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- $Unique_ID{BRK03707}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Endocarditis, Infective}
- $Subject{Endocarditis Infective Endocarditis Bacterial Endocarditis Bacterial
- Acute Endocarditis Bacterial Subacute Prosthetic Valvular Endocarditis
- Endocarditis Lenta Endocarditis Listeria Endocardial Fibroelastosis
- Candidiasis Rheumatic Fever Listeriosis}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 724:
- Endocarditis, Infective
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Infective
- Endocarditis) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing
- to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Endocarditis, Bacterial
- Endocarditis, Bacterial Acute
- Endocarditis, Bacterial Subacute
- Prosthetic Valvular Endocarditis
- Endocarditis, Lenta
- Endocarditis, Listeria
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Endocardial Fibroelastosis
- Candidiasis
- Rheumatic Fever
- Listeriosis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Infective endocarditis is a bacterial infection of the inner lining of
- the heart muscle (endocardium). This inner lining also covers the heart
- valves, and it is these valves which are primarily affected by infective
- endocarditis. If the infection remains untreated, multiplying bacteria may
- eventually destroy the valves and result in heart failure. Bacteria may also
- form small clots (emboli) which move through the blood and block small
- arteries. These clots may lodge in various parts of the body including the
- brain and cause serious damage.
-
- There are several forms of infective endocarditis. Two types that have
- similar symptoms but are caused by different bacteria are acute bacterial
- endocarditis and subacute bacterial endocarditis. Acute bacterial
- endocarditis may affect normal heart valves, while subacute bacterial
- endocarditis more commonly affects heart valves which have been previously
- damaged by disease. A third type of infective endocarditis, prosthetic
- valvular endocarditis (PVE), may develop in patients who have previously had
- artificial (prosthetic) valve replacement or tissue valve replacement.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Infective endocarditis usually has a very sudden onset. Complaints of low
- back pain, pain in the joints (arthralgia) or in one or more muscles
- (myalgia) are common. These symptoms usually appear early in the disease,
- occasionally as the only initial symptoms. A fever which rarely exceeds 103
- degrees fahrenheit is also common. Other symptoms may include night sweats,
- chills, headache and severe loss of appetite resulting in weight loss.
-
- Heart murmurs are present in over 85% of individuals with infective
- endocarditis, and 60% have enlarged spleens. Blood or blood cells may be
- present in the urine (hematuria). Small red or purple spots composed of
- blood (petechiae) may cover the skin of the upper trunk. There may also be
- pale, oval spots on the retina of the eye (Roth's spots) which may
- hemorrhage. Reddish-brown streaks (splinter hemorrhages) may occur under the
- nails of the fingers and toes, and small painful nodules may appear in the
- pads of the fingers or toes (Osler's nodes). With prolonged infection,
- clubbing of the fingers may also occur.
-
- In addition to the general symptoms of infective endocarditis, specific
- symptoms may occur more frequently in different types of the disorder.
-
- Individuals with acute bacterial endocarditis may develop valve abscesses
- and experience rapid destruction of the heart valves. Painless, reddish-blue
- skin patches (Janeway lesions) may appear on the palms of the hands and the
- soles of the feet. The course of acute bacterial endocarditis is very rapid.
-
- Subacute bacterial endocarditis progresses more slowly than acute
- bacterial endocarditis. Along with the general symptoms of infective
- endocarditis, there may be coughing or pain in the chest, abdomen, fingers
- and toes. A sensation of pricking, tingling or creeping of the skin
- (paresthesia) may be present. An individual with subacute bacterial
- endocarditis may experience changes in a preexisting heart murmur or develop
- a new murmur. There may also be a rapid heartbeat (tachycardia).
-
- Individuals with prosthetic valvular endocarditis may develop abscesses
- on or near the valves. Bacteria may also grow in the heart and obstruct the
- flow of blood through it. Abscesses may form in the middle muscular layer of
- the heart (myocardium), or the surgical wound may separate leading to
- instability of the artificial valve. In addition to the general symptoms of
- infective endocarditis, there may be a heart murmur from blood flowing
- backward through a defective valve (regurgitative murmur) or a murmur
- suggestive of blood outflow obstruction (systolic murmur).
-
- Clots (emboli) resulting from the infective endocarditis may produce
- serious damage. Symptoms depend upon the location of the clot. In 10% to
- 30% of individuals with infective endocarditis, clots lodge in the brain and
- may cause weakness on one side of the body, loss of vision or stroke. Clots
- may also cause abdominal pain, flank pain, or arterial insufficiency in an
- extremity. Damage from clots may be temporary or permanent.
-
- Causes
-
- Bacteria that cause infective endocarditis reach the heart through the
- bloodstream. Normally heart valves are highly resistant to the attachment of
- bacteria and resulting infection. Damage to a heart valve either by scarring
- (from such disorders as rheumatic heart disease) or trauma may leave the
- tissue susceptible to colonization by bacteria. As the microorganisms are
- rapidly swept past the damaged valve, those strains that can most strongly
- adhere to the surface are the bacteria that have the best chance of producing
- infective endocarditis.
-
- Over 50% of infective endocarditis cases are associated with heart damage
- resulting from rheumatic fever. Other disorders which may damage the valves
- include congenital heart disease, syphilis infection and surgical heart valve
- replacement. Surgical procedures on the mouth, on the reproductive organs,
- or on the stomach and intestines (gastrointestinal tract) often risk the
- spread of bacteria. There is a even higher risk of introducing bacteria into
- the bloodstream through major heart surgery.
-
- Acute bacterial endocarditis is most often caused by the bacteria
- Staphylococcus aureus. It may also be caused by group A Streptococcus and
- rarely by Brucella and Listeria. Approximately one-third of individuals with
- staphylococcal endocarditis will have a history of a preceding staphylococcal
- infection, with symptoms of endocarditis starting within two weeks of the
- initial infection.
-
- Subacute bacterial endocarditis is usually caused by streptococcal
- bacteria and accounts for nearly two-thirds of reported cases of infective
- endocarditis. Subacute bacterial endocarditis usually develops on damaged
- valves after dental surgery involving infected gums, reproductive or urinary
- (genitourinary tract) surgery or operations on the gastrointestinal tract. A
- history of a preceding dental, genital or urologic procedure is common.
- Symptoms usually begin within two weeks following the procedure, but
- diagnosis is often delayed. A previous history of heart disease is present
- in approximately 80% of individuals with subacute bacterial endocarditis.
-
- Prosthetic valvular endocarditis (PVE) develops in 2% to 3% of
- individuals in the year following artificial (prosthetic) valve placement,
- occasionally resulting from organisms accidentally implanted during surgery.
- The number of reported cases of prosthetic valvular endocarditis is highest
- with artificial aortic valve replacement. These infections frequently result
- from contamination during an operation. Approximately half of the reported
- cases are caused by staphylococcus.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Infective Endocarditis is a prevalent condition that affects twice as many
- men as women. Cardiac surgery and other invasive procedures have led to an
- increase in the number of reported cases during recent years. Intravenous
- drug abusers, with no history of heart disease, have a high incidence of
- infective endocarditis.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of infective
- endocarditis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Endocardial Fibroelastosis is a heart disorder affecting infants and is
- characterized by a thickening of the lining of the heart cavities
- (endocardium). Elastic tissue grows in the tissue under the endocardium
- (subendocardium), causing a milky-white thickening of the endocardium and the
- subendocardium. (For more information on this disorder, choose "Endocardial
- Fibroelastosis" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Candidiasis is an infection caused by a fungus. Candidiasis may spread
- through the bloodstream and infect various parts of the body including the
- lining of the heart cavities (endocarditis). (For more information on this
- disorder, choose "Candidiasis" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database).
-
- Rheumatic Fever is an infectious disease that occurs following
- streptococcal infections of the throat (strep throat). Patients initially
- experience moderate fever, a general feeling of ill health (malaise), a sore
- throat and fatigue. If not treated vigorously by antibiotics, strep throat
- can lead to rheumatic fever. Major complications may include inflammation of
- the lining of the heart cavities (endocarditis). Inflammation and subsequent
- scarring of heart valves may occur in patients with rheumatic fever, and can
- lead to heart function abnormalities. (For more information on this
- disorder, choose "Rheumatic Fever" as your search term in the Rare Disease
- Database).
-
- Listeriosis is a disorder caused by a bacterial infection transmitted to
- humans through contaminated food products, usually improperly pasteurized
- milk or cheese. Cases of endocarditis may develop if the bacteria are
- transported to the heart through the circulating blood. (For more
- information on this disorder, choose "Listeriosis" as your search term in the
- Rare Disease Database).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of infective endocarditis depends largely on the bacterium
- responsible for the infection. Early diagnosis and aggressive therapy are
- critical for successful treatment. If infective endocarditis is diagnosed
- and effectively treated within six weeks of the initial infection, there is a
- 90% chance of cure. If the infection remains untreated, mortality rates are
- very high. Endocarditis is treated with antibiotics. Intravenous penicillin
- and intramuscular streptomycin may be administered. Treatment usually lasts
- from two to four weeks. Those who do not respond to this treatment may
- require combination drugs such as vancomycin combined with an amnio-glycoside
- and penicillin. Vancomycin with streptomycin or gentamicin may also be
- prescribed. Individuals who have had symptoms for three months or longer may
- require treatment for longer periods. Individuals with streptococcal
- infective endocarditis which responds to treatment with penicillin, usually
- feel better and have a reduction in fever within three to seven days after
- starting therapy. Staphylococcal infective endocarditis often responds more
- slowly to treatment.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- December 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to
- keep every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and
- accurate. Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for
- the most current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
-
- For more information on Infective Endocarditis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- American Heart Association
- 7320 Greenville Ave.
- Dallas, TX 75231
- (214) 750-5300
-
- NIH/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-4236
-
- References
-
- HOSPITAL SURVEY OF ANTIMICROBIAL PROPHYLAXIS TO PREVENT ENDOCARDITIS IN
- PATIENTS WITH PROSTHETIC HEART VALVES. R.G. Brooks et al.; AM J MED (March,
- 1988; issue 84(3 Pt. 2): Pp. 617-621.)
-
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PREVENTION OF BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS: COMPLIANCE BY
- DENTAL GENERAL PRACTIONERS. D. Sadowsky et al.; CIRCULATION (June, 1988;
- issue 77(6): Pp. 1316-1318.)
-
- PHYSICIAN AND DENTIST COMPLIANCE WITH AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION
- GUIDELINES FOR PREVENTION OF BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS. C.L. Nelson et al.; J
- AM DENR ASSOC (February, 1989; issue 118(2): Pp. 169-173.)
-
- EMERGENCY VALVE REPLACEMENT FOR ACTIVE INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS. P. Stulz
- et al.; J CARDIOVASC SURG (TORINO) (January-February, 1989; issue 30(1): Pp.
- 20-26).
-
- INTERNAL MEDICINE, 2nd Ed.: Jay H. Stein, ed.-in-chief; Little, Brown
- and Co., 1987. Pp. 451-460.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 14th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief;
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Laboratories, 1982. Pp. 532-536.
-
-