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- $Unique_ID{BRK00404}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Understanding Results of the Spinal Tap}
- $Subject{meningitis spinal tap Special Procedures procedure Lumbar Puncture
- punctures meninges cover brain Headache fever nausea irritability confusion
- bacterial infection fluid virus lymphocytes bacteria white blood cell cells
- polymorphonuclear leukocytes Tumors lead toxicity meningismus Headaches
- infections}
- $Volume{P-1}
- $Log{}
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- Copyright (c) 1991-92,1993 Tribune Media Services, Inc.
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- Understanding Results of the Spinal Tap
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- QUESTION: We have had a terrible anxiety provoking experience, as our
- daughter was admitted to the hospital with meningitis. The doctors were
- patient and caring, but when they explained all about the results of the
- spinal tap, we were really too upset to understand. Can you tell us what was
- meant by talk of cells, pressure and all the rest? Our daughter is fine now
- and we are calm enough to listen.
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- ANSWER: Even in the best of circumstances, and that certainly does not apply
- to the events surrounding a hospital admission, understanding all the
- implications of a Lumbar Puncture (spinal tap) is not easy. But the results
- that the physician can obtain from this procedure are critical, as it provides
- an initial evaluation and diagnosis that not merely helps to establish the
- diagnosis of meningitis, but may often identify the condition that is causing
- the meningitis. The meninges are the tissues that cover and surround the
- brain, and any irritation of these delicate structures produce the symptoms of
- meningitis. Headache is the outstanding symptom, as well as fever, nausea,
- irritability and confusion, all depending upon the severity and cause of the
- inflammation. Since bacterial infection is life threatening, the physician
- needs diagnostic information rapidly, and the spinal tap provides five
- important bits of data that are extremely useful. They are pressure, number
- of cells found, type of cells found, glucose in the spinal fluid, and protein
- in the spinal fluid. For example, the pressure of the fluid in the spinal
- column is normally about 100-200 mm, but may be increased or decreased
- depending upon circumstances. In bacterial meningitis it is elevated.
- Normally there are very few cells present, but that number may rise to as many
- as 5000 per cubic mm in bacterial infections, yet stay below 700 when a virus
- is the infecting agent. The types of cells found also aid the diagnosis, as
- lymphocytes are most commonly found in most types of meningitis, while the
- bacteria fighting white blood cells (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, to be
- exact) are present in bacterial infections. Checking the amount of glucose
- and protein in the fluid also help make the diagnosis as they, too, are
- altered in different ways with different causes. While additional tests are
- available to the physician, they may take precious time to perform, with
- results available only after some period of waiting. Since choosing an
- appropriate antibiotic and starting medication as soon as possible is the best
- way to attack and overcome bacterial meningitis, the spinal tap is truly an
- important first test. Not all the symptoms associated with bacterial
- meningitis or viral meningitis are caused by these infections. Tumors, lead
- toxicity, and even a condition (meningismus) that mimics the symptoms of signs
- of meningitis without an infection, can create a diagnostic dilemma for the
- physician, and it takes a careful workup to fully explore all the
- possibilities. I am glad your daughter did well.
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- The material contained here is "FOR INFORMATION ONLY" and should not replace
- the counsel and advice of your personal physician. Promptly consulting your
- doctor is the best path to a quick and successful resolution of any medical
- problem.
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