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VERSAMAP (version 1.30) 1 July 1993 Copyright 1991, 1992, 1993 by Charles H. Culberson 8 Ritter Lane Newark, Delaware 19711 CONTENTS PAGE 1. Introduction 2 2. Computer Requirements for Running VERSAMAP 3 3. Disclaimer 3 4. Registration 3 5. Plotting the Default World Map 4 6. Finding your Way with Latitude and Longitude 5 7. Keys with Special Functions in VERSAMAP 7 a. Exit the program 7 b. Using a mouse 8 c. Moving around windows 8 8. Running VERSAMAP 9 a. VERSAMAP Defaults 9 b. VERSAMAP Pull-down Menus 9 1. Projection menu 10 2. Map Design menu 14 3. Input/Output menu 23 4. Run menu 31 9. Sources of Digital Map Data for use with VERSAMAP 31 a. World Data Bank II 32 b. Micro World Data Bank II 34 c. USGS Digital Line Graph Data 36 d. Importing Your Own Data into VERSAMAP 40 10. Use of VERSAMAP with Graphing Programs 42 11. Program Compatibility with Software and Hardware 43 a. Video Compatibility 44 12. Installing VERSAMAP 45 13. VERSAMAP Order Form 49 14. Acknowledgements 52 15. Glossary 53 16. Index 55 VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 1 1. Introduction Welcome to VERSAMAP! VERSAMAP is a versatile mapping program which will transform spherical latitude, longitude values into planar x,y map coordinates and plot them on a map projection of your choice. VERSAMAP can print the resulting map on the screen and on dot matrix or laser printers. Maps can be exported as .PCX, .PIC, .CGM, or ASCII files, for use with paint programs, word processors, and presentation or technical graphics programs. VERSAMAP is supplied with Courier and Helvetica fonts which allow text to be added to maps displayed on the screen. The shareware version of VERSAMAP contains the following files: VMAPREAD.ME -- how to get started VMAP.EXE -- the mapping program VMAP4.MAP -- digital map of the world (16,000 points) VMAP.DOC -- instruction manual VMTAIWAN.PKV -- sample map of Taiwan from World Data Bank II VMOAHU.GRV -- sample map of Oahu from USGS DLG database VMAPUSER.PRN -- sample file containing data in ASCII format, study this file to learn how to plot your own data with VERSAMAP VM_FIX.MPS -- a small file used to concatenate World Digitized binary map files VM_FIX.MP1 -- a small file used to concatenate World Digitized ASCII map files. REGISTER.DOC -- VERSAMAP order form MSHERC.COM -- driver for Hercules mono graphics COUR_CGA.FON -- fixed-space Courier font for CGA, MCGA COUR_EGA.FON -- fixed-space Courier font for EGA, Hercules COUR_VGA.FON -- fixed-space Courier font for VGA The following additional files are supplied with the registered version of VERSAMAP: HELV_CGA.FON -- proportional Helvetica font for CGA, MCGA HELV_EGA.FON -- proportional Helvetica font for EGA, Hercules HELV_VGA.FON -- proportional Helvetica font for VGA VMAP3.MAP -- digital map of the world (31,000 points) VMAP5.MAP -- digital map of the world (6,000 points) Additional, more detailed maps are also available; see Section 13, pages 49-51 for details. Please make backup copies of these files before running the program. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 2 2. Computer Requirements for Running VERSAMAP MS-DOS 3.0 or higher; CGA, MCGA, EGA, VGA, or Hercules mono graphics; 640K memory; a math coprocessor is not required but VERSAMAP will run 3-4 times faster if one is installed. VERSAMAP will not change your AUTOEXEC.BAT or CONFIG.SYS files, it will not alter your keyboard settings, and it will not write any files to disk without your permission. Instructions for installing VERSAMAP on hard or floppy disks are given in Section 12, page 45. 3. Disclaimer Users of VERSAMAP must accept this disclaimer of warranty: "VERSAMAP is supplied as is. The author disclaims all warranties, expressed or implied, including, without limitation, the warranties of merchantability and of fitness for any purpose. The author assumes no liability for damages, direct or consequential, which may result from the use of VERSAMAP." Do not use this program for navigation! Use the proper aeronautical or nautical charts for navigation. 4. Registration Shareware distribution gives users a chance to try software before buying it. VERSAMAP is a "shareware program" and is provided at no charge to the user for evaluation. If you find this program useful and find that you continue to use VERSAMAP after a reasonable trial period, you must register the program. The registration fee will license one copy for use on any one computer at any one time. You must treat this software just like a book. An example is that this software may be used by any number of people and may be freely moved from one computer location to another, so long as there is no possibility of it being used at one location while it's being used at another. Just as a book cannot be read by two different persons at the same time. Registration of the program is $15 for which you will receive a copy of the most recent version of the program; Helvetica fonts for CGA, EGA, and VGA; and 2 additional digital map files, VMAP3.MAP (31,000 points) and VMAP5.MAP (6,000 points). Registration entitles you support, by mail, telephone, and on CompuServe, concerning problems you encounter with VERSAMAP. An order form is included in the file REGISTER.DOC, and also on page 49 of this manual. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 3 You are encouraged to share a copy of VERSAMAP with your friends for evaluation. Please encourage them to register their copy if they find it useful. Anyone distributing VERSAMAP for any kind of remuneration must first contact Charles Culberson at the address on the order form for authorization. This authorization will be automatically granted to distributors recognized by the Association of Shareware Professionals as adhering to its guidelines for shareware distributors, and such distributors may begin offering VERSAMAP immediately. However Charles Culberson must still be advised so that the distributor can be kept up-to-date with the latest version of VERSAMAP. This program is produced by a member of the Association of Shareware Professionals (ASP). ASP wants to make sure that the shareware principle works for you. If you are unable to resolve a shareware-related problem with an ASP member by contacting the member directly, ASP may be able to help. The ASP Ombudsman can help you resolve a dispute or problem with an ASP member, but does not provide technical support for members' products. Please write to the ASP Ombudsman at 545 Grover Road, Muskegon, MI 49442-9427, FAX 616-788-2765, or send a CompuServe message via CompuServe Mail to ASP Ombudsman 70007,3536. 5. Plotting the Default World Map Before reading the rest of the manual, let's plot a map of the world. This will familiarize you with the operation of VERSAMAP. The rest of the manual should make more sense once you have actually used VERSAMAP. VERSAMAP has built in defaults which plot a world map, from 80 N to 80 S latitude, and from 180 W to 180 E longitude, on a Mercator projection. The default settings will not print any files to disk. To run VERSAMAP with the default settings: 1. place the VERSAMAP disk containing the files, VMAP.EXE and VMAP4.MAP, in your disk drive 2. change to that drive 3. type VMAP 4. press the Enter key. A screen with a menu bar across the top will appear once the program has loaded. The pull-down menus are selected by pressing the Alt key, followed by the highlighted letter of the desired menu; or by pointing and clicking the left mouse button. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 4 To plot the world map: 1. press the Alt key, to access the menus 2. press R, to select the Run menu 3. press Enter, to select the Size 100% option and begin the plot. To plot the default map, the map file, VMAP4.MAP, must be in the current directory. When the map begins plotting, the top line of the screen will display (1) a reminder that pressing the Esc key will terminate plotting and return you to the menu bar; (2) the name of the map input file being read, VMAP4.MAP in this case; and (3) the number of points which have been read from the input file, VMAP4.MAP. The menu bar will reappear when the map is finished plotting. The default map takes 40 seconds to plot on a 16MHz 386SX computer equipped with a math coprocessor; it takes 18 minutes to plot on a 5 MHz IBM PC without a math coprocessor. To exit the program and return to DOS: 1. press the Esc key, to halt plotting; 2. press the Alt key, to access the menus; 3. press P, to select the Projection menu; 4. press X from the Projection menu to exit the program. Pressing the Esc key halts program execution and returns you to the menu bar. Pressing Esc will not exit the program. Please read the rest of the instruction manual before attempting to plot maps which do not use the default parameters. 6. Finding your Way with Latitude and Longitude To use this program you should be familiar with the concepts of latitude and longitude. Latitude is the angular distance (in degrees) of a point on the earth's surface north or south of the equator. The maximum values of latitude are 90 N (north pole) and 90 S (south pole). The equator is 0 N/S latitude. Longitude is the angular distance (in degrees) of a point on the earth's surface east or west of the meridian that passes through Greenwich, England. The maximum values of longitude are 180 W and 180 E (the international date line). The meridian passing through Greenwich is 0 E/W longitude. Latitude and longitude values in VERSAMAP are entered as degrees, minutes, seconds. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute, and 60 minutes in 1 degree. One degree of latitude is equal to 60 nautical miles VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 5 (1 nautical mile = 6076 feet = 1.852 kilometers = 1.1508 statute miles). One minute of latitude is equal to 1 nautical mile. One second of latitude is equal to 101 feet (31 meters). For example, the position for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, written as degrees, minutes, and seconds (22 degrees, 53 minutes, 43 seconds south latitude; 43 degrees, 13 minutes, 22 seconds west longitude) is, Deg Min Sec latitude = 22 53 43 S longitude = 43 13 22 W The position for Paris, France (48 degrees, 50 minutes, 14 seconds north latitude; 2 degrees, 20 minutes, 14 seconds east longitude) is, Deg Min Sec latitude = 48 50 14 N longitude = 02 20 14 E If you are unfamiliar with the use of latitude and longitude to locate points on the surface of the earth, please consult an encyclopedia or an atlas. When plotting maps with VERSAMAP it is useful to have an atlas handy to determine the latitude/longitude coordinates of the area you wish to plot. An easy to use, up-to-date, and reasonably priced atlas is the Quick Reference World Atlas. 1992. Rand McNally & Company, Chicago. 64 pages. $4.95. ISBN 0-528-83422-3. A easily understandable introduction to the theory of map projections is the book: Porter W. McDonnell. 1991. Introduction to Map Projections. Second edition. Landmark Enterprises, 10324 Newton Way, Rancho Cordova, California 95670. 198 pages. ISBN 0-8247-6830. A detailed discussion of the map projections used in this program, showing actual plots, is given in: John P. Snyder and Philip M. Voxland. 1989. An Album of Map Projections. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1453. U.S. Government Printing Office. 249 pages. $14. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 6 7. Keys with Special Functions in VERSAMAP Esc Pressing the Esc key halts program execution and returns you to the menu bar. Pressing Esc will not exit the program. If you are in the process of plotting or printing a map, the program checks the Esc key each time the record number or point, shown in the upper right corner of the screen, is updated. Consequently, the program may take several seconds to respond after Esc is pressed. There is one situation in which pressing Esc will not return you to the menu bar. If you are in the LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE LIMITS or SELECTION OF STANDARD PARALLELS windows, and have entered an incorrect latitude or longitude value, VERSAMAP will issue an error message and force you to enter a correct value before you can leave the window. Alt Pull-down menus are selected by pressing the Alt key, followed by the highlighted letter of the desired menu. Individual menu items are selected by pressing the highlighted letter of each item; by moving through the menu with the up or down cursor keys, and then pressing Enter to select the item; or by moving the mouse cursor over the desired item and pressing the left mouse button. Exit the program To exit the program and return to DOS: 1. press the Esc key, to halt plotting or erase the current window; 2. press the Alt key, to access the menus; 3. press P, to select the Projection menu; 4. press X from the Projection menu to exit the program. If a window is on the screen or a map is in the process of being drawn, you must press Esc before you can access the menus and exit the program. Letter T Pressing the letter T toggles the menu bar on and off; and replaces it with the name of the current projection, and the time taken to draw the current map. You must press T a second time, or press Esc, to redisplay the menu bar and reactivate the pull-down menus. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 7 Letter B Pressing the letter B erases the menu bar and changes the background color of the menu bar to the background color of the map. This feature is useful if you use a screen-capture program to print maps to disk or printer. You must press B a second time, or press Esc, to redisplay the menu bar and reactivate the pull-down menus. Using a mouse Most VERSAMAP features can be accessed by pointing and clicking the left mouse button. Windows and pull-down menus can be closed by clicking the left mouse button when the mouse cursor is outside the window or menu box. Moving around windows The windows which pop up when menu selections are made contain several types of items: (1) input fields; (2) vertical list boxes; and (3) pushbuttons. Input fields allow numeric and alphabetic input into the program. An example of a window with numeric input fields is the LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE LIMITS window selected by pressing Alt, then M, then M. You can move within an input field with the right, left, Home, and End cursor keys. To enter data into an input field, type the correct characters from the keyboard, and press Enter. Vertical list boxes allow one or more items in a list to be chosen. An example of a window with a vertical list box is the SELECT MICRO WORLD DATA BANK II FEATURES window selected by pressing Alt, then M, then F. Move through the list with the up and down cursor keys, and select the correct item(s) by pressing the Space Bar or Enter. The item(s) selected will be highlighted or indicated with a checkmark. If the number of items in the list is too large to fit inside the box, a scroll bar will appear along the right side of the box, allowing all items to be viewed. Pushbuttons, indicated by text inside brackets, such as < OK >, allow the user to control program execution. An example of a window with a pushbutton is the MAP PLACEMENT ON PAGE IN INCHES window selected by pressing Alt, then I, then P. The text inside the brackets indicates the action to be taken when the pushbutton is selected. The brackets of the currently active pushbutton are highlighted, and its text is shown in all capital letters. To select a pushbutton, tab to that button and press Enter. Use the Tab key to move between items when more than one list box or pushbutton occur in a window. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 8 8. Running VERSAMAP VERSAMAP Defaults Each map projection in VERSAMAP has built in latitude/longitude defaults which are active the first time you access the projection during each session with VERSAMAP. These defaults allow you to plot maps using each map projection without getting error messages. The defaults are only active the first time you access a particular map projection. For instance, if you access the Mercator projection, then the Equirectangular projection, and finally return to the Mercator projection, the latitude limits of the grid will be those of the previous Equirectangular projection, 90 N/S, and you will get an error message if you attempt to plot a Mercator projection without changing the graticule. VERSAMAP Pull-down Menus The following paragraphs provide a detailed discussion of each VERSAMAP pull-down menu. For your first experience with VERSAMAP you should run the program with its default settings (see Section 5 above). When VERSAMAP is started, the following menu bar appears at the top of the screen. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Projection Map Design Input/Output Run ----------------------------------------------------------------- When you begin plotting a map, by selecting an option in the Run menu, the menu bar is replaced by the following line. This line is not a menu bar, it is for your information only. ----------------------------------------------------------------- Esc: goto menu Input file: Reading record: ----------------------------------------------------------------- While a map is plotting, the top line of the screen displays (1) a reminder that pressing the Esc key will terminate plotting and return you to the menu bar; (2) the name of the current map input file; and (3) the number of points which have been read from the input file. Once the map is completed, the menu bar reappears on the top line. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 9 Projection menu ----------------------------------------------------------------- Projection Map Design Input/Output Run +---------------------------------------------------------------- | Mercator | | Equirectangular | |---------------------------| | Equidistant conic | | Conformal conic | | Albers equal-area | |---------------------------| | Gnomonic | | Stereographic | | Orthographic | | Vertical Perspective | | Azimuthal equidistant | | Azimuthal equal-area | |---------------------------| | Hammer equal-area | | Robinson | |---------------------------| | Exit | +---------------------------+ This menu lists the map projections on which you can plot your map. To simplify mathematical calculations, VERSAMAP assumes that the Earth is a sphere of radius 6,371 km. Mercator On this projection, meridians and parallels are parallel lines perpendicular to each other. Meridians are equally spaced, parallels are unequally spaced. The north and south poles cannot be plotted because they project to infinity. The scale is true along the equator, or along two parallels equidistant from the equator. Since the scale increases rapidly away from the equator, the areas of polar regions are greatly exaggerated compared to those of equatorial regions. The Mercator projection is commonly used for maps of the world, and is designed so that straight lines on the map are rhumb lines (lines of constant compass bearing). This is a useful property in navigation and many nautical charts use Mercator projections. Equirectangular Meridians and parallels are equally spaced parallel lines perpendicular to each other. The scale is true along the two standard parallels and along all meridians. The scale along VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 10 parallels is too small between the equator and the standard parallels, and too large between the standard parallels and the poles. The map can be visualized as projected on a cylinder which intersects the globe at two standard parallels equidistant from the equator. VERSAMAP allows the user to select the latitude of the standard parallels. The fact that meridians and parallels are equally spaced makes interpolation easy. The projection is useful for maps of small regions, since distortion is not large if one of the standard parallels is chosen to bisect the region under consideration. Equidistant Conic Meridians are equally spaced lines converging at a point beyond one of the poles. Parallels are equally spaced circular arcs centered on the point where the meridians converge. The poles are circular arcs of infinite scale. Distortion on the projection is intermediate between that of equal-area and conformal conic projections. The scale is true along meridians and along two standard parallels. VERSAMAP allows the user to select the latitudes of the standard parallels. Conformal Conic Meridians are equally spaced lines converging at a point, which is one of the poles. Parallels are unequally spaced circular arcs centered on the point where the meridians converge. The pole opposite the point of convergence cannot be shown. The scale is true along two standard parallels, which VERSAMAP allows the user to select. The projection is conformal: the scale is the same in all directions at a given point. Albers Equal-Area Conic Meridians are equally spaced lines converging at a point beyond one of the poles. Parallels are unequally spaced circular arcs centered on the point where the meridians converge. The poles are shown as circular arcs of infinite scale. The scale is true along two standard parallels, which VERSAMAP allows the user to select. Since the projection is equal area, the scale at any point on a meridian is the reciprocal of the scale along a parallel at that point. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 11 Gnomonic The primary feature of gnomonic projections is that great circles plot as straight lines. Thus the shortest distance between two points on this map is the straight line connecting them. The range of the Gnomonic projection must be less than 90 degrees, relative to the center of the map. The scale of the projection is only correct at the map center. Stereographic The polar aspect of the Stereographic projection is commonly used for maps of polar regions. The range of this projection must be less than 180 degrees, relative to the center of the map. The map scale is constant along any circle centered on the map center. Orthographic The projection has the appearance of a globe, and resembles the Earth as seen from a great distance in space. The range of the projection cannot be more than 90 degrees, relative to the center of the map. Map scale is only true at the center of the map. Vertical Perspective The Vertical Perspective projection shows the Earth as it appears from any point above the Earth's surface. The projection provides views of the Earth resembling those seen from space. The area of the Earth's surface that can be displayed by this projection is less than 1 hemisphere. VERSAMAP allows the user to select the distance above the surface from which the Earth is viewed. The default distance is 35,840 km (the distance of geosynchronous communication and weather satellites above the equator). Azimuthal Equidistant On this projection, the distance between the map center and any other point on the map is true. By centering the map at the location of interest, you can determine the distance from that point to any other place on the Earth. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 12 This projection can show the entire globe. The scale of the map is true along any straight line radiating from the center of the projection. Azimuthal Equal-Area This projection is recommended for equal-area maps of nearly circular regions of the globe. The projection can show the entire globe. The scale of the projection is only correct at the center of the map. Hammer Equal-Area This projection is useful for equal area maps of the entire world. The central meridian is a straight line. Other meridians are curves concave to the central meridian and intersecting at the poles. The equator is a straight line; other parallels are arcs concave toward the nearest pole. The scale of the projection is only correct along the equator and the central meridian. Robinson This projection is useful for general purpose world maps with a pleasing visual appearance. The central meridian and all parallels are straight lines. Other meridians are curves concave to the central meridian. The map scale is true along 38 N and 38 S latitudes. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 13 Map Design menu ----------------------------------------------------------------- Projection Map Design Input/Output Run ----------------------------------------------------------------- | Map Boundaries | | Standard Parallels | | Graticule Type | | Geographic Features | |-----------------------| | Add Text to Map | | Select Font | | Display Previous Text | |-----------------------| | Save Map Design | | Recall Map Design | +-----------------------+ This menu allows you to modify the design of your map. You may change the boundaries of the map; select the standard parallels, if any; define the type of grid superimposed upon the map; select the geographic features that you wish to plot; add text to the map; and save your selected map parameters for recall at a later time. Map Boundaries After selecting this item, a window appears in which the latitude and longitude limits of the map projection are entered. Data entered on this screen define the area to be plotted, and the spacing of latitude and longitude grid marks on the finished map. The items in the LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE LIMITS window depend on the selected map projection. The following items as displayed for non-azimuthal projections (Mercator, Equirectangular, Equidistant conic, Conformal conic, Albers equal-area, Hammer equal-area, Robinson). Northernmost latitude of the map? Southernmost latitude of the map? Degrees of latitude between grid marks? Westernmost longitude of the map? Easternmost longitude of the map? Degrees of longitude between grid marks? For the non-azimuthal projections, you define the map boundaries by specifying the northern and southern latitudes, and western and eastern longitudes of the map. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 14 VERSAMAP requires that the grid spacing you select for non-azimuthal projections yield equally spaced divisions between the northern- and southernmost latitudes, and between the western- and easternmost longitudes. You will get an error message, requiring you to edit the data, if the degrees between grid marks that you have chosen do not yield equally spaced divisions along the axes. For example, the northernmost latitude of the default Mercator projection is 80 N and the southernmost latitude is 80 S. The difference between the northernmost and southernmost latitudes is 160 degrees of latitude. The Degrees of latitude between grid marks for the default Mercator projection is 20 degrees, which divides evenly into the distance between the northernmost and southernmost latitudes (160/20 = 8.00). However, you would get an error message if you tried to set the Degrees of latitude between grid marks to 19 degrees, since 19 does not divide evenly into 160 (160/19 = 8.42)! For azimuthal projections (Gnomonic, Stereographic, Orthographic, Vertical Perspective, Azimuthal equidistant, Azimuthal equal-area) the following items are displayed in the LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE LIMITS window. Central latitude of the map? Degrees of latitude between grid marks? Central longitude of the map? Degrees of longitude between grid marks? Range of map in degrees? The map boundaries of azimuthal projections are defined by specifying the position at the center of the map (central latitude, central longitude), and the range of the map. The range of the map is the arc distance, in degrees, from the center of the map to the edge of the map. Note, that in VERSAMAP, all azimuthal map projections plot with a circular shape. Since the central meridian of the azimuthal projections is a straight vertical line, the Range of map in degrees is best thought of as the distance in latitude, along the central meridian, from the center of the map to the top edge of the map. For azimuthal projections, VERSAMAP requires that the Degrees of latitude between grid marks that you select, yield equally spaced divisions when divided into 180 degrees; and that the Degrees of longitude between grid marks that you select, yield equally spaced divisions when divided into 360 degrees. You will get an error message, requiring you to edit the data, if the degrees between grid marks that you have chosen do not yield equally spaced divisions when divided into 180 or 360 degrees. For example, the Degrees of latitude between grid marks for the default Stereographic projection is 30 degrees, which divides evenly into 180 degrees (180/30 = 6.00). However, you would get an error message if you tried to set the Degrees of latitude between grid marks to 25 degrees, since 25 does not divide evenly into 180 (180/25 = 7.2)! VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 15 For the Vertical Perspective projection (satellite view), the item Range of map in degrees is replaced by Distance above surface in kilometers. As the distance from the Earth's surface increases, the area (range) of the Vertical Perspective projection increases. The default distance, 35840 km, is the distance of geosynchronous communications and weather satellites above the equator. Once you have entered the items in the LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE LIMITS window and pressed the < OK > button, the program checks for errors in the latitude/longitude limits of your map projection, and for errors in grid spacing. If the program detects an error, it prints an error message on the screen telling you to correct the mistake. For instance, the program will not allow a Mercator projection to be plotted if the Northernmost latitude is 90 N (north pole) or if the Southernmost latitude is 90 S (south pole). Try entering 90 N as the Northernmost latitude limit for a Mercator projection. In this case, an error message will appear, forcing you to edit the data. If you get an error message, you must correct the error before you can leave the window! Standard Parallels After selecting this item, a window appears in which the latitudes of the standard parallels are entered. Conic Map Projections: The conic projections in this program (equidistant conic, conformal conic, Albers equal-area) require that you select 2 standard parallels of latitude. The scale of the map is true along the standard parallels; the spacing of the parallels determines the angle between meridians on the map. There are 2 constraints on selection of the standard parallels: 1. they must lie between the northern- and southernmost latitudes of your grid; and 2. they cannot be symmetrical about the equator. Standard parallels at 20 N and 20 S are not allowed. The program places default values for the standard parallels at 1/6 and 5/6 of the distance between the northern- and southernmost latitudes of the grid. When this screen appears, the cursor will be in the first position of the degrees column of the northernmost standard parallel. If the default values are acceptable, TAB to the < ok > button and press Enter to continue. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 16 To change the values, TAB to the line to be edited, enter the new value in the field you wish to edit, and press Enter. The cursor will skip to the next field. Enter a new value if desired and press Enter. Continue until you have edited the last field. When done, TAB to the < ok > button and press Enter. If you attempt to enter standard parallels which are equally spaced about the equator, the program will print an error message and force you to change the latitude of one or both of the parallels. Equirectangular Map Projection: This projection requires 2 standard parallels at equal distances north and south of the equator. You may only select the northern standard parallel. The other parallel is automatically placed in the southern hemisphere at an equal distance from the equator. The program places default values for the standard parallels at 1/2 the distance between the northern- and southernmost latitudes of the grid if the northern- and southernmost latitudes lie in the same hemisphere. If the northern- and southernmost latitudes of the grid lie in opposite hemispheres, then the standard parallels are placed at 1/2 the distance between the equator and whichever of the northern- or southernmost latitudes of the grid lies closer to a pole. When this screen appears, the cursor will be in the first position of the degrees column of the northernmost standard parallel. If the default values are acceptable, TAB to the < ok > button and press Enter to continue. To change the values, enter a new value in the field being edited and press Enter. The cursor will skip to the next field. Enter a new value if desired and press Enter. Continue until you have edited the last field. When done, TAB to the < ok > button and press Enter. Graticule Type This window allows you to select the type of grid that you wish superimposed on your map. You have several choices, (1) the outer boundary of the grid shown as a solid line and the interior grid points plotted as individual points (the default); (2) the outer boundary of the grid shown as a solid line and no interior grid points plotted; (3) all grid points connected by lines; (4) all grid points plotted as individual points with no lines connecting them; and VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 17 (5) no grid (the map will be plotted without any latitude or longitude markings). To get a quick view of the appearance of the different grid choices, select a grid type, then enter a null string (i.e. no file specification) for the map input filename, and finally plot the map. In this case, the program will plot the graticule, but no map, on the screen. In VERSAMAP, the azimuthal map projections (Gnomonic, Stereographic, Orthographic, Vertical Perspective, Azimuthal equidistant, Azimuthal equal-area) are truncated to fit a circular shape, and points that lie outside the bounding circle are not plotted. Due to the complex shape of the grid for these projections, the outside boundary of the map may not be well marked when graticule type 4 (all grid points plotted as individual points) is selected. To indicate the edge of the map for azimuthal projections with graticule type 4, VERSAMAP plots a bounding circle, composed of discrete points spaced 3 degrees apart. Geographic Features After selecting this item, a window appears which contains a list of geographic features (coastlines, islands, lakes, rivers, countries, U.S. States, Canadian Provinces, Australian States) in Micro World Data Bank II (MWDB-II) files which can be plotted by VERSAMAP. Move through the vertical list with the up and down cursor keys, and toggle the features on or off with the space bar. Checkmarked features will be plotted. The defaults plot all features. Move to Proceed and press Enter to exit the window. The map files supplied with VERSAMAP (file extension .MAP) are an enhanced version of MWDB-II and can be used to plot the different features. Please note that the original MWDB-II files (file extensions .ALL, .CCI, .PNT) do not contain data for Canadian Provinces or Australian States. VERSAMAP has the ability to plot as many as 9 map files, one after the other. Features selected by accessing the Geographic Features option in the Map Design menu only affect features plotted for the first map file (which will be the default map input file, VMAP4.MAP, until you enter a new filename in the Map Input Filenames option of the Input/Output menu). When you enter a MWDB-II filename in the Map Input Filenames option, VERSAMAP automatically prompts you for the geographic features that you wish to plot for that particular file. In addition to MWDB-II, VERSAMAP allows geographic features to be plotted from 2 other digital map databases: (1) World Data Bank II (WDB-II), a digital map database covering the entire world, which contains 36 different geographic categories; and (2) U.S. Geological Survey Digital Line Graph (USGS DLG) data, a database covering the VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 18 United States, containing 72 different geographic features. These are the most detailed map databases that can be plotted with VERSAMAP; they are described in Section 9. Geographic features for WDB-II and USGS DLG map files are selected when you enter their filenames in the Map Input Filenames option of the Input/Output menu. Add Text to Map You may chose the size, color, orientation, and content of text to be entered on the map. When you select this option, a window appears containing 6 boxes labeled Text #, Size, Color, Angle, PIC Font, and Text. The use of each box is described below. Text #: VERSAMAP allows you to store 100 text strings (and their associated size, color, angle, PIC font, and position) in memory to be recalled later. The Text # box allows you to select the number of the text string to be entered. Size: This box allows you to select the point size of the text that will be written on the map. The fixed-space Courier font has 3 possible sizes: 8, 10, 12 point. The proportionally spaced Helvetica font has 6 sizes: 8, 10, 12, 14, 18, and 24 point. The height of the font in inches is equal to the point size divided by 72. A 24 point font has letters 1/3 inch high. Color: You may print text in 1 of 6 colors; white, green, cyan, red, magenta, or yellow. Angle: You may print text in 1 of 4 orientations. Selecting 0 prints the text horizontally from left to right; selecting 90 prints the text vertically with the first letter at the bottom; selecting 180 prints the text horizontally, upside down, from right to left; selecting 270 prints the text vertically with the first letter at the top. PIC Font: The PIC Font number has no effect on maps which are not exported as PIC files. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 19 The text that you enter on the map will be incorporated in any Lotus PIC graphics file that you export. Text in PIC files can be printed in 1 or 2 fonts. These Lotus fonts are not the same as the Courier and Helvetica fonts supplied with VERSAMAP. The PIC Font box allows you to select the font number, 1 or 2, with which you want the text string to be printed when you print your PIC file. For instance, the PrintGraph utility from Lotus 1-2-3 version 2.2 allows you to chose 2 fonts from a list of 11 possible fonts (block1, block2, bold, forum, italic1, italic2, Lotus, Roman1, Roman2, script1, script2). If you plan to export maps as PIC files, I recommend that you prepare a test map annotated with both the Courier and Helvetica fonts in all possible point sizes. Export this test map from VERSAMAP as a PIC file, import the file into your graphics program, and print the PIC file from within your graphics program. This will give you an idea of the appearance of each font in its various sizes. Text: Type the text that you want printed on the map in the Text box, and press Enter to store the string. You must press Enter to save the text string! For maps displayed on the screen or printed with the Print Map, Save as PCX, or Save as CGM options, a degree sign, , can be printed by holding down the Alt key and typing the number 248 on the numeric keypad. To incorporate a degree sign, , into a CGM file that is to be imported into an application running under Microsoft Windows, hold down the Alt key and press 176 on the numeric keypad. This will show up as a stippled block, , and an underline character, _, in VERSAMAP, but will print a degree sign when the CGM file is printed from within Windows. To incorporate a degree sign, , in a map exported as a PIC file hold down the Alt key and press 176 on the numeric keypad. This will show up as a stippled block, , and an underline character, _, in VERSAMAP, but will print a degree sign when the PIC file is printed. Text strings can have a maximum length of 56 characters. With 12 point or larger text, you may not be able to fit 56 characters across the map. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 20 Positioning text on the map: After selecting the text parameters, tab to the < ok > button, and press Enter. The window will disappear, and the text string previously entered in the Text box will be printed in the upper left corner of the map. The mouse or the cursor keys are used to place the text string in the desired position on the map. The horizontal and vertical pixel position of the cursor is continuously updated in the upper right corner of the screen. The menu bar is erased when you press the < ok > button. It is replaced by a reminder that pressing Esc will restore the menus. To access the menus again you must press Esc or click the left mouse button on the top line of the screen. This will terminate text addition, and reactivate the menus. If you have a mouse, move the mouse cursor to the position at which you want the text to appear, then press the left mouse button. The mouse cursor represents the lower, left corner of the text string. The text string will appear in the new position. Pressing the left mouse button toggles the text string on and off. The program will beep if the position you have chosen is too near the edge of the map to print the full text string. You can use the up, down, right, and left cursor keys to position the text string if you do not have a mouse. The cursor position is represented by a plus sign, +. The plus sign is not visible until you press one of the cursor keys. The distance the cursor moves is controlled by pressing the numbers 3, 2, or 1. Pressing the number 3, causes the cursor to move 50 pixels each time a cursor key is pressed; pressing the number 2, causes the cursor to move 10 pixels each time a cursor key is pressed; and pressing the number 1, causes the cursor to move 1 pixel each time a cursor key is pressed. Once the cursor is in the correct position, press Enter. The center of the + represents the lower, left corner of the text string. Pressing Enter, toggles the text string on and off. The program will beep if the position you have chosen is too near the edge of the map to print the full text string. Once you have placed the text in the correct location, press Esc (or click the left mouse button on the top line of the screen) to terminate text addition, and reactivate the menus. To enter a second text string on the map, press Esc to activate the menus and select the Add Text to Map option in the Map Design menu. Place the highlight bar over the number 2 in the Text # box, and press Enter. Then proceed to modify the text parameters as necessary. The second text string will print in the upper left corner of the screen when the < OK > button is pressed; this string will overprint any text already present in the upper left corner. However, the original text will be restored when you move the second text string to a new location on the screen. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 21 Text that you enter on the map will be incorporated into maps that you print or save using the Print Map, Save as PCX, Save as PIC, and Save as CGM options in the Input/Output menu. Text entered on maps is not incorporated into maps saved with the Save as ASCII option, since most technical and business graphing programs have the ability to annotate imported graphs. Select Font This option allows you to select the font used to print text on the screen. You may select a fixed-space Courier font or a proportionally spaced Helvetica font. The fonts used by VERSAMAP are stored in 6 files with the file extension .FON: COUR_CGA.FON, COUR_EGA.FON, COUR_VGA.FON HELV_CGA.FON, HELV_EGA.FON, HELV_VGA.FON The program will select the correct font for your video adapter. The fonts labeled _CGA are for CGA and MCGA adapters, those labeled _EGA for EGA and Hercules adapters, and those labeled _VGA for VGA adapters. After making backup copies, you may delete the unnecessary font files to save disk space. The Helvetica fonts are only included in the registered version of VERSAMAP. The font files must be in the same directory as the VERSAMAP program, VMAP.EXE. After selecting this option a window titled SELECT FONT appears. The default font is fixed-space Courier. If this is acceptable, press Enter. To select the Helvetica font, highlight Helvetica with the down arrow key, and press Enter. You may add text in both fonts to the same map. However, using both fonts on the same map is not recommended. The length of a text string depends on the font and point size; text which fits on a map in one font and point size may not fit on the map in the second font. Use only one font per map if you plan to export a map as a .PIC or .CGM file. The .PIC and .CGM files exported by VERSAMAP allow only 1 font to be specified, that font will be the last font selected before exporting the file. Display Previous Text This option allows you to redisplay, on the screen, all previously defined text strings. Once text is redisplayed it can only be erased by redrawing the map. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 22 Save Map Design This option allows you to save the map parameters you have selected in a configuration file for recall at a later time. After selecting this item, a window titled SELECT FILENAME FOR CONFIGURATION FILE appears. Type in the filename and press Enter. Once you have entered the filename and pressed Enter, a second window titled ARE YOU FINISHED EDITING THIS SCREEN will appear. Your configuration file will be written to disk immediately after you press the < YES > button. Recall Map Design This option allows you to recall a previously defined configuration file. After selecting this item, a window titled RECALL MAP DESIGN appears. This window contains a vertical box, listing all configuration files (file extension .CNF) in the current directory. Move to the desired file and press Enter to load the file into VERSAMAP. The configuration file will be loaded immediately after you press Enter. VERSAMAP does not automatically display a new map when a configuration file is loaded into the program. To display the new map, you must manually plot the map by selecting the checkmarked option in the Run menu. If the new map includes text, you must also redisplay the text using the Display Previous Text option in the Map Design menu, once you have redrawn the map. Input/Output menu ----------------------------------------------------------------- Projection Map Design Input/Output Run ----------------------------------------------------------------- | Map Input Filenames | | Report Map Parameters | | View Disk Directory | |-----------------------| | Print Map | | Select Printer | |-----------------------| | Save as PCX | | Save as PIC | | Save as CGM | | Save as ASCII | +-----------------------+ This menu allows you to enter filenames for input and output files, to display a report describing the currently selected map, to view the contents of any disk directory, to print the map on dot matrix and laser printers, and to save maps as disk files. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 23 You may export maps produced by VERSAMAP: (1) by copying the screen directly to your printer; (2) as PCX graphics files; (3) as Lotus PIC graphics files; as CGM (computer graphics metafile) graphics files; and (5) as ASCII files. Maps exported by methods (1) and (2) are limited by the resolution of your monitor. Even with a VGA monitor, the screen resolution (640 pixels horizontally, 480 pixels vertically) is fairly coarse. Lotus PIC and CGM files are independent of monitor type and have much greater resolution (3200 dots horizontally, 2311 dots vertically) than PCX files. If you have a choice, export your maps as PIC or CGM files. This is particularly true if you have a CGA or EGA monitor. Theoretically, the most detailed maps are obtained by saving them as ASCII files. The resolution of ASCII files produced by VERSAMAP is limited only by the resolution of the input map boundary files. As a practical matter, however, the detail shown on any exported map will be limited by the resolution of the printer on which it is finally printed. Map Input Filenames After selecting this item, a window appears in which the names of the input boundary files are entered. Up to 9 map boundary input filenames may be entered. The map boundary input files are the files which contain the latitude, longitude coordinates that you wish plotted on your map. The default file name for the first input file is VMAP4.MAP in the current directory. VMAP4.MAP is the world map included on the VERSAMAP disk. The default file names of the remaining 8 map input files are null strings (i.e. no file name). The program displays the current path, but no filename, for input files which have not been defined. When the window is first displayed, the cursor is located at the end of the first input file name. Type in the correct path name and press Enter to accept the path name. Symbol type, color, and size: Once you enter a filename, a second window will appear which allows you to specify the symbol used to plot the points in that file. The symbol type determines whether your data is plotted as lines, as individual points, or as crosses, squares, diamonds, or triangles. If you select the symbol type Line, all points on a particular polyline will be connected by straight lines. This is the default symbol type for all files. The other symbol types (Point, Cross, Square, Diamond, and Triangle) allow you to superimpose individual latitude/longitude points on a map created from a digital map database. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 24 If you have a color monitor, VERSAMAP allows you to chose the color of the symbols used to plot each file. In addition, you may chose the size of the crosses, squares, diamonds, and triangles used to plot your data. The size that you enter is the radius of the symbol in pixels. The maximum size is 99 pixels. Size has no effect on the Line and Point symbol types, these two types are always 1 pixel wide. Once you have entered the symbol type, color, and size for the first input file, tab to the < ok > button and press Enter. Geographic Features If you select an input file from Micro World Data Bank II (file extension .ALL, .CCI, or .MAP), World Data Bank II (file extension .PKV or .PKD), or USGS Digital Line Graph Data (file extension .GRF or .GRV) the program will prompt you to enter the geographic features that you wish plotted for this file. You may select different geographic features for each of the files that you input. Once you select Proceed on the Geographic Features list box, the window disappears, and you are prompted for the name of the second map input file (if any). If you wish to input a second map boundary file, type its name and press Enter. Continue until you have entered all of your map input files. Once you have entered the last map input file that you wish plotted, TAB to the next filename. Erase the current path and then press Enter again. Entering a null filename stops further input of map boundary input files. The program does not require any input map boundary files. If you do not wish to input data, erase the default path name of the first input file and press Enter. In this case, only the map graticule (if any) will be plotted on the screen. VERSAMAP will accept map boundary input files from the following public domain, shareware, and commercial digital map databases: World Data Bank I, World Data Bank II, Micro World Data Bank II, The World Digitized, Cartog, and U.S. Geological Survey Digital Line Graph Data. In addition, VERSAMAP will accept input in an ASCII text format. Section 9 contains a detailed discussion of the various map databases that VERSAMAP recognizes. VERSAMAP recognizes the various databases by their file name extensions. The file names that you enter on this screen must have one of the extensions given in Section 9. However, the names that you enter can have different extensions. For instance, your first file could be from Micro World Data Bank II with the extension .ALL, your second file could be from the U.S.Geological Survey Digital Line Graph database with the extension .GRF, and your third file could be from World Data Bank II, with the extension, .PKV. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 25 Report Map Parameters The Versamap parameter report lists various information about the map: the projection type; the grid type; the latitude/longitude limits of the map; the maximum/minimum values of the transformed x,y map coordinates; scale and area errors at selected points on the map; and the names of the map input files. The X-axis Length and Y-axis Length, listed under Relative Length of Axes, are used to scale maps exported as ASCII file(s) to technical and business graphics programs. The use of these two parameters is described in Section 10. Use the up, down, Home, and End keys to scroll through the report. Press F1 to print the report, Esc to return to menu bar. View Disk Directory This window allows you to view the contents of any disk and directory. Disk drives are indicated by the letters <drive> to the right of the drive letter. To select a disk drive, move the highlight bar over the drive letter and press Enter. Directories are indicated by the letters <dir> to the right of the directory name. To select a directory, move the highlight bar over the directory and press Enter. The path which has been selected is displayed immediately above the vertical list box. The files in the directory are listed after the last directory listing. Print Map Maps displayed on the screen may be printed on dot matrix or laser printers. When you select this item, a window titled MAP PLACEMENT ON PAGE IN INCHES appears, which allows you to define the dimensions and page placement of the printed map. This option copies the entire screen, except the menu bar, to the printer. The default settings place the map in the center of the page, and set the width (the entire screen width) at 6 inches. The width and height of the printed map are dependent. Adjusting the width automatically fixes the height. Any text displayed on the map will be printed. The grid spacing, and other information about the printed map that you need to annotate it, can be obtained from the Report Map Parameters option in the Input/Output menu. Use the Tab key to move between items. To print the map, tab to the < OK > button and press Enter. The map will begin printing immediately after you press the < OK > button. The Print Map option is slow! On an Epson LQ-800, 24-pin, dot matrix printer, the default map takes 1.2 minutes to print on a 33 MHz 486 computer with VGA, 3.3 minutes to print on a 386SX computer with VGA and a math VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 26 coprocessor, and 36 minutes to print on a 5 MHz IBM PC with EGA and no math coprocessor. Press Esc to exit a map that is currently being printed. Select Printer Before you print a map, you must select the type of printer which will print the map. When you select this item, a window titled SELECT PRINTER TYPE AND PORT appears. You may select one of three printer types: Epson 9- or 24-pin dot matrix, or Hewlett-Packard LaserJet II. If your printer is not compatible with one of these printers, select None. You may also select the printer port. Lpt1 is the default. Save as PCX Before saving the map as a bit-mapped .PCX paint file, you must specify the filename and path of the file. After selecting this item, a window titled SELECT .PCX FILENAME appears. Type in the correct filename and press Enter. Since the .PCX file will be written immediately after you press Enter, the map you wish to save must be displayed on the screen. The menu bar is not saved as part of the file. Maps are exported exactly as they are displayed on the VERSAMAP screen. When you print these maps from within a paint program, you may want to print them as black lines on a white background. You can do this by using the color eraser (or color invert) tool of your paint program to change the line, symbol, and text colors to black, and the background to white. Any text displayed on the screen (except the menu bar) will be included in the .PCX file. If you do not want text to be included in the .PCX file, redraw the map. The grid spacing, latitude/longitude limits, and other information that you may need to annotate the map, can be obtained from the Report Map Parameters option in the Input/Output menu. PCX files produced by VERSAMAP have been successfully imported into Microsoft Paintbrush and PC Paintbrush IV Plus. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 27 Save as PIC Save as CGM Before saving a map as a vector based .PIC or .CGM graphics file, you must specify the filename and path of the file. After selecting one of these items, a window titled SELECT .PIC FILENAME or SELECT .CGM FILENAME appears. Type in the correct filename and press Enter. Since the file is written as the map is being plotted on the screen, you must select the .PIC or .CGM filename before you plot the map. Once you have specified the filename, redisplay the map using the Size 100% or Size 70% options in the Run menu. The file will be written to disk as the map is drawn. The menu bar is not saved as part of the file. Any text strings which have been defined with the Add Text to Map option in the Map Design menu will be included in the .PIC or .CGM file, even if the text strings are not displayed on the screen. If you do not want text to be included in the exported file, erase any previously defined text strings. To include text in a .PIC or .CGM file, perform the following steps: (1) draw the map on the screen, (2) annotate the map using the Add Text to Map option, (3) select a name for the .PIC or .CGM file using the Save as PIC or Save as CGM options, and (4) redraw the map using the same size option (Size 100% or Size 70%) that was used in step 1. The file will be written to disk as the map is drawn on the screen in step 4. Text added to the map in step 2 is not redisplayed on the screen when the map is redrawn in step 4; however, it is included in the .PIC or .CGM file. Select the Display Previous Text option in the Map Design menu to redisplay text previously added to a map. The grid spacing, latitude/longitude limits, and other information that you may need to annotate the map, can be obtained from the Report Map Parameters option in the Input/Output menu. PIC files produced by VERSAMAP have been successfully imported into the PrintGraph utility of Lotus 1-2-3, versions 2.01 and 2.2; WordPerfect for DOS, versions 5.0 and 5.1; DrawPerfect, version 1.1; MS Word for Windows 2.0; and Freelance Plus, versions 2.0 and 3.01. CGM files produced by VERSAMAP have been successfully imported into WordPerfect for DOS, versions 5.0 and 5.1; DrawPerfect, version 1.1; MS Word for Windows 2.0; Freelance Plus, version 3.01; Harvard Graphics for DOS versions 2.3 and 3.0; and CorelDRAW version 2.0. Many PIC and CGM files produced by VERSAMAP are too large to import into Freelance, Harvard Graphics 2.3, and CorelDRAW. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 28 Save as ASCII This option allows the transformed x,y map coordinates to be exported to technical or business graphing programs which can plot large data sets (see section 10, Use of VERSAMAP with Graphing Programs). After selecting this option, a window titled SELECT ASCII MAP OR GRID OUTPUT appears. This window allows you to chose one of two items: (1) Output map data in ASCII format, or (2) Output grid data in ASCII format. To output your map as a series of ASCII files, perform the following steps: (1) draw the map on the screen, (2) name each of the ASCII output files by selecting the Output map data in ASCII format item from the SELECT ASCII MAP OR GRID OUTPUT window, (3) name each of the ASCII grid files by selecting the Output grid data in ASCII format item from the SELECT ASCII MAP OR GRID OUTPUT window, (4) redraw the map using the same size option (Size 100% or Size 70%) that was used in step 1. The file(s) will be written to disk as the map is drawn on the screen in step 4. The Save as ASCII option does not export text defined with the Add Text to Map option. Text displayed on the screen is ignored when the x,y map data is written to disk. Output map data in ASCII format: After selecting this item, a window titled ENTER FILENAMES FOR MAP OUTPUT FILES appears in which the names of any ASCII output files that you wish to write to disk are entered. VERSAMAP will transform the latitude, longitude coordinates from the map boundary input files into planar x,y map coordinates and output them to disk in ASCII format. These output files can be imported into graphing programs for the production of publication quality maps. The use of the ASCII output map files in graphing programs is discussed in Section 10. The program will output up to 9 files, one for each of the map boundary input files. You may choose any path names for these files. Output files are not required by VERSAMAP. If you do not want to print a particular output file to disk, erase any characters in the file name, and press Enter. To enter an output file name, TAB to the filename you wish to edit, type in the path name and press Enter. The cursor will then move to the next output file name. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 29 Each output file corresponds to the input file of the same number. For instance, if you have 5 input files, the fifth output file will contain the transformed latitude/longitude coordinates from the fifth input file. If you decide to print a particular output file, you do not need to print the output files corresponding to the other input files. For instance, if you have 3 input files, you can print the output files corresponding to the first and third input files, but not the second input file. Input a null string for any output file that you do not want to print to disk (i.e. erase any characters in the file specification and press Enter). Data records in the ASCII map output files have the following format. X coordinate | space (ASCII 32) | Y coordinate | carriage return (ASCII 13) | line feed (ASCII 10) Data in most digital map databases is organized as polylines; each polyline corresponds to a series of points which can be connected by straight lines. In the map output files, the beginning of each new polyline is indicated by a dummy point in which the x and y coordinates are both equal to 5.000000 (5 times the maximum x coordinate of 1.000000). In a map output file, any point with an x coordinate of 5.000000 is a dummy point which indicates the beginning of a new polyline, and which will plot outside the boundaries of the map. Output grid data in ASCII format: After selecting this item, a window titled ENTER FILENAMES FOR GRATICULE OUTPUT FILES appears in which the names of any ASCII output graticule files that you wish to write to disk are entered. VERSAMAP will transform the latitude/longitude coordinates of the grid type that you have selected into planar x,y map coordinates and output them to disk in ASCII format. These output grid files can be imported into graphing programs for the production of publication quality maps. The use of ASCII output grid files in graphing programs is discussed in Section 10. The program will output 1 or 2 grid files, depending on the graticule type that you chose. You may choose any path names for these files. Output grid files are not required by VERSAMAP. If you do not want to print a particular grid file to disk, erase any characters in the file name, and press Enter. To enter a grid file name, TAB to the file to be edited, type in the path name and press Enter. The cursor will then move to the next grid file name (if there is one), or to the next screen. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 30 In most cases, a single grid file will be written to disk. The only exception, the OUTSIDE BOUNDARY PLUS INTERIOR POINTS grid type, writes two files to disk: the first file contains the interior points, the second the outside boundary. Grid files have the same record format as the map boundary files listed in the previous section. Run menu ----------------------------------------------------------------- Projection Map Design Input/Output Run ----------------------------------------------------------------- | Size 100% | | Size 70% | +-----------+ This menu contains 2 items. Selecting Size 100% will plot the largest possible map on the screen. Selecting Size 70% will plot a smaller map with margins around all sides. The Size 70% option allows you to add text in the margins of the map without writing over the map itself. Your map will begin plotting immediately after either item is selected. The program will cease plotting and return to the menu bar if Esc is pressed while the map is being drawn. 9. Sources of Digital Map Data for use with VERSAMAP VERSAMAP will generate maps from the following databases, available commercially, as shareware, or in the public domain. In addition, the program will accept input in a simple ASCII format. VERSAMAP recognizes the various databases by their file extensions. The most complete databases are (1) the Central Intelligence Agency's World Data Bank II (WDB-II), a detailed world map; (2) Micro World Data Bank II (MWDB-II), a smaller database derived from World Data Bank II; and (3) the U.S. Geological Survey's Digital Line Graph Data (USGS DLG), which contains detailed maps of all 50 states. Which of the above digital map databases you use depends on the size of the area you wish to map. For world maps, MWDB-II is the best choice. Although WDB-II can be used to draw world maps, it contains so many points that it plots very slowly when used to plot such a large area. WDB-II is best used for maps of continental size or smaller. The USGS DLG data is the best digital map database for plotting maps at the state or county level in the United States. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 31 World Data Bank II (WDB-II) File extensions PKV, PKD A database, developed by the Central Intelligence Agency, covering the entire world. Latitude and longitude are given to the nearest second. The original database is divided into 13 files containing data for Asia, Europe-Africa, North America, and South America-Antarctica. The complete set of 13 files contains 6 million, 20 character ASCII records, which require 120 million bytes of disk space. WDB-II was last updated in January 1987. WDB-II was digitized using all available source information. Maps used ranged in scale from 1:750,000 to 1:4,000,000. Nominal scale was 1:3,000,000. At 1:3,000,000 scale, 1 inch equals 47 statute miles (1 cm equals 30 km). Successive points in the database are never more than 127 seconds (approximately 2 miles or 3 km) of latitude or longitude apart. To make WDB-II easier to use on microcomputers, Micro Doc (3108 Jackson Street, Bellevue, NE 68005) has reformatted WDB-II in a binary format (.PKD file extension). The binary format reduces storage requirements by a factor of 10 (to 12 million bytes), and vastly reduces the time required to draw maps. VERSAMAP can plot maps using the binary form of WDB-II (.PKD file extension), and from an enhanced version of Micro Doc's .PKD files (.PKV file extension), developed specifically for VERSAMAP. VERSAMAP can plot the following geographic features from World Data Bank II in the .PKV or .PKD file formats. Geographic Features in World Data Bank II Rank Feature Name PKV PKD Major Category: International Boundaries or Limits of Sovereignty 1 1 International Boundaries 2 2 Indefinite or in dispute 3 3 Separation line, land 4 4 Separation line, sea 5 5 Separation line, islands 6 6 Continental Shelf, Persian Gulf 7 7 Demilitarized zone, Israel 8 8 No defined boundary Major Category: Coastlines, Islands, and Lakes 9 1 Coastlines, Islands, Lakes 10 2 Islands and lakes, large 11 3 Islands and lakes, medium 12 4 Islands and lakes, small VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 32 14 6 Intermittent lakes, large 15 7 Intermittent lakes, small 16 8 Reefs 17 9 Salt pans, large 18 10 Salt pans, small 21 13 Ice shelves, large 22 14 Ice shelves, small 23 15 Glaciers Major Category: Rivers 24 1 Rivers 25 2 Rivers, large 26 3 Rivers, medium 27 4 Rivers, small 28 5 Rivers, double lined 29 6 Intermittent rivers, large 30 7 Intermittent rivers, medium 31 8 Intermittent rivers, small 33 10 Canals 34 11 Canals, small 36 13 Canals, irrigation Major Category: Internal Political Boundaries 37 1 U.S. States 38 1 Canadian Provinces 39 3 Boundaries in Great Lakes 40 Australian States (not available in) 41 Scotland and Wales ( .PKD format) The WDB-II .PKV files, developed specifically for VERSAMAP, differ from Micro Doc's .PKD files in 2 respects. First, .PKV files contain political boundaries for the new countries which have formed from the Soviet Union, for Australian States, and for Wales and Scotland. These borders are not included in Micro Doc's .PKD files, nor in the original ASCII version of WDB-II. Second, inspection of the above table shows that the ranks, of individual geographic features in Micro Doc's .PKD files, are not unique to a single major category (International Boundaries, Coastlines, Rivers, or Internal Boundaries). The duplication of ranks between major geographic categories means that .PKD files cannot be concatenated into a single large file without losing information about which category a particular rank corresponds to. To alleviate this problem, ranks in the specially modified .PKV files have been redefined so that they are unique for each geographical feature (see above table). This modification allows .PKV files to be concatenated into a single large file for each continent. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 33 For use with VERSAMAP, the modified .PKV files were concatenated into 5 files, each file containing all geographic features for a particular region. The 5 regions are (1) Africa, (2) Eurasia (Europe and Asia), (3) Oceania (Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands), (4) Latin America (including Antarctica), and (5) North America (Canada and the United States). The .PKV files for individual regions or for the entire world are available on high density, floppy disk from the author. See the VERSAMAP Order Form on page 49 for details. As an example of the detail available in WDB-II, the file, VMTAIWAN.PKV, which contains all data from WDB-II for the island of Taiwan, is included on the VERSAMAP disk. To plot the map of Taiwan, 1. Set the map boundaries at 26 N to 21 N latitude, and 119 E to 123 E longitude using the Map Boundaries option in the Map Design menu (use a grid spacing of 1 degree, i.e. 001 00 00). 2. Import the file VMTAIWAN.PKV into VERSAMAP using the Map Input Filenames option in the Input/Output menu. Toggle all geographic features on in the SELECT WORLD DATA BANK II FEATURES list box. 3. Plot the map using the Size 100% option in the Run menu. When VERSAMAP plots maps using Micro Doc's packed .PKD files, it determines the major category of data being plotted from the third letter of the filename of the input file. In Micro Doc's file naming scheme, this letter is unique for each of the 4 major geographic categories. The third letter must be B for .PKD files containing International Boundaries or Limits of Sovereignty; it must be C for Coastlines, Islands, and Lakes; it must be R for Rivers; and it must be P for Internal Political Boundaries. This restriction on filenames is not necessary when you use .PKV files, since geographic ranks in .PKV files are unique. Micro World Data Bank II (MWDB-II) File extensions PNT, ALL, CCI A database, covering the entire world, containing 178,000 latitude, longitude points. Latitude and longitude are rounded to the nearest minute and stored as six byte binary records. This database was derived from WDB-II, and can be ordered from its developer (Micro Doc, 3108 Jackson Street, Bellevue, NE 68005). An enhanced version of MWDB-II, containing boundaries for the new countries which have formed from the Soviet Union, for Canadian Provinces, and for Australian States is available from the author. See the next section, VERSAMAP Micro World Database, for details. VERSAMAP can plot the following geographic features from MWDB-II: coastlines, islands, lakes, rivers, countries, and U.S States. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 34 MWDB-II contains several types of digital map files. The first type (file extension .PNT) contains points from a single geographic feature at 5 levels of detail. The second file type (file extension .ALL) contains points for all geographic features at a single level of detail. A third MWDB-II file, MWDB5.CCI, contains only country, coastline, and island points at the lowest level of detail. The .ALL and .CCI files are made from the .PNT files using the utility program, SELECT.EXE, supplied with MWDB-II. SELECT.EXE allows the user to build customized map files containing any number of geographic features and levels of detail. To save disk space, MWDB1.ALL and MWDB2.ALL, the 2 largest files, are not included in the MWDB-II package. They are constructed by the user from the .PNT files and SELECT.EXE upon receiving MWDB-II. Summary of Micro World Data Bank II Files Filename Size(bytes) # Points Comment MWDB1.ALL 1,068,408 178,068 The entire database MWDB2.ALL 652,500 108,750 MWDB3.ALL 157,176 26,196 MWDB4.ALL 82,560 13,760 MWDB5.ALL 27,180 4,530 MWDB5.CCI 19,110 3,185 COAST.PNT 449,802 74,967 Coastlines ISLAND.PNT 211,026 35,171 Islands LAKE.PNT 90,708 15,118 Lakes RIVER.PNT 169,164 28,194 Rivers COUNTRY.PNT 134,154 22,359 Country borders STATE.PNT 13,554 2,259 U.S. State borders The mapping programs, Expert Maps and Finger Maps, contain a digital map named WORLD.MAP. This map is a copy of the map file MWDB3.ALL from MWDB-II, and can be used in VERSAMAP. VERSAMAP Micro World Database File extension MAP A database containing 195,000 latitude, longitude points. Latitude and longitude are rounded to the nearest minute and stored as six byte binary records. This database is an enhanced version of MWDB-II described in the previous section. Both map databases have the same file structure. Enhancements incorporated in the VERSAMAP Micro World Database include (1) borders for the new countries which have formed from the Soviet Union; (2) borders for Eritrea, Slovakia, and the Yugoslav Republics, (3) borders for Canadian Provinces; (4) borders for Australian States; (5) more detail for U.S. State boundaries; (6) increased detail for the borders of Israel, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen; and (7) removal VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 35 of the borders between East and West Germany, and between the Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. VMAP1.MAP through VMAP5.MAP, the digital map files supplied with VERSAMAP Micro World Database, are enhanced versions of the equivalent .ALL files in MWDB-II. VERSAMAP can plot the following geographic features from VERSAMAP Micro World Database: coastlines, islands, lakes, rivers, countries, U.S States, Canadian Provinces, and Australian States. VERSAMAP Micro World Database Files Filename Size Number Avg distance between points (bytes) Points nautical miles km VMAP1.MAP 1,170,108 195,018 4 7 VMAP2.MAP 716,496 119,416 6 11 VMAP3.MAP 185,610 30,935 19 35 VMAP4.MAP 97,614 16,269 33 61 VMAP5.MAP 34,452 5,742 72 134 The complete set of VERSAMAP Micro World Database .MAP files is available on floppy disk from the author. See the VERSAMAP Order Form, page 49, for details. USGS Digital Line Graph Data (USGS DLG) File extensions GRF, GRV A database developed by the U.S. Geological Survey containing detailed maps of all 50 states. The database divides the United States into 21 sections. The digital data for each section contains the following major categories: (1) streams and rivers, (2) coastlines and lakes, (3) roads, (4), railroads, (5) political boundaries, (6) administrative boundaries, (7) cultural features, and (8) hypsography. Each major category contains numerous minor categories characterized by the size of the geographic feature. The most recent data in the database dates from 1980. Data in the USGS DLG database were derived by digitizing 1:2,000,000 scale maps from the National Atlas of the United States at a resolution of 0.001 inch. At 1:2,000,000 scale, 1 inch equals 32 statute miles (1 cm equals 20 km). Successive points in the database are never more than 127 seconds (approximately 2 miles or 3 km) of latitude or longitude apart. The database is available on CD-ROM (US GeoData - 1:2,000,000-Scale Digital Line Graph (DLG) Data) and can be ordered from the Earth Science Information Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 507 National Center, Reston, VA 22092. Phone number: 1-800-USA-MAPS. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 36 VERSAMAP can plot maps using DLG data in the graphic file format (.GRF file extension) directly from the above CD-ROM. These .GRF files consist of 20 character ASCII records, in which latitude and longitude are given to the nearest second. The entire set of .GRF files, covering all 50 states, occupies 144 million bytes of space on the CD-ROM. To reduce storage requirements, and speed plotting, the ASCII .GRF files have been converted to the binary, packed WDB-II format mentioned above. The .GRF files in packed WDB-II format have the file extension .GRV. The packed .GRV files occupy 8 times less disk space (18 million bytes) and plot 2.5 times faster than the original ASCII .GRF files. Packed .GRV files, for the 21 sections of the United States or for the entire country, are available on high density, floppy disk from the author. See the VERSAMAP Order Form, page 49, for details. As an example of the detail available in the USGS DLG data, the file, VMOAHU.GRV, which contains all data from the US GeoData CD-ROM for the island of Oahu in the Hawaiian Islands, is included on the VERSAMAP disk. To plot the map of Oahu, 1. Set the map boundaries at 22 N to 21 N latitude, and 159 W to 157 W longitude using the Map Boundaries option in the Map Design menu (use a grid spacing of 1 degree, i.e. 001 00 00). 2. Import the file VMOAHU.GRV into VERSAMAP using the Map Input Filenames option in the Input/Output menu. Toggle all geographic features on in the SELECT USGS DIGITAL LINE GRAPH FEATURES list box. 3. Plot the map using the Size 100% option in the Run menu. VERSAMAP can plot the following geographic features using DLG data in either .GRF or .GRV file formats. Geographic Features Included in USGS DLG Data # Feature Name Rivers and Streams 1 River, double line, shoreline 2 River, double line, centerline 3 River, perennial, <30 km 4 River, perennial, <100 km 5 River, perennial, <350 km 6 River, perennial, >=350 km 7 River, intermittent, <30 km 8 River, intermittent, <100 km 9 River, intermittent, <350 km 10 River, intermittent, >=350 km VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 37 11 River in lake, perenn. <30 km 12 River in lake, perenn. <80 km 13 River in lake, perenn. >=80 km 14 River in lake, interm. <30 km 15 River in lake, interm. >=30 km 16 Braided stream 17 Canal, navigable, <20 km 18 Canal, navigable, <80 km 19 Canal, navigable, >=80 km 20 Canal, other, <20 km 21 Canal, other, <80 km 22 Canal, other, >=80 km 23 Ditch 24 Intercoastal waterway Water Bodies 25 U.S. coastline and Great Lakes 26 Lake, island, perennial <30 km 27 Lake, island, perennial <80 km 28 Lake, island, perennial >=80 km 29 Lake, intermittent <30 km 30 Lake, intermittent <80 km 31 Lake, intermittent >=80 km 32 Marsh, swamp, <50 km 33 Marsh, swamp, >=50 km 34 Dry lake, alkali flat 35 Glacier, <50 km 36 Glacier, >=50 km Roads and Trails 37 Interstate highway 38 Interstate, proposed 39 Divided highway, limited access 40 Other hwy, limited access 41 Other hwy, non-limited access 42 Other hwy <10 km from major hwy 43 State secondary, all weather 44 Light duty, all weather 45 Unimproved, fair or dry weather 46 Highway, tunnel 47 Auto, ferry Railroads 48 Railroad, main line 49 Railroad, branch line 50 Railroad, other 51 Railroad, tunnel 52 Railroad, ferry VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 38 Political Boundaries 53 International treaty line 54 National boundary, land 55 National boundary, water 56 State boundary, land 57 State boundary, water 58 County, large city, land 59 County, large city, water 60 City boundary, >1.0 million 61 City boundary, >0.5 million 62 City boundary, small Administrative Boundaries 63 National park <20 km 64 National park >=20 km 65 National park closure line 66 Indian reservation <20 km 67 Indian reservation >=20 km 68 Indian reservation closure line 69 Military reservation <405 ha 70 Military reservation >=405 ha 71 Mil. reservation closure line Cultural Features 72 Alaska pipeline World Data Bank I File extension DAT A database, covering the entire world, developed by the Central Intelligence Agency. World Data Bank I contains 79,000 points representing world coastlines. Latitude and longitude are given to the nearest second. Data are stored as 20 character ASCII records on 5, 5.25 inch, 360K disks, which can be ordered from the National Technical Information Service, United States Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. The World Digitized File extensions MPS, MP1 A shareware database containing 100,000 latitude, longitude points rounded to thousandths of a degree. The database is available (in both binary and ASCII format) from shareware disk vendors. The World Digitized database is subdivided into directories, one directory for each continent. This useful feature reduces plotting time since the user can select only those areas he wishes to map. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 39 Each of the World Digitized directories contains 2 or more map files. If you wish to plot the entire World Digitized database from VERSAMAP, you will have to concatenate the individual .MPS(binary) or .MP1(ASCII) files, since VERSAMAP will not accept more than 9 input files. The VERSAMAP disks contain 2 files, VM_FIX.MPS and VM_FIX.MP1, which must be used to concatenate World Digitized files for use with VERSAMAP. These 2 files, VM_FIX.MPS and VM_FIX.MP1, force a line break at the end of each World Digitized file when it is concatenated. For example, to concatenate the World Digitized binary .MPS files in the Europe subdirectory for use with VERSAMAP, use the following form of the DOS copy command: COPY /B E0.MPS+VM_FIX.MPS+E1.MPS+VM_FIX.MPS+E2.MPS+ VM_FIX.MPS+E3.MPS EUROPE.MPS where EUROPE.MPS is the concatenated file. A similar procedure (without the /B switch) is used to concatenate the World Digitized ASCII .MP1 files for use with VERSAMAP: COPY E0.MP1+VM_FIX.MP1+E1.MP1+VM_FIX.MP1+E2.MP1+ VM_FIX.MP1+E3.MP1 EUROPE.MP1 Spurious diagonal lines will be plotted if you do not insert the VM_FIX.MPS or VM_FIX.MP1 files between the World Digitized files when they are concatenated for use with VERSAMAP. Cartog File extension BIN The mapping program CARTOG (Byte Magazine, page 329, December 1987) includes the database WORLDMED. This database contains 15,000 latitude, longitude points rounded to hundredths of a degree and stored as 6 byte binary records. The mapping program and the WORLDMED database are available on disk from Byte Magazine. Importing Your Own Data into VERSAMAP File extension PRN In addition to the above file formats, VERSAMAP will also accept latitude, longitude values in the following ASCII format. The line header field is used to indicate the beginning of each new polyline; -1 indicates the beginning of a new polyline, 0 indicates subsequent points within the polyline. Latitude and longitude are entered as decimal degrees; negative values represent South latitude or West longitude. Use the following formula to convert latitude and longitudes given as degrees, minutes, and seconds to decimal degrees: VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 40 Decimal lat/lon = degrees + minutes/60 + seconds/3600 For example, the decimal position for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (22 degrees, 53 minutes, 43 seconds south latitude; 43 degrees, 13 minutes, 22 seconds west longitude) is: Decimal latitude = -(22 + 53/60 + 43/3600) = -22.8953 Decimal longitude = -(43 + 13/60 + 22/3600) = -43.2228 The decimal position for Paris, France (48 degrees, 50 minutes, 14 seconds north latitude; 2 degrees, 20 minutes, 14 seconds east longitude) is: Decimal latitude = +(48 + 50/60 + 14/3600) = +48.8372 Decimal longitude = +( 2 + 20/60 + 14/3600) = + 2.3372 Decimal latitude and longitudes, input into VERSAMAP, are rounded to the nearest second. The program cannot distinguish between positions less than 101 feet (31 meters, 1 second of latitude) apart. Record Format for User Supplied Data field #1 - line header: -1 for new polyline 0 for point within polyline field separator: one or more spaces (ASCII 32) field #2 - latitude: decimal degrees, south latitude is negative field separator: one or more spaces (ASCII 32) field #3 - longitude: decimal degrees, west longitude is negative end of record: carriage return (ASCII 13), line feed (ASCII 10) Records with this format can be generated by most word processors, text editors, and spreadsheets. The file VMAPUSER.PRN on the VERSAMAP disk is a short file using the above ASCII format. The file contains 6 individual points in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans which plot as points; plus 5 points in the Indian Ocean which plot as a box when the points are connected by lines. You can use VMAPUSER.PRN to study the appearance of the different symbol shapes, sizes, and colors that VERSAMAP can plot. To plot the file, (1) select the Map Input Filenames option in the Input/Output menu; (2) erase the default map name, VMAP4.MAP; (3) type VMAPUSER.PRN for the filename; (4) and press Enter. When the window titled ENTER SYMBOL TYPE, COLOR, & SIZE appears, (1) select symbol type Open square; (2) the color yellow; (3) size 03 pixels; and (4) press Enter on the < OK > button. When asked for the next filename, erase the pathname and press Enter to end filename input. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 41 To display the file, select the Size 100% option in the Run menu. The screen will show 10 individual points, marked by yellow squares. The box in the Indian Ocean plotted as 4 individual points, because all symbol types, except Line, plot as points. To plot the Indian Ocean points as a box, repeat the above steps, but choose symbol type Line. In this case, the first six individual points plot as yellow dots, 1 pixel in size; but the last 5 points in the Indian Ocean are connected by lines, and plot as a rectangle. To view the contents of VMAPUSER.PRN, type the following command at the DOS prompt and press Enter (the word TYPE is part of the command). TYPE VMAPUSER.PRN Comments may be added to each line of the file after the last digit of longitude; however, the comment must not contain blank spaces or commas. 10. Use of VERSAMAP with Graphing Programs VERSAMAP can be used to prepare publication quality maps in conjunction with suitable graphing programs. To be useful in preparing maps, a graphing program should be able to: a) handle large data sets; b) use more than 1 data set per graph; c) physically separate the x and y axes, so that they do not show on the figure; d) connect individual points on the graph with lines; and e) exclude data which exceeds the X- and Y-axis limits. To print a map using a graphing program, import the map grid and the output map boundary files into the program. If there are two map grid files, the points in the first map grid file should be plotted as dots, and the points in the second map grid file should be connected by lines. If there is only one map grid file, you can connect the grid points by lines or not, depending on how you want the graticule to appear. The X- and Y-axes are scaled using the values of X-axis Length and Y-axis Length listed under Relative Length of Axes on the VERSAMAP Parameter Report. The relative X-axis Length is defined as 1.000000 for all maps; the relative Y-axis Length may be less than or greater than unity, depending on the projection and graticule chosen. Starting values of the X- and Y-axes should be set at 0. The ending values of the X- and Y-axes will depend on your graphing program, but in general they will be one or both of the values listed under Relative Length of Axes on the VERSAMAP Parameter Report. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 42 You should configure the graphing program for data clipping (i.e. exclude points which lie outside the limits of the X- and Y-axes). This will prevent the dummy points (X = 5.000000), which indicate new polylines (see Section 8, Map Output Filenames), from being plotted. Map and grid output files produced by VERSAMAP have been successfully imported into the technical graphing programs, Grapher and SigmaPlot. For use with SigmaPlot, dummy points (X,Y = 5.000000) which indicate line breaks in map output files must be converted to dashes (X,Y = --------), indicating missing data, before the files are imported into SigmaPlot. Changing the dummy points from 5.000000 to -------- can be done using the replace command in Edlin or the search and replace command in a word processor. 11. Program Compatibility with Software and Hardware Compatibility With Other Software VERSAMAP has been tested successfully on computers running under DOS versions 3.00, 3.30, 4.01, 5.00, and 6.00. VERSAMAP should run on any computer with DOS 3.0 or higher. Map output files produced by VERSAMAP have been successfully imported into the following programs. File Imported Successfully Program Version PCX PIC CGM ASCII CorelDRAW 2.0 yes yes yes DrawPerfect 1.1 yes yes yes Freelance Plus 3.01, 2.0 yes yes Grapher 1.75 yes Harvard Graphics 3.0, 2.3 yes Lotus 123, PrintGraph 2.2, 2.01 yes Microsoft Paintbrush 2.0 yes Microsoft Word 2.0 yes yes yes PC Paintbrush IV Plus yes SigmaPlot yes WordPerfect 5.1, 5.0 yes yes PIC and CGM files produced by VERSAMAP are often too large to import into Freelance Plus, Harvard Graphics 2.3, and CorelDRAW 2.0. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 43 Hardware Compatibility VERSAMAP has been tested successfully on the following computer systems. The last column gives the time required to plot the default world map, VMAP4.MAP, on each system. Micro- DOS CPU Monitor Disk Math Co- Time processor Version MHz Type processor (min) 8088 3.30 5 CGA,Herc Floppy No 18.11 3.00 5 EGA(mono) Floppy Yes 3.92 80286 3.30 10 VGA(mono) Hard Yes 0.96 80386sx 4.01 16 VGA Hard Yes 0.66 80386sx 5.00 16 VGA Hard No 2.05 80386sx 6.00 25 VGA Hard No 1.76 80386 5.00 25 VGA Hard No 1.19 80486 5.00 33 VGA Hard Yes 0.17 Maps displayed by VERSAMAP have been printed successfully on the following printers with the Print Map option. 9-pin dot matrix: IBM Proprinter 24-pin dot matrix: Epson LQ-800. InkJet: HP DeskJet Plus Laser: HP LaserJet-II, -III, -IIIsi. Video Compatibility VERSAMAP has been tested successfully on systems with CGA, Hercules, EGA, and VGA adapters and monitors. The program runs in high resolution CGA mode (640 x 200 pixels) on computers equipped with MCGA adapters. Several users have reported that VERSAMAP versions 1.17 and lower will not run in VGA mode on computer systems equipped with both VGA and Hercules graphics adapters. The present version of VERSAMAP has been modified to run in EGA mode (640 x 350 pixels) when it detects the presence of both VGA and Hercules graphics adapters. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 44 Several users have reported that VERSAMAP versions 1.20 and lower would not run on their systems because it did not recognize the type of video adapter (VGA, EGA, CGA, Hercules) in their computer. The present version of VERSAMAP has been modified to allow users to force the program to run in a particular video mode. This is done by adding an additional parameter after the word VMAP on the DOS command line when VERSAMAP is started. VERSAMAP now recognizes the following command line parameters: Valid command line parameters are: Command Line Result VMAP Run VERSAMAP, allow program to select video mode VMAP VIDEO Display video monitor and adapter determined by program VMAP HELP Display list of valid command line parameters VMAP CGA Force program to run in high resolution CGA mode VMAP HGC Force program to run in Hercules monographic mode VMAP EGA Force program to run in color EGA mode VMAP EGAMONO Force program to run in monochrome EGA mode VMAP EGA64 Force program to run on EGA adapters with only 64K memory VMAP VGA Force program to run in color or monochrome VGA mode If VERSAMAP cannot recognize the video system in your computer, you will receive the error message "VERSAMAP 1.30 does not support your monitor and/or video display adapter!". If you receive this error message, and you know the type of video adapter and monitor in your system, you can force VERSAMAP to run in that video mode by using one of the above commands. For instance, to force VERSAMAP to run in color EGA mode on a computer known to contain an EGA video adapter and a color EGA monitor, type the following command at the DOS prompt and then press Enter. VMAP EGA 12. Installing VERSAMAP VERSAMAP is distributed in several different forms: (1) as a set of uncompressed files, (2) as a compressed .ZIP file, and (3) as a compressed, self-extracting .EXE file. VERSAMAP installation is a simple process of copying the contents of the VERSAMAP distribution disk(s) to your hard drive or to a second floppy disk, and expanding the files if necessary. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 45 VERSAMAP does not require a hard disk, but you may not have enough free disk space available, if you attempt to save digital maps output by VERSAMAP onto the floppy disk containing the VERSAMAP files. This is especially true for low density floppy disks. To run VERSAMAP, once it has been installed, change to the directory containing the VERSAMAP files, type VMAP at the DOS prompt, and then press the Enter key. Hard and Floppy Disk Installation Self-extracting version To expand the self-extracting form of VERSAMAP onto a hard disk or any size floppy disk: 1. Insert the VERSAMAP distribution disk into disk drive A. 2. Change to drive A using the DOS Change Directory command (e.g., CD A:). 3. Type the name of the self-extracting file (e.g., type VMAPS if the self-extracting file is VMAPS.EXE) at the DOS prompt, press the Enter key, and follow the instructions on the screen. Once the instructions have been displayed, you may abort installation and return to DOS by pressing N. Hard and Floppy Disk Installation ZIP version You will need a copy of the PKUNZIP utility program to expand the compressed .ZIP form of VERSAMAP. PKUNZIP is available from most shareware distributors and bulletin boards. The following instructions describe the steps necessary to unzip the compressed .ZIP file into a subdirectory called VERSAMAP on hard drive C. 1. First, use the DOS MKDIR command to create the VERSAMAP subdirectory to hold the uncompressed files (e.g., MKDIR C:\VERSAMAP). 2. Use the DOS COPY command to copy the VERSAMAP .ZIP file and the unzipping program, PKUNZIP.EXE, into subdirectory VERSAMAP. 3. Change to the VERSAMAP subdirectory using the DOS Change Directory command (e.g., CD C:\VERSAMAP). VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 46 4. To unzip the VERSAMAP files from a file called VMAP.ZIP, type the following command at the DOS prompt, PKUNZIP VMAP.ZIP and press the Enter key. To unzip the VERSAMAP files onto floppy disk(s), you may need to unzip the files, one file at a time. Consult the PKUNZIP instructions for the commands necessary to extract the VERSAMAP files onto a floppy disk. The help screen for PKUNZIP can be displayed by changing to the directory containing PKUNZIP, typing PKUNZIP at the DOS prompt, and pressing Enter. Hard Disk Installation Uncompressed version To install VERSAMAP in a directory called VERSAMAP on a hard disk (i.e. drive C): 1. Insert the VERSAMAP distribution disk into a floppy disk drive (i.e. drive A). 2. Copy the files from the disk in drive A to your hard disk by typing the following command at the DOS prompt XCOPY A: C:\VERSAMAP /S /V and pressing Enter. This command will copy all files and subdirectories from the disk in drive A into directory VERSAMAP on your hard drive. The XCOPY command will create a VERSAMAP directory if it does not already exist on your hard drive. If the VERSAMAP directory does not exist, you will be prompted by the following message after entering the command: Does VERSAMAP specify a file name or directory name on the target (F = file, D = directory)? Answer the question by pressing the letter D to create the new directory. The above message is not displayed if a VERSAMAP directory already exists on your hard drive. In this case, the XCOPY command will overwrite any files of the same name in the existing VERSAMAP directory. 3. Remove the first VERSAMAP distribution disk from disk drive A. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 47 4. Repeat steps 1 to 3 if you received the VERSAMAP software on more than 1 floppy disk. VERSAMAP is now installed. Floppy Disk Installation Uncompressed version These instructions assume that you are copying the VERSAMAP files to a second floppy disk with a capacity equal to or greater than the VERSAMAP distribution disk(s). To install the uncompressed form of VERSAMAP onto a floppy disk (i.e., drive B): 1. Place a blank, formatted disk in drive B. 2. Insert the VERSAMAP distribution disk into disk drive A. 3. Copy the files from the disk in drive A onto drive B by typing the following command at the DOS prompt XCOPY A: B: /S /V and pressing Enter. This will copy all files from the disk in drive A onto the disk in drive B. 4. Remove the first VERSAMAP distribution disk from disk drive A. 5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 if you received the VERSAMAP software on more than 1 distribution disk. If your drive B is a high density floppy drive, you may copy all VERSAMAP files onto the same high density disk. VERSAMAP is now installed. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 48 13. VERSAMAP Order Form (version 1.30) page 1/3 Make checks payable to Charles Culberson. Persons living outside the United States can register VERSAMAP by obtaining a Postal Money Order payable in U.S. dollars from their National Post Office; or by personal check in their local currency at the current exchange rate. Send order form and comments to: Charles Culberson 8 Ritter Lane Newark, DE 19711 USA ------------------ Registration, version 1.30 ------------------ Date: __________________________________________________________ Where did you obtain VERSAMAP? _________________________________ Your Name: _____________________________________________________ Address: _______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Please circle the floppy disk size that you would like the VERSAMAP files supplied on. 5.25" 360K 5.25" 1.2M 3.5" 720K 3.5" 1.4M --------------------------- Comments --------------------------- VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 49 13. VERSAMAP Order Form (version 1.30, continued) page 2/3 Item Cost 1. VERSAMAP, registered copy , $15 ______ Most recent version of mapping program plus Helvetica fonts and maps VMAP3.MAP (31,000 points) and VMAP5.MAP (6,000 points). 2. Printed Manual, $15 ______ Printed copy of VERSAMAP instruction manual with soft cover. The text of the printed manual is identical to the text of the instruction manual, VMAP.DOC, included on the VERSAMAP disk. 3. VERSAMAP Micro World Database, $15 ______ Includes complete set of 5 maps, VMAP1.MAP (195,000 points) to VMAP5.MAP (6,000 points). See page 35 of instruction manual for details. 4. World Data Bank II in VERSAMAP .PKV format (data only supplied on high density 3.5" or 5.25" floppy disks). See page 32 of instruction manual for details of this database. Region Comments Africa Suez Canal divides Africa and Eurasia Eurasia includes Japan and Taiwan Latin America Mexico to Chile, including Antarctica North America Canada, United States (Hawaii is in Oceania) Oceania Indonesia, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, and Pacific Islands ------- Circle regions wanted ------- Region Number of Cost Disks Africa 2 $10 Eurasia 5 $25 North America 3 $15 Latin America 2 $10 Oceania 1 $ 5 Total cost of World Data Bank II files: ______ VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 50 13. VERSAMAP Order Form (version 1.30, continued) page 3/3 Item Cost 5. USGS Digital Line Graph data in VERSAMAP .GRV format (data only supplied on high density 3.5" or 5.25" floppy disks). See page 36 of instruction manual for details of this database. -------------- Circle sections wanted -------------- USGS States on disk(s) Number of Sections Disks 01 CT, MA, ME, NY, VT, NH, RI 1 02 DE, MD, OH, NJ, PA, VA, WV 1 03, 04 FL, GA, NC, SC 1 05 AL, AR, LA, MS, TN 2 06 IA, IL, IN, KY, MO 2 07 MI, MN, WI 1 08 TX (TX in section 09 also) 1 09 TX, OK (TX in section 08 also) 1 10 CO, KS, NE 1 11 MT, ND, SD, WY (MT in section 15 also) 1 12 AZ, NM 1 13, 14, 21 CA, HI, NV, UT 1 15 ID, MT, OR, WA (MT in section 11 also) 1 16 thru 20 AK 5 Total cost of USGS Digital Line Graph files (number of disks x $5 per disk): ______ 6. $5 charge for shipping to addresses outside the U.S. or Canada: ______ 7. $7 charge for checks drawn on foreign banks in foreign currency. Except for Canadian banks, I cannot accept checks drawn on foreign banks in U.S. currency. There is no charge for checks drawn on U.S. banks. ______ Minimum order is $15. Total cost of items 1 through 7, or $15, whichever is greater. ______ VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 51 14. Acknowledgements To save disk space, the VERSAMAP mapping program, VMAP.EXE, has been compressed with the PKLITE Professional executable file compressor. When you run VMAP.EXE by typing VMAP at the DOS prompt, the program will automatically expand as it loads into memory. VERSAMAP uses the Hercules graphics driver, MSHERC.COM, and the font files, COURA.FON, COURB.FON, COURE.FON, HELVA.FON, HELVB.FON, HELVE.FON, supplied with Microsoft BASIC 7.0. Portions(C) 1982-1989 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. VERSAMAP uses routines from the PCX Programmer's Toolkit, Copyright (c) Genus Microprogramming, Inc. 1988-1990. VERSAMAP uses the QuickWindows Advanced User Interface Library which is Copyrighted 1990 by Software Interphase, Inc. The boundary files, VMAP1.MAP through VMAP5.MAP, contain data from Micro World Data Bank II, a digital map database placed in the Public Domain by Fred Pospeschil and Antonio Riveria. The enhanced World Data Bank II files (.PKV file extension) distributed with VERSAMAP are derived from the packed, binary version of World Data Bank II (.PKD file extension) developed and placed in the Public Domain by Fred Pospeschil (Micro Doc, 3108 Jackson Street, Bellevue, NE 68005, USA). CorelDRAW is copyrighted by Corel Systems Corporation. Brother is a registered trademark of Brother Industries, Ltd. Epson is a registered trademark of Epson America, Inc. Expert Maps is a trademark of Expert Software. Finger Maps is Copyrighted by Poisson Technology. Grapher is a trademark of Golden Software, Inc. Harvard Graphics is a registered trademark of Software Publishing Corporation. Hewlett-Packard is a registered trademark of Hewlett-Packard Company. Hercules is a registered trademark of Hercules Computer Technology. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. Lotus, 1-2-3, and Freelance are registered trademarks of Lotus Development Corporation. Microsoft is a registered trademark, and Microsoft Windows is a trademark of the Microsoft Corporation. Okidata is a registered trademark of Oki America Inc. PC Paintbrush is a registered trademark of ZSoft Corporation. PKUNZIP is a registered trademark, and PKLITE Professional is a trademark of PKWARE Inc. SigmaPlot is a trademark of Jandel Corporation. WordPerfect and DrawPerfect are registered trademarks of WordPerfect Corporation. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 52 15. Glossary The following definitions are taken from: John P. Snyder and Philip M. Voxland. 1989. An Album of Map Projections. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1453. U.S. Government Printing Office. Pages 2 to 4. Aspect: Conceptual placement of a projection in relation to the Earth's axis (polar, equatorial, oblique). Azimuthal projection: Projection on which the azimuth or direction from a given central point to any other point is shown correctly. Central meridian: Meridian passing through the center of a projection, often a straight line about which the projection is symmetrical. Conformal projection: Projection on which all angles at each point are preserved. Conic projection: Projection resulting from the conceptual projection of the Earth onto a tangent or secant cone, which is then cut lengthwise and laid flat. Cylindrical projection: Projection resulting from the conceptual projection of the Earth onto a tangent or secant cylinder, which is then cut lengthwise and laid flat. Equal-area projection: Projection on which the areas of all regions are shown in the same proportion to their true areas. Shapes may be greatly distorted. Equatorial aspect: Aspect of a projection on which the center of projection or the origin is some point along the Equator. Equidistant projection: Projection that maintains constant scale along all great circles from one or two points. Graticule: Network of lines representing a selection of the Earth's parallels and meridians. Great circle: Any circle on the surface of the Earth (assumed to be a sphere) formed by the intersection of the surface with a plane passing through the center of the Earth. It is the shortest distance between any two points along the circle and therefore important for navigation. All meridians and the Equator are great circles. Latitude: Angle made by a perpendicular to a given point on the surface of the Earth and the plane of the Equator, north or south to 90 degrees. One of the two common geographic coordinates of a point on the Earth. VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 53 Longitude: Angle made by the plane of a meridian passing through a given point on the Earth's surface and the plane of the (prime) meridian passing through Greenwich, England, east or west to 180 degrees. One of the two common geographic coordinates of a point on the Earth. Meridian: Reference line on the Earth's surface formed by the intersection of the surface with a plane passing through both poles and some third point on the surface. This line is identified by its longitude. On the Earth, this line is half a great circle. Oblique aspect: Aspect of a projection on which the center of the projection or the origin is located at a point which is neither at a pole nor along the Equator. Parallel: Small circle on the surface of the Earth formed by the intersection of the surface with a plane parallel to the plane of the Equator. This line is identified by its latitude. The Equator (a great circle) is also treated as a parallel. Polar aspect: Aspect of a projection on which the Earth is viewed from the polar axis. Scale: Ratio of the distance on a map to the corresponding distance on the Earth; usually stated in the form 1:5,000,000, for example. Secant cone, cylinder: A secant cone or cylinder intersects the Earth's surface along two separate lines. Small circle: Circle formed by the intersection of the Earth's surface and a plane that does not pass through the center of the Earth. Parallels of latitude, other than the Equator, are small circles. Standard parallel: A parallel of latitude along which the scale of the map is correct. There are one or two standard parallels on most cylindrical and conic map projections VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 54 16. Index Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 52 Add Text to Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14, 19, 21, 28, 29 Administrative boundaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36, 39 Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 34, 50 Alaska pipeline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Albers equal-area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11, 14, 16 ALL. . 3, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22-25, 31, 32, 34-38, 42, 47, 48, 52, 53 Alt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 5, 7, 8, 20 Antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 34, 50 ASCII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 22-26, 29-33, 37, 39-41, 43 Aspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12, 53, 54 Association of Shareware Professionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34, 50 Australian states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 33-36 Azimuthal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12-15, 18, 53 Azimuthal equal-area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 13, 15, 18 Azimuthal equidistant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12, 15, 18 BIN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40 Boundary file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34, 50, 51 Canadian provinces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 33-36 Cartog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 40 CCI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18, 25, 34, 35 Central latitude of the map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Central longitude of the map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 CGA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 22, 24, 27, 44, 45 CGM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 20, 22-24, 28, 43 Chile. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 CNF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Coastlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 32-36, 39 Color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 19, 24, 25, 27, 41, 45 Compatibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 43, 44 Computer graphics metafile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 Configuration file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 Conformal conic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11, 14, 16 Conic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11, 14, 16, 53, 54 CorelDRAW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28, 43, 52 Countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 33-36 COUR_CGA.FON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 22 COUR_EGA.FON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 22 COUR_VGA.FON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 22 Courier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 19, 20, 22 DAT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 Data clipping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Default. . . . . . . . . .1, 4, 5, 9, 12, 15-18, 22, 24-27, 41, 44 Degree sign. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Degrees of latitude between grid marks . . . . . . . . . . .14, 15 Degrees of longitude between grid marks. . . . . . . . . . .14, 15 Digital Line Graph . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 18, 25, 31, 36, 37, 51 Digital map. . . . . . . . . . 1-3, 18, 24, 25, 30, 31, 35, 36, 52 VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 55 Directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 22-24, 26, 39, 46, 47 Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1, 3 Disk directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23, 26 Display Previous Text. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14, 22, 23, 28 Distance above surface in kilometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 DOS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 5, 7, 28, 40, 42-48, 52 Dot matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 23, 26, 27, 44 DrawPerfect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28, 43, 52 Easternmost longitude of the map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 EGA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 22, 24, 44, 45 Equal-area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 11, 13-16, 18, 53 Equatorial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 53 Equidistant conic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11, 14, 16 Equirectangular. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 10, 14, 17 Eritrea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Error message. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 9, 15-17, 45 Esc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 7-9, 21, 26, 27, 31 Eurasia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34, 50 Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 34, 40 Exit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 5, 7, 10, 18, 27 Export . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20, 22, 24, 29 F1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Filename . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 23-25, 27-29, 34-36, 41 FON. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 22, 52 Font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 14, 19, 20, 22, 52 Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 25, 29-33, 37, 39-41, 50, 51 Freelance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28, 43, 52 Geographic Feature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35, 36 Geological Survey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 18, 25, 31, 36, 53 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 Gnomonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12, 15, 18 Grapher. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43, 52 Graphing program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42, 43 Graticule Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14, 17, 18, 30 Great circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53, 54 GRF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 36, 37 Grid file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30, 31, 42 Grid type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18, 26, 30, 31 GRV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 25, 36, 37, 51 Hammer equal-area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 13, 14 Harvard Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28, 43, 52 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 HELV_CGA.FON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 22 HELV_EGA.FON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 22 HELV_VGA.FON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 22 Helvetica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 19, 20, 22, 50 Hercules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 22, 44, 45, 52 Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20, 28, 34, 37, 42, 43 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 55 Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34, 50 Input field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Input file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5, 9, 18, 24, 25, 30, 34 Input/Output menu. . . . . . .1, 18, 19, 22, 23, 26-28, 34, 37, 41 Installing VERSAMAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1, 3, 45 VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 56 Islands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 32, 34-37, 50 Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 35 Japan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 32-36, 38 Laser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 23, 26, 44 Latin America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34, 50 Latitude . .1, 2, 4-9, 11, 14-18, 24, 26-30, 32, 34-37, 39-41, 53, 54 Latitude and longitude limits. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8, 14-16 Letter B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Letter T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 List box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 25, 26, 34, 37 Longitude. . 1, 2, 4-9, 14-16, 18, 24, 26-30, 32, 34-37, 39-42, 54 Lotus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20, 24, 28, 43, 52 MAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-31, 34-37, 39-44, 50, 52-54 Map Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14, 15, 34, 37 Map Design menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 14, 18, 21, 23, 28 Map Input Filenames. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18, 19, 23, 24, 41 Math coprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3, 5, 27 MCGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 22, 44 Menu . 1, 4, 5, 7-10, 14, 18, 19, 21-23, 26-28, 31, 34, 37, 41, 42 Menu bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4, 5, 7-9, 21, 26-28, 31 Mercator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 9, 10, 14-16 Meridian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 11, 13, 15, 53, 54 Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Micro Doc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32-34, 52 Micro World Data Bank II . . . . . . .1, 8, 18, 25, 31, 34, 35, 52 Microsoft Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20, 52 Microsoft Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Mouse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1, 4, 7, 8, 21 MP1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 39, 40 MPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 39, 40 MSHERC.COM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 52 MWDB-II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 31, 34-36 New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 North America. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32, 34, 50 Northernmost latitude of the map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Oahu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 37 Oblique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53, 54 Oceania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34, 50 Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Ombudsman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Order form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4, 34, 36, 37, 49-51 Orthographic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12, 15, 18 Output file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29, 30 Output grid data in ASCII format . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29, 30 Output map data in ASCII format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 Paintbrush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27, 43, 52 Parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 11, 16, 17, 54 PCX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 20, 22-24, 27, 43, 52 PIC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 19, 20, 22-24, 28, 43 PIC font . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 20 PKD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 32-34, 52 PKUNZIP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46, 47, 52 VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 57 PKV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 25, 32-34, 50, 52 PNT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18, 34, 35 Point size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 22 Polar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12, 53, 54 Political boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33, 34, 36, 39 Polyline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24, 30, 40, 41 Print Map. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20, 22, 23, 26, 44 Printer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 23, 24, 26, 27 Printer port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 PrintGraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20, 28, 43 PRN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 40-42 Projection menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 5, 7, 10 Pull-down menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Pushbutton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Railroads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36, 38 Range of map in degrees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15, 16 Recall Map Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14, 23 REGISTER.DOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3 Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1, 3, 49 Report Map Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 26-28 Rivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 33-37 Robinson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 13, 14 Run menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 5, 9, 23, 28, 31, 34, 37, 42 Satellite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Save as ASCII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 23, 29 Save as CGM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20, 22, 23, 28 Save as PCX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20, 22, 23, 27 Save as PIC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22, 23, 28 Save Map Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14, 23 Scotland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Select Font. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14, 22 Select Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23, 27 Self-extracting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45, 46 Shareware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4, 25, 31, 39, 46 SigmaPlot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43, 52 Size 100%. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 28, 29, 31, 34, 37, 42 Size 70% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28, 29, 31 Slovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 Sources of digital map data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 31 Southernmost latitude of the map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Soviet Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33-35 Standard Parallel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16, 17, 54 States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18, 19, 31, 33-37, 39, 49-51 Stereographic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12, 15, 18 Streams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36, 37 Suez canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24, 25, 27, 41, 42 Tab. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 16, 17, 21, 25, 26, 29, 30 Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 34, 50 Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 8, 14, 19-23, 25-29, 31, 41, 50 Text # . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19, 21 U.S. Geological Survey . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 18, 25, 31, 36, 53 U.S. states. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18, 33 United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 58 United States. . . . . . . . . . . .19, 31, 34, 36, 37, 39, 49, 50 User supplied data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 USGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1, 2, 18, 19, 25, 31, 36, 37, 51 USGS DLG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 18, 19, 31, 36, 37 VERSAMAP Micro World Database. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34-36, 50 Vertical perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10, 12, 15, 16, 18 VGA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 22, 24, 26, 44, 45 Video. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 22, 44, 45 View Disk Directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23, 26 VM_FIX.MP1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 40 VM_FIX.MPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 40 VMAP.DOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 50 VMAP.EXE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 4, 22, 52 VMAP1.MAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36, 50, 52 VMAP2.MAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36 VMAP3.MAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 36, 50 VMAP4.MAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 4, 5, 18, 24, 36, 41, 44 VMAP5.MAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2, 3, 36, 50, 52 VMAPREAD.ME. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 VMAPUSER.PRN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 41, 42 VMOAHU.GRV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 37 VMTAIWAN.PKV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 34 Wales. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 WDB-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 19, 31-34, 37 Westernmost longitude of the map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 7, 8, 20, 28, 52 WordPerfect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28, 43, 52 World Data Bank I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 39 World Data Bank II . . . . 1, 2, 8, 18, 25, 31, 32, 34, 35, 50, 52 World Digitized. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25, 39, 40 X-axis Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26, 42 XCOPY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47, 48 Y-axis Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26, 42 Yemen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35, 36 Yugoslav Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 ZIP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45-47 VMAP.DOC version 1.30 Page 59