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- COVER STORY, Page 39THE DOOMSDAY BLUEPRINTSMoscow's Secret Plans
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- By James Carney/Moscow
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- Unlike in the U.S., preparations for nuclear conflict during
- the cold war remain tightly held secrets in Russia, a
- reflection of the military's continued suspicion of the West.
- But some information can be pieced together. According to
- several sources, including former KGB officers, the Kremlin and
- other key buildings in Moscow are still linked by underground
- rail tunnels to an area about six miles outside the city center
- called Ramenki, site of a vast subterranean bunker designed for
- the country's leaders and their families. Responsibility for
- protection of top Kremlin officials rested with the KGB's Ninth
- Directorate, which delegated tasks to the Defense Ministry. A
- KGB officer who claimed to have taken part in constructing the
- Ramenki bunker described it to a Soviet newspaper last year as
- an underground city about 500 acres in size, built at several
- levels ranging in depth from 230 ft. to 395 ft. He said the
- bunker was begun in the second half of the 1960s and completed
- by the mid-'70s, could shelter as many as 120,000 people, and
- included food supplies that could last up to 30 years. Quarters
- for top leaders were comfortably appointed, and movie theaters
- were built for entertainment. Some 30 miles outside Moscow in
- Sofrino, an underground broadcast-communications installation
- built during Nikita Khrushchev's tenure is now outdated and
- inoperative, according to Igor Malashenko, deputy director of
- state television and radio. "Because we don't need it anymore,
- it's been slowly stripped of spare parts," he says. A similar
- fate befell many of the tens of thousands of civilian bomb
- shelters built as part of the massive Soviet civil defense
- program. At a shelter 40 ft. below the main building of Moscow
- State University, water has flooded some of the rooms, and
- thieves have stripped the three-tiered bunks of more than half
- the wooden plank beds, leaving only useless steel frames.
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- Long before the demise of the Soviet Union, Russians
- learned to dismiss as absurd the civil defense training courses
- imposed on them at school and work. They refer to the courses
- as grob, taken from the first two letters of the words for civil
- defense -- grazhdanskaya oborona. Translation of grob: coffin.
- The cynicism was justified. In 1988 an accidental air-raid alert
- in the industrial city of Perm sent hundreds of thousands of
- people scrambling for safety. As a test of civil defense, the
- accident proved a disaster. Perm residents found many shelters
- locked, flooded or infested with mosquitoes.
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- How much did Moscow know about U.S. plans to survive a
- nuclear attack? A former KGB official says spies watched for
- signs that the U.S. was preparing a nuclear attack by monitoring
- late-night activity at the Pentagon and keeping track of troop
- movements. The KGB and GRU, the Soviet military intelligence
- agency, also used agents to try to discover the location of the
- bunkers set aside for U.S. leaders. "We did find out some of the
- operation code names and hiding places," claims the official.
- Sometimes the U.S.'s own planning methods tipped off the
- Soviets. Says the official: "The rehearsals for responding to
- Russian nuclear attacks helped us a great deal."
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