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- $Unique_ID{BRK03928}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Leprechaunism}
- $Subject{Leprechaunism Donohue Syndrome Pseudoleprechaunism William's Syndrome
- }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1987, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 387:
- Leprechaunism
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Leprechaunism) is not the
- name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to
- find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered
- by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Donohue Syndrome
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report.
-
- Pseudoleprechaunism
- William's Syndrome
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Leprechaunism is a progressive hereditary endocrine disorder
- characterized by overdevelopment (hyperplasia) of the pancreas, insulin
- resistance, and excessive amounts of estrogens. It may be associated with
- abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, and a large quantity of iron in the liver
- (hepatic siderosis). Physical and sometimes mental retardation occurs with
- facial abnormalities and abnormal external genitalia.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Leprechaunism is characterized by growth retardation starting before birth
- with shortness of arms and legs. However, hands and feet tend to be large.
- Fatty tissue under the skin (subcutaneous) tends to disappear with advancing
- age. Children with this disorder have an elfin face characterized by sunken
- cheeks, a pointed chin, a flat broad nose, eyes that are set wide apart and
- low set ears. Symptoms also include excessive hairiness (hirsutism), and
- dark pigmentation in skin creases. In girls ovaries may be enlarged and
- exhibit cysts. Nipples and clitoris are also enlarged. In boys, the penis
- may be larger than normal. Additionally, mental development may sometimes be
- retarded.
-
- Patients with Leprechaunism have low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia)
- after fasting, and an elevated insulin level can be detected through blood
- tests (hyperinsulinemia). They are also more susceptible to infections.
-
- Causes
-
- Leprechaunism is a genetic disorder inherited as an autosomal recessive
- trait. Parents of children with this disorder are often related
- (consanguineous). (Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are
- the product of the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received
- from the father and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the
- condition does not appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene
- from each parent. If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the
- disease, the person will be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show
- no symptoms. The risk of transmitting the disease to the children of a
- couple, both of whom are carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five
- percent. Fifty percent of their children will be carriers, but healthy as
- described above. Twenty-five percent of their children will receive both
- normal genes, one from each parent and will be genetically normal.)
-
- The exact cause of Leprechaunism is not known. The genetic defect may
- cause an abnormality in the pancreas affecting production of insulin or may
- affect the way the insulin is bound to the insulin receptors. However, other
- body systems seem to be involved.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Leprechaunism affects less than 100 people in the United States, mostly
- female. Onset occurs before birth. Only 4 out of 15 reported cases were
- males. Usually the parents are closely related (second and first cousins
- once removed).
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Patterson Pseudoleprechaunism is a very rare disorder that has symptoms
- resembling Leprechaunism. Children with this syndrome may have a normal
- birth weight, bronze colored skin (hyperpigmentism), loose skin on the hands
- and feet, unusual facial characteristics, enlargement of the adrenal glands
- and the adrenal cortex (hyperadrenocorticism), and diabetes mellitus.
-
- Williams Syndrome is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder which is
- characterized by heart abnormalities, an elfin face, mild mental and growth
- deficiencies, teeth set wide apart, and increased calcium levels in the blood
- (hypercalcemia) during infancy. (For more information on this disorder,
- choose "Williams Syndrome" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Leprechaunism is symptomatic and supportive. Genetic counseling
- may benefit families of affected children. Infections should be guarded
- against and aggressively treated.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through June
- 1987. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Leprechaunism, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse
- Box NDDIC
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 468-6344
-
- Research Trust for Metabolic Diseases in Children
- Golden Gates Lodge, Weston Rd.
- Crewe CW1 1XN, England
- Telephone: (0270) 250244
-
- For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- THE PATTERSON SYNDROME, LEPRECHAUNISM, AND PSEUDOLEPRECHAUNISM: T.J. David,
- et al.; Journal of Medical Genetics (August 1981: issue 18,4). Pp. 294-298.
-
- INSULIN RESISTANCE IN AN INFANT WITH LEPRECHAUNISM: H. Kashiwa, et al.;
- Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica (September 1984: issue 73,5). Pp. 701-704.
-
-