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- 168
- Inspectors, Testers, and Graders
-
- (A list of D.O.T. codes is available on request. See page 468.)
-
- Nature of the Work
-
- Inspectors, testers, and graders ensure that products meet quality
- standards. Virtually all manufactured products, including foods,
- textiles, clothing, glassware, automotive components and completed
- vehicles, electronic components, computers, and structural steel,
- are inspected.
-
- Inspectors visually check and may also listen to or feel products,
- or even taste or smell them. They verify dimensions, color, weight,
- texture, strength, or other physical characteristics of objects and
- look for imperfections such as cuts, scratches, bubbles, missing
- pieces, misweaves, or crooked seams. Many inspectors use
- micrometers, electronic equipment, calipers, alignment gauges, and
- other instruments to check and compare the dimensions of parts
- against the parts' specifications. Those testing electrical devices
- may use voltmeters, ammeters, and oscilloscopes to test the
- insulation, current flow, and resistance. Machinery testers
- generally check that parts fit and move correctly and are properly
- lubricated, check the pressure of gases and the level of liquids,
- test the flow of electricity, and do a test run to check for proper
- operation. Some jobs involve only a quick visual inspection; others
- require a much longer detailed one. Senior inspectors may also set
- up tests and test equipment.
-
- Some inspectors examine materials received from a supplier before
- sending them on to the production line. Others inspect components,
- subassemblies, and assemblies or perform a final check on the
- finished product.
-
- Inspectors mark, tag, or note problems. They may reject defective
- items outright, send them for rework, or, in the case of minor
- problems, fix them themselves. If the product checks out, they may
- screw on a nameplate, tag it, stamp a serial number, or certify it
- in some other way. Inspectors also may calibrate precision
- instruments used in inspection work.
-
- Inspectors, testers, and graders record the results of their
- inspections, compute the percentage of defects and other statistical
- parameters, prepare inspection and test reports, notify supervisors
- of problems, and may help analyze and correct problems in the
- production process.
-
- Increasingly in manufacturing, inspection is occurring throughout
- the production process, rather than just at the end on the final
- product. Inspectors still test products to ensure that they will
- meet with specifications, but they may direct the production line to
- adjust the machinery before the manufacturing line produces unusable
- parts. Also, many firms have automated their inspection systems,
- using machinery installed at one or several points in the production
- process. The inspectors in these firms have generally been trained
- to operate this equipment.
-
- Working Conditions
-
- Working conditions vary from industry to industry. Some inspectors
- examine similar products for an entire shift; others examine a
- variety of items. Most remain at one work station, but some travel
- from place to place to do inspections. Some are on their feet all
- day; others sit. In some industries, inspectors are exposed to the
- noise and grime of machinery; in others, they work in a clean, quiet
- environment. Some may have to lift heavy objects.
-
- Some inspectors work evenings, nights, or weekends. In these cases,
- shift assignments generally are made on the basis of seniority.
- Overtime may be required to meet production goals.
-
- Employment
-
- Inspectors, testers, and graders held about 625,000 jobs in 1992.
- Almost 8 of every 10 worked in manufacturing industries, including
- industrial machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and equipment,
- primary and fabricated metals industries, electronic components and
- accessories, textiles, apparel, and aircraft and parts. Some worked
- in communications and utilities, wholesale trade, engineering and
- management services, and government agencies. Although they are
- employed throughout the country, most jobs are in large metropolitan
- areas where many large factories are located.
-
- Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
-
- A high school diploma is helpful and may be required for some jobs.
- Simple jobs are generally filled by beginners with a few days'
- training. More complex ones are filled by experienced assemblers,
- machine operators, or mechanics who already have a thorough
- knowledge of the products and production processes.
-
- A precision inspector uses a machine that measures a part's exact
- dimensions.
-
- In-house training for new inspectors may cover the use of special
- meters, gauges, computers, or other instruments; quality control
- techniques; blueprint reading; and reporting requirements. There
- are some postsecondary training programs in testing, but most
- employers prefer to train inspectors themselves.
-
- Inspectors, testers, and graders need mechanical aptitude, good
- hand-eye coordination, and good vision.
-
- Advancement for these workers frequently takes the form of higher
- pay. However, they also may advance to inspector of more complex
- products, supervisor, or quality control technician.
-
- Job Outlook
-
- Individuals wishing to become inspectors, testers, or graders may
- face competition. Although the occupation is large, giving rise to
- a large number of openings due to normal turnover, jobs often are
- only available to those having experience with the production
- process. Also, like many other occupations concentrated in
- manufacturing, employment is projected to decline through the year
- 2005.
-
- Even though the volume of manufactured goods will grow, employment
- will not grow for several reasons. For one thing, manufacturers are
- taking steps to improve production methods relying on computers and
- statistical analysis to control the production process. This should
- result in fewer defects and reduced requirements for inspectors. In
- some cases, machines will alert workers when items approach limits
- so that problems can be corrected before defects occur. In
- addition, more firms are holding assemblers, machine operators, and
- other production workers responsible for quality, and having them
- correct problems as they occur. Also, better inspecting machinery
- will improve inspectors' speed and accuracy, so fewer of them will
- be needed, and, in some special cases, completely automated
- equipment will eliminate the need for inspectors.
-
- In many industries, however, automation is not being aggressively
- pursued as an alternative to manual inspection. When key inspection
- elements are size oriented, such as length, width, or thickness,
- automation may play some role in the future. But when taste, smell,
- texture, appearance, or product performance are important,
- inspection will probably continue to be done by humans.
-
- Earnings
-
- Inspectors, testers, and graders had median weekly earnings of about
- $381 in 1992. The middle 50 percent earned from about $282 to $534
- a week. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $209 a week; the
- highest 10 percent earned more than $691.
-
- Related Occupations
-
- Other workers who inspect products or services are construction and
- building inspectors and inspectors and compliance officers, except
- construction, which includes consumer safety, environmental health,
- agricultural commodity, immigration, customs, postal, motor vehicle,
- safety, and other inspectors.
-
- Sources of Additional Information
-
- For general information about this occupation, contact:
-
- The National Tooling and Machining Association, 9300 Livingston Rd.,
- Fort Washington, MD 20744.
-
- The American Society for Quality Control, Membership Department, 310
- West Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53203.
-
- Metalworking and Plastics-Working Occupations
-
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