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- 190
- Janitors and Cleaners and Cleaning Supervisors
-
- (D.O.T. 321.137-010, -014; 323.137-010, .687; 350.137-026;
- 358.687-010; 381.137-010, .687 except -010; 382.664-010;
- 389.667-010, .683-010; 739.687-198; 891.687-010 and -018; and
- 952.687-010)
-
- Nature of the Work
-
- Janitors and cleaners also called building custodians keep office
- buildings, hospitals, stores, apartment houses, hotels, and other
- types of buildings clean and in good condition. Some only do
- cleaning; others have a wide range of duties. They may fix leaky
- faucets, empty trash cans, do painting and carpentry, replenish
- bathroom supplies, mow lawns, and see that heating and
- air-conditioning equipment works properly. On a typical day,
- janitors may wet-or dry-mop floors, vacuum carpets, dust furniture,
- make minor repairs, and exterminate insects and rodents. In
- hospitals, where they are mostly known as maids and housekeepers,
- they may also wash bed frames, brush mattresses, make beds, and
- disinfect and sterilize equipment and supplies using germicides and
- sterilizing equipment. In hotels, aside from cleaning and
- maintaining the premises, they may deliver ironing boards, cribs,
- and rollaway beds to guests' rooms.
-
- Janitors and cleaners use different equipment, tools, and cleaning
- materials. For one job, they may need a mop and bucket; for
- another, an electric polishing machine and a special cleaning
- solution. Improved building materials, chemical cleaners, and power
- equipment have made many tasks easier and less time consuming, but
- janitors must know how to use equipment and cleaners properly to
- avoid harming floors, fixtures, and themselves.
-
- Cleaning supervisors coordinate, schedule, and supervise the
- activities of janitors and cleaners. They assign tasks and inspect
- building areas to see that work has been done properly.
-
- They issue supplies and equipment and inventory stocks to ensure
- adequate supplies. They screen and hire job applicants, and
- recommend promotions, transfers or dismissals; they also train new
- and experienced employees. Supervisors may prepare reports
- concerning room occupancy, hours worked, and department expenses.
- Some also perform cleaning duties.
-
- New technology is expected to have little effect on employment of
- janitors and cleaners.
-
- Working Conditions
-
- Because most office buildings are cleaned while they are empty, many
- cleaners work evening hours. Some, however, such as school and
- hospital custodians, work in the daytime. When there is a need for
- 24-hour maintenance, janitors may be assigned to shifts. Most
- full-time janitors and cleaners and supervisors worked about 40
- hours a week. Part-time cleaners usually work in the evenings and
- on weekends.
-
- Janitors and cleaners usually work inside heated, well-lighted
- buildings. However, sometimes they work outdoors sweeping walkways,
- mowing lawns, or shoveling snow. Working with machines can be
- noisy, and some tasks, such as cleaning bathrooms and trash rooms,
- can be dirty and unpleasant. Janitors may suffer minor cuts,
- bruises, and burns from machines, handtools, and chemicals.
-
- Janitors and cleaners spend most of their time on their feet,
- sometimes lifting or pushing heavy furniture or equipment. Many
- tasks, such as dusting or sweeping, require constant bending,
- stooping, and stretching.
-
- Employment
-
- Janitors and cleaners and cleaning supervisors, held 3,018,000 jobs
- in 1992. One-third worked part time (less than 35 hours a week).
-
- Janitors and cleaners held about 19 jobs out of 20. They worked in
- every type of establishment. About 1 in 5 worked in a school,
- including colleges and universities. One in five worked for a firm
- supplying building maintenance services on a contract basis. One in
- eight worked in a hotel. Others were employed by hospitals,
- restaurants, operators of apartment buildings, office buildings, and
- other types of real estate, churches and other religious
- organizations, manufacturing firms, and government agencies.
-
- Supervisors held about 1 job in 20. About a third were in hotels,
- and about one-fifth in hospitals. Others were employed by firms
- supplying building maintenance services on a contract basis, nursing
- care facilities, and educational facilities.
-
- Although cleaning jobs can be found in all cities and towns, most
- are located in highly populated areas where there are many office
- buildings, stores, and apartment houses.
-
- Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
-
- No special education is required for most cleaning jobs, but
- beginners should know simple arithmetic and be able to follow
- instructions. High school shop courses are helpful for jobs that
- involve repair work.
-
- Most janitors and cleaners learn their skills on the job. Usually,
- beginners work with an experienced cleaner, doing routine cleaning.
- They are given more complicated work as they gain experience.
-
- In some cities, programs run by unions, government agencies, or
- employers teach janitorial skills. Students learn how to clean
- buildings thoroughly and efficiently, how to select and safely use
- various cleansing agents, and how to operate and maintain machines,
- such as wet and dry vacuums, buffers, and polishers. Students learn
- to plan their work, to follow safety and health regulations, to deal
- with people in the buildings they clean, and to work without
- supervision. Instruction in minor electrical, plumbing, and other
- repairs may also be given. Those who come in contact with the
- public should have a pleasant personality and good communication
- skills. Employers usually look for dependable, hard-working
- individuals who are in good health, follow directions well, and get
- along with other people.
-
- Janitors and cleaners usually find work by answering newspaper
- advertisements, applying directly to organizations where they would
- like to work, or contacting State employment service offices.
-
- Advancement opportunities for janitorial workers usually are limited
- in organizations where they are the only maintenance worker. Where
- there is a large maintenance staff, however, janitors can be
- promoted to supervisor and to area supervisor or manager. A high
- school diploma improves the chances for advancement. Some janitors
- set up their own maintenance business.
-
- Supervisors usually move up through the ranks. In many
- establishments, supervisors are required to take some in-service
- training to perfect housekeeping techniques and procedures, and to
- enhance supervisory skills.
-
- Job Outlook
-
- Employment of janitors and cleaners and cleaning supervisors is
- expected to grow about as fast as the average for all occupations
- through the year 2005 as the number of office buildings, apartment
- houses, schools, factories, hospitals, and other buildings
- increases. The need to replace workers who transfer to other
- occupations or leave the labor force will create most job openings.
- The occupation of janitors and cleaners is easy to enter since there
- are few requirements for formal education and training, turnover is
- high, and part-time and temporary jobs are plentiful.
-
- New technology is expected to have little effect on employment of
- janitors and cleaners. Robots now under development are limited to
- performing a single cleaning task and may not be usable in many
- places, particularly cluttered areas such as hotel and hospital
- rooms.
-
- Earnings
-
- Janitors and cleaners who usually worked full time averaged about
- $277 a week in 1992; the middle 50 percent earned between $212 and
- $374. Ten percent earned less than $176; 10 percent earned more
- than $477.
-
- Cleaning supervisors who usually worked full time averaged about
- $347 a week in 1992; the middle 50 percent earned between $285 and
- $497. Ten percent earned less than $228; 10 percent earned more
- than $690.
-
- According to a survey of workplaces in 160 metropolitan areas,
- janitors had median earnings of $260 for a 40-hour week week in
- 1992. The middle half earned between $214 and $305 a week.
-
- Most building service workers receive paid holidays and vacations
- and health insurance.
-
- Related Occupations
-
- Private household workers have job duties similar to janitors and
- cleaners. Workers who specialize in one of the many job functions
- of janitors and cleaners include refuse collectors, floor waxers,
- street sweepers, window cleaners, gardeners, boiler tenders, pest
- controllers, and general maintenance repairers.
-
- Sources of Additional Information
-
- Information about janitorial jobs may be obtained from a local State
- employment service office.
-
- For information about education and training or starting a
- janitorial company, contact:
-
- Building Service Contractors Association International, 10201 Lee
- Hwy., Suite 225, Fairfax, VA 22030.
-