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GNU Info File
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1994-05-17
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This is Info file make.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.54 from the input
file ./make.texinfo.
This file documents the GNU Make utility, which determines
automatically which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled,
and issues the commands to recompile them.
This is Edition 0.45, last updated 11 May 1994, of `The GNU Make
Manual', for `make', Version 3.71 Beta.
Copyright (C) 1988, '89, '90, '91, '92, '93, '94 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of
this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that
the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a
translation approved by the Free Software Foundation.
File: make.info, Node: Top, Next: Overview, Prev: (dir), Up: (dir)
The GNU `make' utility automatically determines which pieces of a
large program need to be recompiled, and issues the commands to
recompile them.
This is Edition 0.45 of the `GNU Make Manual', last updated 11 May
1994 for `make' Version 3.71 Beta.
This manual describes `make' and contains the following chapters:
* Menu:
* Overview:: Overview of `make'.
* Introduction:: An introduction to `make'.
* Makefiles:: Makefiles tell `make' what to do.
* Rules:: Rules describe when a file must be remade.
* Commands:: Commands say how to remake a file.
* Using Variables:: You can use variables to avoid repetition.
* Conditionals:: Use or ignore parts of the makefile based
on the values of variables.
* Functions:: Many powerful ways to manipulate text.
* make Invocation: Running. How to invoke `make' on the command line.
* Implicit Rules:: Use implicit rules to treat many files alike,
based on their file names.
* Archives:: How `make' can update library archives.
* Features:: Features GNU `make' has over other `make's.
* Missing:: What GNU `make' lacks from other `make's.
* Makefile Conventions:: Conventions for makefiles in GNU programs.
* Quick Reference:: A quick reference for experienced users.
* Complex Makefile:: A real example of a straightforward,
but nontrivial, makefile.
* Concept Index:: Index of Concepts
* Name Index:: Index of Functions, Variables, & Directives
-- The Detailed Node Listing --
Overview of `make'
* Preparing:: Preparing and Running Make
* Reading:: On Reading this Text
* Bugs:: Problems and Bugs
An Introduction to Makefiles
* Rule Introduction:: What a rule looks like.
* Simple Makefile:: A Simple Makefile
* How Make Works:: How `make' Processes This Makefile
* Variables Simplify:: Variables Make Makefiles Simpler
* make Deduces:: Letting `make' Deduce the Commands
* Combine By Dependency:: Another Style of Makefile
* Cleanup:: Rules for Cleaning the Directory
Writing Makefiles
* Makefile Contents:: What makefiles contain.
* Makefile Names:: How to name your makefile.
* Include:: How one makefile can use another makefile.
* MAKEFILES Variable:: The environment can specify extra makefiles.
* Remaking Makefiles:: How makefiles get remade.
* Overriding Makefiles:: How to override part of one makefile
with another makefile.
Writing Rules
* Rule Example:: An example explained.
* Rule Syntax:: General syntax explained.
* Wildcards:: Using wildcard characters such as `*'.
* Directory Search:: Searching other directories for source files.
* Phony Targets:: Using a target that is not a real file's name.
* Force Targets:: You can use a target without commands
or dependencies to mark other
targets as phony.
* Empty Targets:: When only the date matters and the
files are empty.
* Special Targets:: Targets with special built-in meanings.
* Multiple Targets:: When to make use of several targets in a rule.
* Multiple Rules:: How to use several rules with the same target.
* Static Pattern:: Static pattern rules apply to multiple targets
and can vary the dependencies according to
the target name.
* Double-Colon:: How to use a special kind of rule to allow
several independent rules for one target.
* Automatic Dependencies:: How to automatically generate rules giving
dependencies from the source files themselves.
Using Wildcard Characters in File Names
* Wildcard Examples:: Several examples
* Wildcard Pitfall:: Problems to avoid.
* Wildcard Function:: How to cause wildcard expansion where
it does not normally take place.
Searching Directories for Dependencies
* General Search:: Specifying a search path that applies
to every dependency.
* Selective Search:: Specifying a search path
for a specified class of names.
* Commands/Search:: How to write shell commands that work together
with search paths.
* Implicit/Search:: How search paths affect implicit rules.
* Libraries/Search:: Directory search for link libraries.
Static Pattern Rules
* Static Usage:: The syntax of static pattern rules.
* Static versus Implicit:: When are they better than implicit rules?
Writing the Commands in Rules
* Echoing:: How to control when commands are echoed.
* Execution:: How commands are executed.
* Parallel:: How commands can be executed in parallel.
* Errors:: What happens after a command execution error.
* Interrupts:: What happens when a command is interrupted.
* Recursion:: Invoking `make' from makefiles.
* Sequences:: Defining canned sequences of commands.
* Empty Commands:: Defining useful, do-nothing commands.
Recursive Use of `make'
* MAKE Variable:: The special effects of using `$(MAKE)'.
* Variables/Recursion:: How to communicate variables to a sub-`make'.
* Options/Recursion:: How to communicate options to a sub-`make'.
* -w Option:: How the `-w' or `--print-directory' option
helps debug use of recursive `make' commands.
How to Use Variables
* Reference:: How to use the value of a variable.
* Flavors:: Variables come in two flavors.
* Advanced:: Advanced features for referencing a variable.
* Values:: All the ways variables get their values.
* Setting:: How to set a variable in the makefile.
* Appending:: How to append more text to the old value
of a variable.
* Override Directive:: How to set a variable in the makefile even if
the user has set it with a command argument.
* Defining:: An