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- REVIEWS, Page 66CINEMAThe Thrust of His Thought
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- By RICHARD SCHICKEL
-
- TITLE: A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME
- DIRECTOR: Errol Morris
-
- THE BOTTOM LINE: The real world and the theoretical
- universe of a physicist are explored with simplicity and
- elegance.
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- The theory. when massive stars exhaust their nuclear fuel,
- they collapse in on themselves, finally reaching a point of
- infinite density that physicists call a singularity. At that
- moment, time stops and the gravitational field is so strong that
- no light can escape from this mass. What we have all come to
- know as a black hole is created.
-
- THE THEORIST. Stephen Hawking is one of the physicists who
- made important contributions to this theory. In 1988 he
- published A Brief History of Time, a worldwide best seller that
- attempted to explain this idea in layman's language and show how
- it might describe both the origins and the end of the universe.
- His millions of readers may not have fully comprehended his
- ideas, but all of us did come to understand Hawking as a brave
- and inspiring figure. Stricken with amyotrophic lateral
- sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease), he is completely immobilized,
- uses a wheelchair and can speak only by punching letters and
- words into a voice-synthesizing computer. His achievements in
- the face of this handicap have greatly enhanced his appeal and
- his celebrity, even among those who haven't tried to read his
- book.
-
- THEORIZING THE THEORIST. Watching Errol Morris' brilliant
- film, one begins to perceive a powerful analogy between Hawkings
- condition and the thrust of his thought. His disease seems to
- have affected him much as loss of energy affects a failing star.
- The bright and unfocused young man described in the film by
- witnesses to his early days has in effect collapsed in upon
- himself, his spirit concentrating on the one small area of his
- body that continues to function perfectly -- his brain. His
- thought has achieved a remarkable density, and he has become a
- singularity almost as unimaginable as the astrophysical world
- he so easily imagines.
-
- Consider too his theory of how the universe, believed to
- be expanding from the Big Bang with which it all began, will
- eventually end. Hawking posits a reversal of this process, a
- "Big Crunch," in which the universe contracts to a point where
- it will achieve the infinite density of a doomed star, in effect
- concluding as a gigantic black hole. This is a process that, in
- his own way, Hawking has been experiencing for decades. As his
- mother says in the film, you can hardly call him lucky to be
- afflicted as he is, but neither can you deny the possibility
- that he might not have achieved what he has if he had not been
- ill.
-
- THEORIZING THE MOVIE. Morris does not force any of these
- conclusions on the viewer. He believes that one of the great
- spectacles the movies have to offer is people sitting around and
- talking. The visual material he employs to illustrate physical
- theory is deliberately user-friendly. It does not compete with
- his splendid talking heads. All of Hawking's friends, relatives
- and colleagues are located in rooms that look real but are in
- fact stage settings. There is practical reason for this:
- controlled lighting. But there is a metaphorical reason too.
- Each setting is a cosmos, familiar looking as the stars at
- night, but reimagined, just as mathematicians and astronomers
- reimagine the universe with their equations. By forcing us to
- see the space around them, Morris also makes us imagine them
- moving freely through it.
-
- Hawking, though, is seen mainly in tight close-up, often
- reflected in the TV monitor essential to his life and work.
- This, combined with the sound of Hawking's voice synthesizer,
- reinforces our sense of his isolation and immobility and the
- idea that we are in the presence of pure, disembodied thought,
- a little like that which George Bernard Shaw imagined as the end
- of evolution in his play Man and Superman. That the metaphorical
- richness of this hypnotic movie has been accomplished by such
- simple means is a mark of its excellence.
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