects females twice as often as males.
Therapies: Standard
Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome can be diagnosed prenatally by removing a
small amount of fluid that is in the womb during pregnancy (amniocentesis),
or by studying the cell parts that concern heredity, especially chromosomes
(cytogenetic) in bone marrow.
Children with Pallister-Killian Mosaic Syndrome may benefit from early
intervention programs and special education.
Genetic counseling may be of benefit for patients and their families.
Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Therapies: Investigational
Research on birth defects and their causes is ongoing. The National
Institutes of Health (NIH) is sponsoring the Human Genome Project which is
aimed at mapping every gene in the human body and learning why they sometimes
malfunction. It is hoped that this new knowledge will lead to prevention and
treatment of birth defects in the future.
This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
March 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
current information about this disorder.
Resources
For more information on Pallister-Killian Syndrome, please contact:
National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
P.O. Box 8923
New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
(203) 746-6518
Pallister-Killian Family Support Group
4255 5th Ave., SW
Naples, FL 33999
(813) 455-0400
Association for Retarded Citizens of the U.S.
P.O. Box 6109
Arlington, TX 76005
(817) 640-0204
1-800-433-5255
For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
White Plains, NY 10505
(914) 428-7100
Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
Chevy Chase, MD 20815
(800) 336-GENE
(301) 652-5553
References
SMITH'S RECOGNIZABLE PATTERNS OF HUMAN MALFORMATION, 4th Ed.: Kenneth L.
Jones, M.D., Editor; W. B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 176.
BIRTH DEFECTS ENCYCLOPEDIA, Mary Louise Buyse, M.D., Editor-In-Chief;
Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1990. Pp. 1353.
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF PALLISTER-KILLIAN SYNDROME: S. Soukup, et al.; Am
J Med Genet (April, 1990, issue 35(4)). Pp. 526-8.
MOSAICISM IN PALLISTER i(12p) SYNDROME: S.L. Wenger, et al.; Am J Med
Genet (April, 1990, issue 35(4)). Pp. 523-5.
PALLISTER-KILLIAN MOSAIC SYNDROME WITH EMPHASIS ON THE ADULT PHENOTYPE:
O.W. Quarrell, et al.; Am J Med Genet (December, 1988, issue 31(4)). Pp.
841-4.
ISOCHROMOSOME 12p MOSAICISM (PALLISTER-KILLIAN SYNDROME): NEWBORN
DIAGNOSIS BY DIRECT BONE MARROW ANALYSIS: B.E. Ward, et al.; Am J Genet
(December, 1988, issue 31(4)). Pp. 835-9.
SKELETAL ANOMALIES IN A PATIENT WITH THE PALLISTER/TESCHLER-
NICOLA/KILLIAN SYNDROME: H Kawashima; Am J Med Genet (June, 1987, issue
28(2)). Pp. 285-9.