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- 206
- Bindery Workers
-
- (D.O.T. 640.682-018, .685-010; 641.682-014; 653.360, .382, .662,
- .682, .685; 692.685-146; 794.687-026; and 977)
-
- Nature of the Work
-
- The process of combining printed sheets into finished products such
- as books, magazines, catalogs, folders, or directories is known as
- binding. Binding involves cutting, folding, gathering, gluing,
- stitching, trimming, sewing, wrapping, and other finishing
- operations. Bindery workers operate and maintain the machines
- performing these various tasks.
-
- Job duties depend on the kind of material being bound. In firms
- that do edition binding, for example, workers bind books produced in
- large numbers or runs. Job binding workers bind books produced in
- smaller quantities. In firms that specialize in library binding,
- workers repair books and provide other specialized binding services
- to libraries. Pamphlet binding workers produce leaflets and
- folders, and manifold binding workers bind business forms such as
- ledgers and books of sales receipts.
-
- Blankbook binding workers bind blank pages to produce notebooks,
- checkbooks, address books, diaries, calendars, and note pads.
-
- Some binding consists of only one step. Preparing leaflets or
- newspaper inserts, for example, requires only folding. Binding of
- books, on the other hand, requires a number of steps. These are
- summarized below.
-
- Bookbinders assemble books from large, flat, printed sheets of
- paper. Many skilled bookbinders also bind magazines. Machines are
- used extensively throughout the process. Skilled bookbinders
- operate machines that first fold printed sheets into units known as
- signatures, which are groups of pages arranged sequentially.
- Bookbinders then sew, stitch, or glue the assembled signatures
- together, shape the book bodies with presses and trimming machines,
- and reinforce them with glued fabric strips. Covers are created
- separately, and glued, pasted, or stitched onto the book bodies.
- The books then undergo a variety of finishing operations, often
- including wrapping in paper jackets.
-
- A small number of bookbinders work in hand binderies. These highly
- skilled workers design original or special bindings for limited
- editions or restore and rebind rare books. The work requires
- creativity, knowledge of binding materials, and a thorough
- background in the history of binding. Hand bookbinding gives
- individuals the opportunity to work at the greatest variety of jobs.
-
- Bindery workers in small shops may perform many binding tasks, while
- those in large shops are usually assigned only one or a few
- operations, such as operating complicated papercutters or folding
- machines. Others specialize in adjusting and preparing equipment,
- and may when necessary perform minor repairs.
-
- Bookbinders assemble books from large, flat, printed sheets of
- paper.
-
- Working Conditions
-
- Binderies are often noisy and jobs can be fairly strenuous,
- requiring considerable lifting, standing, and carrying. They may
- also require stooping, kneeling, and crouching. Binding often
- resembles an assembly line, and workers should not mind performing
- repetitive tasks.
-
- Employment
-
- In 1992, bindery workers held about 76,000 jobs, including over
- 7,700 working as skilled bookbinders and nearly 68,000 working as
- lesser skilled bindery machine operators.
-
- Although some bindery workers are employed by large libraries and
- book publishers, the majority of jobs are in commercial printing
- plants. Few publishers maintain their own manufacturing facilities,
- so most contract out the printing and assembly of books to
- commercial printing plants or bindery trade shops. Bindery trade
- shops, the second largest employer of bindery workers, specialize in
- binding for printers without binderies, or whose printing production
- exceeds their binding capabilities.
-
- Bindery workers are employed in all parts of the country, but jobs
- are concentrated near large metropolitan areas such as New York,
- Chicago, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and Dallas.
-
- Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
-
- For bindery jobs, employers prefer high school graduates with basic
- mathematics and language skills. Accuracy, patience, neatness, and
- good eyesight are also important. Bindery work requires careful
- attention to detail, because mistakes at this stage in the printing
- process can cost a lot. Finger dexterity is essential to count,
- insert, paste, and fold, and mechanical aptitude is needed to
- operate the newer, more automated equipment. Artistic ability and
- imagination are necessary for hand bookbinding.
-
- Most bindery workers learn the craft through on-the-job training.
- Inexperienced workers are usually assigned simple tasks such as
- moving paper from cutting machines to folding machines. They learn
- basic binding skills, including the characteristics of paper and how
- to cut large sheets of paper into different sizes with the least
- amount of waste. As workers gain experience, they advance to more
- difficult tasks and may learn how to operate one or more pieces of
- equipment. Generally, it takes 1 to 3 months to learn how to
- operate the simpler machines well, but it can take up to 1 year to
- learn how to operate the more complex equipment, such as
- computerized binding machines.
-
- Employers prefer to hire and train workers with some basic knowledge
- of binding operations. High school students interested in bindery
- careers can gain some exposure to the craft by taking shop courses
- or attending a vocational-technical high school. Occupational skill
- centers, usually operated by labor unions, also provide an
- introduction.
-
- Formal apprenticeships are not as common as they used to be, but are
- still offered by some employers. They provide a more structured
- program that enables workers to acquire the high levels of
- specialization and skill needed for some bindery jobs. For example,
- a 4-year apprenticeship usually is necessary to teach workers how to
- restore rare books and to produce valuable collectors' items.
-
- Training in graphic arts is also an asset. Postsecondary programs
- in the graphic arts are offered by vocational-technical institutes,
- skill updating or retraining programs, and community and junior
- colleges. Some updating and retraining programs require students to
- have bindery experience; other programs are available through unions
- for members. Four-year colleges also offer programs, but their
- emphasis on preparing people for careers as graphic artists or
- managers in the graphic arts field. To keep pace with ever-changing
- technology, occasional retraining will become increasingly important
- for bindery workers.
-
- Advancement opportunities in bindery work are limited. In large
- binderies, experienced bookbinders may advance to supervisory
- positions.
-
- Job Outlook
-
- Employment of bindery workers is expected to grow about as fast as
- the average for all occupations through the year 2005 as demand for
- printed material grows but productivity in bindery operations
- increases.
-
- Growth of the printing industry will continue to spur demand for
- bindery workers by commercial printers. The volume of printed
- material should grow due to increased marketing of products through
- catalogs, newspaper inserts, and direct mail advertising. Book
- publishing is expected to continue to grow in response to rising
- school enrollments, and the expanding middle-aged and older
- population age groups that do the most leisure reading.
-
- Even though major technological changes are not anticipated, binding
- is becoming increasingly mechanized. New in-line equipment performs
- a number of operations in sequence, beginning with raw stock and
- ending with a complete finished product. Growth in requirements for
- bindery workers who assist skilled bookbinders will be slowed as
- binding machinery continues to become more efficient. Most job
- openings for bindery workers will result from the need to replace
- experienced workers who change jobs or leave the labor force.
-
- Opportunities for hand bookbinders are limited by the small number
- of establishments that do this highly specialized work. Experienced
- bindery workers will have the best opportunities.
-
- Earnings
-
- Highly skilled bookbinders in 1992 had median weekly earnings of
- about $350. The middle 50 percent earned between about $240 and
- $480 a week. The lowest paid 10 percent earned less than $200 a
- week, while the highest paid 10 percent earned $650 a week or more.
-
- Lesser skilled bindery workers in 1992 also had median weekly
- earnings of about $350. The middle 50 percent earned about $270 to
- $470 a week. The lowest paid 10 percent earned less than $220 a
- week, while the highest paid 10 percent earned $570 a week or more.
- Workers covered by union contracts had higher earnings.
-
- Related Occupations
-
- Other workers who set up and operate production machinery include
- papermaking machine operators, press operators, and precision
- machine operators.
-
- Sources of Additional Information
-
- Information about apprenticeships and other training opportunities
- may be obtained from local printing industry associations, local
- bookbinding shops, local offices of the Graphic Communications
- International Union, or local offices of the State employment
- service.
-
- For general information on bindery occupations, write to:
-
- Education Council of the Graphic Arts Industry, 1899 Preston White
- Dr., Reston, VA 22091-4326.
-
- Graphic Communications International Union, 1900 L St. NW.,
- Washington, DC 20036.
-
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- Textile, Apparel, and Furnishings Occupations
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