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MANUAL.5
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1989-10-07
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________________________________
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| Section 5: PRINTHEAD CONTROL |
|________________________________|
CONTENTS
5.1 Baseline Motion
5.2 Kerning, Tracking and Expansion
5.3 Diphthongs
5.4 Ligatures
5.1 BASELINE MOTION
In a normal line of type, all characters (regardless of point size or
typeface) are aligned with reference to an imaginary horizontal
reference line, called the "baseline", which is essentially the location
of the bottoms of most characters of the alphabet, excluding lowercase
g, j, p, q and y and (in some fonts) uppercase J, which have
"descenders" projecting below the baseline. To produce some special
effects, it is necessary to change the level of the baseline. EXAMPLE:
printing superscripts or subscripts.
<BUd> Move Baseline Up distance d
<BDd> Move Baseline Down distance d
<BMd> Move Baseline distance d (+ is up, - is down)
<BJd> Jump Baseline distance d (Next character only; + is up)
5.2 KERNING, TRACKING AND EXPANSION
Kerning refers to reductions in the spaces between certain pairs of
letters, as compared with geometrically equal spacing, normally for the
purpose of producing the visual appearance of even, uniform
letterspacing.
<Kd> Kern surrounding character pair d kerning units (54ths of an em)
<Track=d> Reduce all letter & word spaces by d dots (300ths of an inch)
<Expand=d> Expand all letter & word spaces by d dots (300ths of an inch)
5.3 DIPHTHONGS
A diphthong is a pair of letters written as a single character (zero
space between the letters) and pronounced in a specific manner. The
diphthongs most commonly encountered in English-language text are "ae"
and "oe", both usually pronounced "ee". They are found in some names or
words of Latin or Greek origin, such as the names of classical
characters (such as "Aesop") and arcane scientific words, such as
"coelacanth". The soft fonts supplied with the Publisher contain these
dipthongs in the Pi font, as follows: AE - <PI211>; ae - <PI215>; OE -
<PI186>; oe - <PI227>. EXAMPLES: "<PI211>sop", "c<PI227>lacanth". A
diphthong may also be produced by kerning the two letters by a suitable
amount, normally 1/6th of an em, that is, 9 kerning units. EXAMPLES:
"A<K9>Esop", "co<K9>elacanth".
5.4 LIGATURES
A "ligature" is a single unit or symbol representing two or more
characters.
In English, there are only five ligatures in common use, for
the letter combinations ff, fi, fl, ffi and ffl. These five ligatures
are available as pi characters 228 (ff), 235 (fi), 236 (fl), 240 (ffi),
and 241 (ffl) in the Rubicon fonts (Trajan and Renner typefaces),
and can be accessed using the <PIn> tag. EXAMPLE: if the
word "efficient" appears in the text file as "e<pi240>cient",
it will be printed out (in a Rubicon font) with the letters "ffi"
represented by a ligature.
The Trajan and Renner ligatures can also be printed by the special tags:
<fi> - "fi'' ligature; <ff> - "ff'' ligature; <fl> - "fl'' ligature;
<ffi> - "ffi'' ligature; <ffl> - "ffl'' ligature. EXAMPLE: e<ffi>cient.