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- THE WEEK, Page 20WORLDEurope's Common Crisis: Money
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- Under speculators' attack, the E.C. fails to hold its currencies
- together
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- With the spectacle of seeming chaos in its currency markets,
- Western Europe is giving the rest of the world a vivid lesson in
- the connection between economics and politics. Eleven of the 12
- European Community states have been trying to keep the value of
- their money linked together while pursuing divergent domestic
- policies and grappling with distinct national problems.
- Inevitably, these internal stresses -- aggravated by
- well-heeled speculators -- broke the E.C.'s system of guaranteed
- exchange rates, forcing Britain and Italy to drop out.
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- Some sort of currency crack-up had seemed likely for
- months -- especially to the speculators. Germany's high interest
- rates, designed to hold down inflation while attracting
- investors to pay for rebuilding the former East Germany, angered
- Bonn's European partners, most of whom are fighting recession
- and prefer low rates to foster growth.
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- Heavy betting against the exchange system began as the
- Sept. 20 French referendum on the Maastricht treaty approached.
- If the result of this vote on the package of new steps toward
- European economic unity were to be non, no one wanted to be
- caught holding a weak currency. Banks, pension funds and private
- investors began selling off Italian lire, and Italy, fearful of
- depleting foreign reserves, was forced to devalue its currency
- 7%.
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- Then, after much roaring over a forthcoming cut in its
- interest rates, the German Bundesbank delivered a monetary mouse
- -- a reduction of only one-quarter of 1% in its key rate. That
- did more harm than good, and currency traders resumed dumping
- lire and billions of British pounds. In London Prime Minister
- John Major's government, determined to stay with the E.C.
- system in the face of the pound's continued fall, tried to lure
- investors at midweek with an increase in the Bank of England's
- interest rate, from 10% to 12%. Even when, in desperation, the
- rate was pumped to 15%, speculators went on selling pounds and
- buying marks. The government gave in, pulling the pound out of
- the exchange system and canceling its rate increases.
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- Italy dropped out the next day, promising an early return.
- As the tumultuous week ended, speculators turned their
- attention to the French franc, the Irish punt and the Danish
- krone, all of which neared the bottom of their permitted range
- in the E.C. exchange mechanism.
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- For all the public drama and the political damage to the
- governments involved, the crisis remained chiefly a European
- one. It can be repaired, but probably only after the E.C. agrees
- to broader, more flexible links for its exchange rates. That
- kind of loosening could slow plans for a single E.C. currency.
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