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- SCIENCE, Page 60THE BEST OF 1992
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- 1. The Big Bang
-
- Peering back to the edge of time, the Cosmic Background
- Explorer satellite took snapshots of light generated nearly 15
- billion years ago and found the best evidence yet for the Big
- Bang. Peppered throughout the light, COBE found faint hot spots
- that were just 30 millionths of a degree warmer than their
- surroundings. These anomalies mark places where matter was a bit
- denser than average. Without those areas, the matter spewed out
- by a Big Bang could never have evolved into galaxies. The next
- challenge: finding the invisible "dark matter" that helped shape
- the modern universe.
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- 2. Anti-Cancer Gene
-
- It sounds like a leftover from World War II, but P53 is
- actually the hottest new weapon in the fight against cancer.
- Under normal conditions, this gene stops tumor cells from
- growing. Whenever DNA is damaged, P53 shuts down a cell's growth
- until the error can be fixed. But if the watchdog gene is
- disabled, wayward cells can divide unchecked. Although doctors
- cannot yet fix a broken P53 gene, they can detect it and thus
- diagnose a hidden malignancy.
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- 3. The Lost City of Ubar
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- Two thousand years ago, Ubar -- fabled for its
- frankincense -- sank beneath the Arabian sand. The city was
- unearthed last year by archaeologists using pictures taken from
- spacecraft. The radar images pierced the dunes to reveal
- abandoned caravan routes converging on the city that, according
- to legend, God destroyed for its wickedness. Note of caution for
- the excavators: an old Arabian saying holds that "anybody who
- finds Ubar will go crazy."
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- 4. Hubble's New Image
-
- First the Hubble Space Telescope was going to
- revolutionize astronomy with its supersharp vision. Then it was
- condemned as a $1.5 billion dud when its mirror was found to
- have the wrong shape. The latest take: it's not perfect, but
- even a nearsighted Hubble is pretty powerful. It has spotted the
- most distant clusters of stars ever seen.
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- 5. The Anti-Smoking Trend
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- Concern about the health hazards of tobacco is mounting
- around the world. The number of Americans who smoke reached a
- record low last year as nonsmokers outnumbered smokers nearly
- 3 to 1. France adopted a law that restricts smoking in public
- places, and China, the world's largest producer and consumer of
- tobacco, now bans advertising.
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- 6. Plastic Plants
-
- Taking a cue from Rumpelstiltskin, who spun straw into
- gold, botanists managed to coax a lowly potted plant into
- producing plastic. Using genetic-engineering techniques,
- researchers redirected the plant's starch-storing apparatus into
- making PHB, a plastic that is biodegradable.
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- 7. Dinosaur King
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- Tyrannosaurus rex may have been knocked off its throne as
- the meanest monster of the Mesozoic era. Paleontologists in
- Utah uncovered the claw, skull and jawbones of a 7-m (20-ft.),
- 1-ton beast that is the largest known specimen of a velociraptor
- -- an upright carnivorous dinosaur with a huge claw on the back
- of each foot.
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- 8. Lilliputian Batteries
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- With the help of electron microscopes, scientists can now
- manipulate atoms as if they were Lego building blocks. In August
- researchers at the University of California at Irvine unveiled
- the world's smallest battery -- a sliver of graphite one
- one-hundredth the size of a red blood cell topped with terminals
- made of copper and silver atoms. The power output is twenty
- one-thousandths of a volt -- not enough to keep the Energizer
- bunny going and going, but a good start.
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- 9. The Mammoth Fungus
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- It started when some scientists argued that an ancient
- fungus, which grows in Michigan and Wisconsin under 12 hectares
- (30 acres) of forest, was one gigantic organism. But rather
- than establishing an undisputed record for the world's largest
- living thing, the claim triggered a new game of one-upmanship.
- Soon a bigger Washington fungus was named champ. Then
- Coloradans touted a 43-hectare (106-acre) grove of identical
- quaking aspens, pictured above, which share the same root
- system. What next -- a planet-size organism named Gaia?
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- 10. Milk
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- A handful of pediatricians tried to warn parents against
- serving milk, even low-fat, on the theory that kale has all the
- calcium any child would ever need. But moms and dads wisely
- ignored the advice -- probably because they know how much kale
- a child would eat.
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- . . . AND THE WORST
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- Microbes Redux
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- Standard treatments proved increasingly ineffective
- against new strains of tuberculosis, gonorrhea and malaria. The
- comeback of those old scourges compounded the relentlessly grim
- news about AIDS, which has struck as many as 1.5 million
- people. One ominous sign: that epidemic is now growing almost
- as fast in Asia as in Africa.
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