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- {c:The MUSICRAFT Development System
-
-
-
-
- {c:USER'S GUIDE AND OPERATING MANUAL
-
-
-
- {c:by Paul J. Medlock
- {c:Computercraft
- {c:1031 Marlau Dr
- {c:Baltimore MD 21212
-
-
-
- {c:authorized distributor:
- {c:NEWTECH COMPUTER SYSTEMS, Inc.
- {c:230 Clinton St
- {c:Brooklyn NY 11201
- {c:(212)625-6220
-
-
-
- {a:p=1
- {c:Copyright (c) 1980 by Paul J Medlock
- {c:Computercraft
-
-
- {c:All rights reserved.
-
- No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted,
- transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any
- language or computer language, in any form or by any means,
- electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual or
- otherwise, without the prior written permission of Computercraft,
- Baltimore, Maryland.
-
-
-
- {c:Disclaimer
-
- Computercraft makes no representations or warranties with respect to
- the contents hereof and specifically disclaims any implied warranties
- of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Further,
- Computercraft reserves the right to revise this publication and to
- make changes from time to time in the content hereof without
- obligation of Computercraft to notify any person of such revision or
- changes.
-
- This publication does not convey to the purchaser any rights to any
- software not identified by this publication as part of the Musicraft
- Development System.
-
- CP/M is referred to in this manual. CP/M is a trademark of Digital
- Research Corporation. No rights of use of CP/M are conveyed to the
- purchaser by any reference to CP/M in this publication.
- {a:p=1
- TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
- {l:I. INTRODUCTION^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^6
- {l:I.A. The Music^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^6
- {l:I.B. The System^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^7
- {l:I.B.1. The Editor^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^9
- {l:I.B.2. The Compiler^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^9
- {l:I.B.3. The Waveform Generator^^^^^^^^^^^^^^9
- {l:I.B.4. The Player^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^9
- {l:I.B.5. Setup^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^10
- {l:I.B.6. Print^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^10
- {l:I.C. The Requirements^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^10
-
- {l:II. INITIAL CHECKOUT^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^11
-
- {l:III. MUSIC NOTATION SYSTEM^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^15
- {l:III.A. Song File^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^15
- {l:III.B. Song Line^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^15
- {l:III.B.1. Line Number^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^15
- {l:III.B.2. Duration^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^15
- {l:III.B.3. Voice^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^16
- {l:III.C. Microtones^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^19
- {l:III.D. Option Lines^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^19
-
- {l:IV. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^21
- {l:IV.A. SETUP^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^21
- {l:IV.A.1. Command Sequence^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^21
- {l:IV.A.2. Discussion^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^21
- {l:IV.B. EDIT^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^22
- {l:IV.B.1. Command Sequence^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^22
- {l:IV.B.2. Introduction^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^22
- {l:IV.B.3. Tutorial^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^22
- {l:IV.B.3.a. Navigation^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^24
- {l:IV.B.3.a.i. The Home Function^^^^^^^^^^^24
- {l:IV.B.3.a.ii. The Direction Function^^^^^^24
- {l:IV.B.3.a.iii. The Page Function^^^^^^^^^^^25
- {l:IV.B.3.a.iv. The Cursor Functions^^^^^^^^25
- {l:IV.B.3.a.v. The Space Function^^^^^^^^^^26
- {l:IV.B.3.a.vi. The Modes of EDIT^^^^^^^^^^^26
- {l:IV.B.3.a.vi.1. Edit Mode^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^27
- {l:IV.B.3.a.vi.2. Insert Mode^^^^^^^^^^^^^28
- {l:IV.B.3.a.vi.3. Excise Mode^^^^^^^^^^^^^28
- {l:IV.B.4. Reference^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^30
- {l:IV.B.4.a. Quit^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^30
- {l:IV.B.4.b. The Modes of EDIT^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^30
- {l:IV.B.4.b.i. Edit Mode^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^31
- {l:IV.B.4.b.i.1. Menu^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^31
- {l:IV.B.4.b.i.2. d(irection^^^^^^^^^^^^^^31
- {l:IV.B.4.b.i.3. text^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^31
- {l:IV.B.4.b.i.4. cursors^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^32
- {l:IV.B.4.b.i.5. I(nsert^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^32
- {l:IV.B.4.b.i.6. X(cise^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^33
- {l:IV.B.4.b.i.7. O(ptions^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^33
- {l:IV.B.4.b.i.8. M(easure^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^33
- {l:IV.B.4.b.i.9. quit^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^33
- {l:IV.B.4.b.ii. Insert Mode^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^33
- {l:IV.B.4.b.ii.1. Menu^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^33
- {l:IV.B.4.b.ii.2. d(irection^^^^^^^^^^^^^^33
- {l:IV.B.4.b.ii.3. text^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^33
- {l:IV.B.4.b.ii.4. cursors^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^34
- {l:IV.B.4.b.ii.5. M(easure^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^34
- {l:IV.B.4.b.ii.6. quit^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^34
- {l:IV.B.4.b.ii.7. Discussion^^^^^^^^^^^^^^34
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iii. Excise Mode^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^35
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iii.1. Menu^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^35
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iii.2. d(irection^^^^^^^^^^^^^^35
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iii.3. cursors^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^35
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iii.4. quit^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^35
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iv. Options Mode^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^36
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iv.1. Menu^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^36
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iv.2. Chorus Call^^^^^^^^^^^^^36
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iv.3. Find^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^36
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iv.4. Label^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^37
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iv.5. Microtones^^^^^^^^^^^^^^38
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iv.6. Repeat^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^38
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iv.7. Tempo^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^38
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iv.8. Verify^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^38
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iv.9. Waveforms^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^38
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iv.10. Chorus End^^^^^^^^^^^^^^39
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iv.11. Flat Signature^^^^^^^^^^39
- {l:IV.B.4.b.iv.12. Sharp Signature^^^^^^^^^39
- {l:IV.C. COMP^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^40
- {l:IV.C.1. Command Sequence^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^40
- {l:IV.C.2. Discussion^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^40
- {l:IV.D. WAVE^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^40
- {l:IV.D.1. Command Sequence^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^40
- {l:IV.D.2. Introduction^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^40
- {l:IV.D.3. The Fundamental^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^41
- {l:IV.D.4. The Second Harmonic^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^42
- {l:IV.D.5. The Square Wave^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^43
- {l:IV.D.6. Additional Waveforms^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^44
- {l:IV.E. PLAY^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^45
- {l:IV.E.1. Command Sequence^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^45
- {l:IV.E.2. Song Load^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^45
- {l:IV.E.3. Waveform Table Load^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^45
- {l:IV.E.4. Continuation^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^47
- {l:IV.E.5. Interaction^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^48
- {l:IV.E.5.a. Rehearsal Mode^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^48
- {l:IV.E.5.b. Modified Performance Mode^^^^^^48
-
- {a:p=1
- {l:V. OPTION LINE DESCRIPTIONS^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^51
- {l:V.A. Chorus Function^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^51
- {l:V.B. Repeat Function^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^52
- {l:V.C. Chorus Call Option Line^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^54
- {l:V.D. Label Option Line^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^55
- {l:V.E. Measure Option Line^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^56
- {l:V.F. Microtone Option Line^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^56
- {l:V.G. Repeat Option Line^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^57
- {l:V.H. Tempo Option Line^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^57
- {l:V.I. Waveform Option Line^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^58
- {l:V.J. Chorus Exit Option Line^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^58
-
- {l: APPENDICES
- {l: A. SETUP WORKSHEET^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^60
- {l: B. ERROR MESSAGES^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^62
- {l: C. FILE TYPES^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^67
- {l: D. SONG FILE FORMAT^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^69
-
-
- {a:p=1
- I. INTRODUCTION
-
- The Musicraft Development System is a sophisticated facility for
- the composition and performance of music operating under CP/M
- (trademark of Digital Research.) It uses a language easily
- understood and used by any person with even a rudimentary ability
- to read music, yet it is capable of a wide spectrum of musical
- techniques and sound effects. Classical, popular and contemporary
- styles can be realized effectively with Musicraft, and its
- interactive nature makes Musicraft attractive to the performing
- musician as well as the composer and listener.
-
-
- I.A. The Music
-
- Songs may contain from one to four voices. Each voice has a full
- seven octave range beginning at 27.5 Hertz. A song may be performed
- using up to 14 different waveforms; each voice can be assigned
- to any waveform. Additionally, as the performance progresses,
- voice-waveform relationships can be varied. The waveforms can
- be drawn from as large a pool of waveform files as you have developed,
- and you can choose different waveforms from performance to performance
- of the same song.
-
- Music can contain measures, repeats, refrains and even microtones.
- Microtones are useful for contemporary sounds, eastern music, and
- especially for slides and glissandi. The octave can be divided into
- as many as 99 intervals. Using, for example, 96 intervals can permit
- a very smooth glissando.
-
- Refrains, or choruses, are a very powerful structural tool in
- Musicraft: your music can call a chorus which, in turn, can call
- a chorus which, in turn, can call a chorus... until you are dizzy
- with structural developments. Chorus nests can be up to 16 deep.
-
- Any song segment can be repeated up to as many as 256 times with a
- single repeat.
-
- Measures serve two important functions. While you are editing your
- song, you can easily locate music using the measure. More interestingly,
- however, measures can be used by the performing musician for practice
- by the "Music Minus One" method. Play your song leaving out a waveform
- table for one voice and play your own instrument. As you
- practice, if you need to restart at a measure, press return, enter
- the measure number, and after a short pause (to allow you to prepare)
- the music will begin at that measure.
-
- All songs and waveform tables, along with backup files where
- appropriate, are maintained on floppy disk, and access by the system
- components is completely automatic. Multiple drive storage is also
- supported by all programs.
-
-
- I.B. The System
-
- Six interrelated machine language programs perform specific tasks
- required in making music.
- {m:3
-
- {i:-8
- Name
- Function
-
- {i:-8
- EDIT
- Enter music by transcription or composition into the computer
- storage and change music already stored.
-
- {i:-8
- COMP
- Convert (or compile) music from the musical notation into a
- numerical form suitable for performance by PLAY.
-
- {i:-8
- WAVE
- Create and save new sound colors (also called waveforms or
- instruments) to be used by PLAY in the performance of music.
-
- {i:-8
- PLAY
- Bring the music together with the instruments and perform the
- combination.
-
- {m:1
- {l:Two additional programs are provided to support the system.
- {m:3
-
- {i:-8
- SETUP
- Tailor the programs to your system.
-
- {i:-8
- PRINT
- Obtain a printed "score" of the music once the music has been
- entered into the computer storage.
-
- {m:1
- Study the diagram on the next page. It shows the relationships
- among the six programs and the way in which files are passed from one
- to the other.
- {a:p=2
- I.B.1. The Editor
-
- EDIT is a screen editor knowledgeable in the musical notation used. It
- checks your entries to insure validity and provides complete error
- reporting. Navigation within a song is easy with EDIT, with full cursor
- control as well as page and home functions. You can find
- locations within your song using measures, song lines or labels.
- EDIT supports a powerful form of key signature and remembers
- accidentals within the measure.
-
- You use EDIT in four different modes. Edit, Insert, Excise and
- Option. EDIT always begins in the edit mode while the other
- modes are accessible with a single keystroke. The Edit mode is
- intended for making corrections in already existing music. The
- Insert mode permits you to add new song lines and to enter voice
- and duration data conveniently. Excise mode allows the removal of
- song lines, and the Option mode supports the wide variety of secondary
- musical functions as well as additional edit facilities.
-
-
- I.B.2. The Compiler
-
- After you have entered your song, running the compiler will give you
- a playable song file. To insure adequate precision, floating point
- arithmetic is used for all calculations. As COMP compiles your song,
- you are kept informed of progress by the CRT display.
-
-
- I.B.3. The Waveform Generator
-
- With WAVE, you create different sounds for later use in performance.
- Four techniques are provided. You can use the Fourier series method
- to build waveforms using the sine wave...your waveform may contain
- up to 16 partials, each with its own amplitude and phase. Additionally,
- you can easily construct sawtooth, triangle and square waves.
-
-
- I.B.4. The Player
-
- PLAY allows you to load one or more songs into memory for performance.
- As it loads the songs, it remembers the waveforms requested by
- the different voices and then allows you to fill waveform tables
- with whatever waveforms you would like. The music is then performed.
-
- PLAY offers three methods of performance. You may simply let the
- music play just as you entered it with EDIT. Or if you need a partner
- with whom to practice your own instrument, it can operate in
- a "rehearsal"
- mode. Finally, you may interact with
- the performance by using the keyboard of your terminal as a
- programmable interface. Using the Label option of EDIT, you can
- easily associate any musical idea (a single note, chord, or even
- a whole melody line) with any key on your keyboard (excluding
- control keys). As the music is performed, press a key that you
- have related to a song segment. No matter where in the song that
- segment was coded, PLAY will play it. Press another key. Again,
- whatever song segment you related to that key will play.
-
-
- I.B.5. Setup
-
- SETUP is provided because no two computer systems are alike.
- The 8080A, 8085 and Z80 microprocessors are all different in
- subtle ways. Many different terminals are attached to those
- systems, each with different control codes and functions
- that they can support. The clock speed can vary considerably
- from one system to another. SETUP asks questions about your
- system and saves your answers for use by the other components
- of Musicraft. Musicraft will run on a wide variety of equipment
- because of the flexibility of SETUP.
-
-
- I.B.6. Print
-
- PRINT prints your song so you can file it for later use in the
- event your diskette file is lost.
-
-
- I.C. The Requirements
-
- Musicraft will operate on your microcomputer if you can satisfy
- the following requirements.
-
- {m:2
- {i:-8
- 1.
- An 8080A, 8085 or Z80 based microcomputer
- {i:-8
- 2.
- 24k or more bytes of memory (32k or more bytes for North Star)
- {i:-8
- 3.
- A CP/M, CDOS or other compatible operating system
- {i:-8
- 4.
- A user's understanding of the operating system
- {i:-8
- 5.
- One or more floppy disk drives
- {i:-8
- 6.
- A CRT terminal with absolute cursor addressing and at least 64
- characters per line
- {i:-8
- 7.
- A digital-to-analog convertor connected to the computer through
- an addressable 6- or 8-bit parallel output port. (A good example
- of this is the Newtech model-6 Music Board)
- {a:p=1
-
-