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- $Unique_ID{BRK03963}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Mallory-Weiss Syndrome}
- $Subject{Mallory-Weiss Syndrome Mallory-Weiss Laceration Mallory-Weiss Tear
- Gastroesophageal Laceration-Hemorrhage Syndrome Boerhaave Syndrome Esophagus
- Perforation Gastritis Chronic Erosive Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Hiccups
- Peptic Ulcer Esophageal Varices }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 734:
- Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Mallory-Weiss
- Syndrome) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to
- find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Mallory-Weiss Laceration
- Mallory-Weiss Tear
- Gastroesophageal Laceration-Hemorrhage Syndrome
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Boerhaave Syndrome
- Esophagus Perforation
- Gastritis, Chronic Erosive
- Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
- Hiccups
- Peptic Ulcer
- Esophageal Varices
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Mallory-Weiss Syndrome is a laceration of the mucous membrane in the
- junction between the esophagus and the stomach (gastroesophageal). It is
- usually caused by severe vomiting and can lead to hemorrhaging.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Mallory-Weiss Syndrome is characterized by a tear in the mucous membrane of
- the junction between the stomach and esophagus. It is most commonly
- characterized by abdominal pain, a history of severe vomiting, and vomiting
- blood (hematemesis). The blood is often clotted and has the appearance of
- "coffee grounds". The stools will be black and tarry (melena). In cases
- where there is a substantial loss of blood there may be shock and collapse.
- A diagnosis of this disorder can be made by visual examination of the
- esophagus membrane through an endoscope.
-
- Causes
-
- In Mallory-Weiss Syndrome the tear between the stomach and esophagus is
- usually caused by severe vomiting. It can also result from a severe trauma
- to the chest or abdomen, chronic hiccups, intense snoring, lifting and
- straining, alcoholism, an inflammation of the lining of the stomach
- (gastritis) or esophagus (esophagitis), hiatus hernia, convulsions or CPR
- (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy may
- get this disorder as a complication of chemotherapy.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Mallory-Weiss Syndrome accounts for about 10% of all gastrointestinal
- bleeding episodes. It is more common in alcoholics and affects males and
- females in equal numbers.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Mallory-Weiss
- Syndrome. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by small
- tumors (usually in the pancreas) which secrete a hormone that produces excess
- amounts of stomach acids that cause ulcers. These tumors can also appear in
- the lower stomach wall, spleen or lymph nodes close to the stomach. Large
- amounts of gastric acid can be found in lower stomach areas where many ulcers
- form. Ulcers can appear suddenly even in areas where they are rarely found,
- may persist following treatment, and can be accompanied by diarrhea. Prompt
- medical treatment of these ulcers is necessary to prevent complications such
- as bleeding and perforation. (For more information on this disorder, choose
- "Zollinger" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Chronic Erosive Gastritis is a common inflammation of the stomach
- characterized by multiple lesions in the mucous lining, causing ulcer-like
- symptoms. These symptoms may include a burning and heavy feeling in the pit
- of the stomach, mild nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and weakness. In
- severe cases there can be bleeding of the stomach which may result in anemia.
- Some people with this disorder, especially chronic aspirin users, may show no
- apparent symptoms until the disease has advanced. An accurate diagnosis can
- be made by a physician's visual inspection of the stomach using a
- gastroscope. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Gastritis,
- Chronic Erosive" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Boerhaave's Syndrome is a very serious disorder that is characterized by
- a rupture of the esophagus. It usually occurs from severe vomiting after
- excessive eating. Those with this disorder may have severe stomach and chest
- pain, shortness of breath (dyspnea), rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), a blue
- discoloration of the skin (cyanosis) and eventually circulatory failure due
- to the loss of blood (shock) through the esophagus. Surgery is usually
- required to repair this type of rupture. It is important that this disorder
- be diagnosed promptly so that medical treatment may be administered as soon
- as possible.
-
- Esophagus Perforation is a rupture of the esophagus. When the rupture
- occurs in the throat area there may be swelling of the neck and continuous
- pain that extends from the chest to the back. If it occurs in the chest,
- there may be vomiting, upper abdominal pain, shortness of breath (dyspnea),
- and severe chest pain. This disorder can be caused by chemical burns in the
- throat, complications due to an inflammation of the esophagus (esophagitis),
- peptic ulcer, or an abnormal growth (neoplasm). Diagnostic medical
- procedures such as endoscopy or gastroscopy can also cause perforation of the
- esophagus.
-
- Peptic Ulcer is a very common disorder characterized by lesions of the
- mucous membranes of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum. These lesions are
- caused by an over-secretion of acid or pepsin and are characterized by pain,
- heartburn, nausea and vomiting.
-
- Esophageal Varices are dilated, enlarged, and tortuous veins, arteries or
- lymphatic vessels at the lower end of the esophagus as a result of portal
- hypertension; they are superficial and liable to ulceration and massive
- bleeding.
-
- The following disorder may be associated with Mallory-Weiss Syndrome. It
- is not necessary for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Chronic hiccups are sudden, involuntary repeated spasms of the diaphragm.
- They can last for hours or days, or they recur very often with only a few
- hours relief between spasms. The persistence of hiccups may indicate a
- serious illness. Some of the illnesses that include persistent hiccups as a
- symptom are: pleurisy of the diaphragm, pneumonia, uremia, alcoholism,
- disorders of the stomach or esophagus, and bowel diseases. Hiccups may also
- be associated with pancreatitis, pregnancy, bladder irritation, liver cancer,
- hepatitis, surgery, tumors, lesions and gastroesophageal tears. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "Hiccups" as your search term in the
- Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- In many cases, bleeding caused by Mallory-Weiss Syndrome will stop without
- treatment. In cases where the bleeding persists, treatment may include
- sealing the lesion by applying heat or chemicals (cauterization) or high
- frequency electrical current (electrocoagulation). Blood transfusions and/or
- the vasopressive drug, pitressin, may be required. Direct pressure may also
- be used by inserting a catheter which is surrounded by a balloon. The
- balloon is then inflated (balloon tamponade) to stop the bleeding. Surgery
- is usually not necessary unless the bleeding cannot be controlled by
- conservative measures. Other treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Researchers are studying the effectiveness of embolization as a treatment for
- massive uncontrolled bleeding of the esophagus. This procedure consists of
- inserting a substance, such as gelfoam, bucrylate, or alcohol (ethanol) and
- stainless steel coils into the affected area. Further studies will be
- necessary to determine long-term safety and effectiveness of this treatment.
-
- The orphan drug sodium tetradecyl sulfate (Sotradecol) is being used as
- an experimental treatment for bleeding esophageal varices. For more
- information on the Orphan Drug sodium tetradecyl sulfate, physicians can
- contact Elkins-Sinn, Inc., 2 Esterbrook Lane, Cherry Hill, NJ 08003-4099.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Mallory-Weiss Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- Box NDIC
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 468-2162
-
- References
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown and
- Co., 1987. Pp. 82.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief; Merck,
- Sharp & Dohme Laboratories., 1987. Pp. 724.
-
- UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING. J. Lancaster; PRIM CARE, (March 1988,
- issue 15 (1)). Pp. 31-41.
-
- MULTIPOLAR ELECTROCOAGULATION IN THE TREATMENT OF ACTIVE UPPER
- GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT HEMORRHAGE. A PROSPECTIVE CONTROLLED TRIAL. L. Laine;
- N ENGL J MED, (June 25, 1987, issue 316 (26)). Pp. 1613-1617.
-
- MALLORY-WEISS TEAR. A COMPLICATION OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY. M. Fishman,
- et al.; CANCER, (December 1, 1983, issue 52 (11)). Pp. 2031-2032.
-
- SNORE-INDUCED MALLORY-WEISS SYNDROME. J. Merrill; J CLIN GASTROENTEROL,
- (February 1987, issue 9 (1)). Pp. 88-89.
-
- MALLORY-WEISS SYNDROME. A STUDY OF 224 PATIENTS. C. Sugawa, et al.; AM
- J SURG, (January 1983, issue 145 (1)). Pp. 30-33.
-
- PERCUTANEOUS TRANSHEPATIC EMBOLIZATION OF GASTROPHAGEAL VARICES: RESULTS
- IN 400 PATIENTS. C.L. Hermine, et al.; (April 1989, issue 152 (4)). Pp.
- 775-760.
-
-