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- AMERICA ABROAD, Page 58Russia v. Gorbachev
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- By Strobe Talbott
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- Earlier this month, it looked as though Mikhail Gorbachev
- had gone from being the new Russia's most famous and privileged
- private citizen to being its first refusenik, deprived of his
- right to travel. Then, late last week, he was allowed to fly to
- Germany for Willy Brandt's funeral. But he remains in trouble
- back home.
-
- The proximate cause, as a lawyer might say, is his
- defiance of Russia's highest judicial authority, the
- Constitutional Court. But the case is much broader: it pits
- Gorbachev against his protege-turned-rival-turned-successor,
- Boris Yeltsin; it reveals the primitive, confused nature of
- legality in a country that is still emerging from official
- lawlessness; and it dramatizes the difficulty that all
- ex-communist states are having in coming to grips with their
- past.
-
- The Bush Administration has been closely monitoring
- Gorbachev's ordeal. Ten months ago, the Administration engaged
- in secret diplomatic exchanges to ensure Gorbachev's safety and
- dignity once he resigned as President of the U.S.S.R. I know the
- story because I was, along with the historian Michael Beschloss,
- very briefly part of it.
-
- Beschloss and I were in Moscow last December researching
- a book we have been writing on the end of the cold war. On Dec.
- 14, one of Gorbachev's closest aides asked us to convey a
- message to James Baker, who was due in the Soviet capital the
- next day. The approach was less peculiar than it may sound. The
- Soviet Union was disintegrating; its last leader, then 11 days
- from resigning, was already in limbo. Gorbachev and his
- loyalists believed that the U.S. embassy had long since become
- a nest of Yeltsinites and would not be a reliable channel to
- Baker.
-
- We relayed the message to the Secretary of State shortly
- after his arrival. The key passage expressed fear that "some
- people are fabricating a case against" Gorbachev and appealed
- to the Bush Administration to "impress on Yeltsin" that he
- should "not permit anything to happen that would harm the
- [Soviet] President."
-
- Meeting with Yeltsin on Dec. 16, Baker stressed that the
- U.S. would "look with disfavor" on any effort to humiliate
- Gorbachev. Yeltsin's reply was reassuring: "Gorbachev should be
- treated with respect. It's about time our leaders can be retired
- with honor."
-
- For months, Yeltsin seemed to be keeping his word. The
- Russian government provided Gorbachev with a chauffeured
- limousine so that he could commute from his dacha outside Moscow
- to a downtown office building that housed his new think tank.
- He also roamed the globe, raising money for various humanitarian
- and scholarly ventures. But in the spring Gorbachev started
- sniping at Yeltsin, accusing him of running the economy into the
- ground. The Russian President struck back by stripping Gorbachev
- of some of his perks.
-
- Meanwhile, the Constitutional Court opened hearings into
- the history of communist rule and Yeltsin's ban of the party
- after the coup d'etat of August 1991. As General Secretary of
- the party for its last six years, Gorbachev was naturally
- called to testify. He refused, saying he would not participate
- in a "political" trial, "even if I am brought to the court in
- handcuffs." In retaliation, the Russian authorities have
- threatened to evict him from his institute and yanked his
- passport. Only when the Germans protested his treatment was he
- permitted to go to the Brandt funeral.
-
- Gorbachev has reason to be wary of the court. Die-hard
- communists have been taking the stand to argue for lifting the
- ban on the party; some are clearly bent on implicating Gorbachev
- in the failed coup.
-
- So far, however, the court is not conducting a witch-hunt.
- William Green Miller, president of the Committee on
- American-Russian Relations, has attended the proceedings and is
- convinced that the aim "is not to establish the culpability of
- individuals but the illegitimacy of the old system."
-
- The trouble is, there is no new system. Russia has yet to
- come up with a constitution to replace one from the Brezhnev
- era, so the Constitutional Court, however nobly conceived, is
- something of a misnomer. It has no power to issue subpoenas or
- grant immunity. Still, Gorbachev should take his chances and
- testify.
-
- When he was in the Kremlin, he began the effort to
- transform a dictatorship into a civil society and "a law-based
- state." The current hearings are intended as a continuation of
- that process. If Gorbachev were to have his day in court and
- rebut the hard-liners, it might help the liberal justices block
- the reactionaries and keep alive his own proudest legacy.
-
- So far, the Bush Administration has, quite rightly, kept
- quiet. Only if there are signs that Gorbachev is being turned
- from a witness into a scapegoat should the U.S. come to his
- defense by reminding Yeltsin of his promise to Baker last
- December.
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