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- 209
- Computer and Peripheral Equipment Operators
-
- (D.O.T. 208.685-030; 213.362, .382, .582, .682, and .685)
-
- Nature of the Work
-
- Computer and peripheral equipment operators oversee the operation of
- computer hardware systems, ensuring that these expensive machines
- are used as efficiently as possible. This means that operators must
- anticipate problems before they occur and take preventive action as
- well as solve problems that do occur.
-
- The duties of computer and peripheral equipment operators vary with
- the size of the installation, the type of equipment used, and the
- policies of the employer. Working from operating instructions
- prepared by programmers or operations managers, computer operators
- set controls on the computer and on peripheral devices required to
- run a particular job. Computer operators or, in large
- installations, peripheral equipment operators load the equipment
- with tapes, disks, and paper as needed. While the computer is
- running which may be 24 hours a day for large computers computer
- operators monitor the computer console and respond to operating and
- computer messages. If an error message occurs, operators must
- locate and solve the problem or terminate the program.
-
- Peripheral equipment operators may have to prepare printouts and
- other output for distribution to computer users. Operators also
- maintain log books listing events such as machine malfunctions that
- occurred during their shift. In addition, computer operators may
- supervise and train peripheral equipment operators and computer
- operator trainees. They also may help programmers and systems
- analysts test and debug new programs. (Detailed descriptions of
- these occupations are presented elsewhere in the Handbook.)
-
- As the trend toward networking making connections between computers
- accelerates, a growing number of these workers are operating
- personal computers (PC's) and minicomputers. More and more
- establishments are realizing the need to connect all their computers
- in order to enhance productivity. In many offices, factories, and
- other work settings, PC's and minicomputers serve as the center of
- such networks, often referred to as local area networks or multiuser
- systems. While some of these computers are operated by users in the
- area, many require the services of full-time operators. The tasks
- performed are very similar to those performed on the larger
- computers.
-
- As organizations continue to use computers in more areas of
- operation, they are also realizing opportunities to increase the
- productivity of computer operations. Automation, which
- traditionally has been the application of computer technology to
- other functional areas of an organization, is now reaching the
- computer room. Sophisticated software coupled with robotics now
- exist that enable the computer to perform many routine tasks
- formerly done by computer and peripheral equipment operators. For
- example, scheduling, loading and downloading programs, mounting
- tapes, rerouting messages and running periodic reports can be done
- without the intervention of an operator. These improvements will
- change what computer operators do in the future. As technology
- advances, more computer operators will monitor an automated system.
- In addition, they may be in charge of system security,
- troubleshooting, desk help, network problems, and maintaining large
- databases. In the computer centers that lack this level of
- automation, some computer operators may be responsible for tasks
- traditionally done by peripheral equipment operators.
-
- Peripheral equipment operators prepare printouts for distribution to
- computer users.
-
- Working Conditions
-
- Computer operating personnel work in well-lighted, well-ventilated,
- and generally comfortable rooms. Because many organizations use
- their computers 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, computer and
- peripheral equipment operators may be required to work evening or
- night shifts and weekends. Shift assignments generally are made on
- the basis of seniority. Automated operations will lessen the need
- for shift work because many companies let the computer take over all
- operations during less desirable working hours.
-
- Employment
-
- In 1992, computer operators and peripheral equipment operators held
- about 266,000 and 30,000 jobs, respectively. Although jobs for
- computer and peripheral equipment operators are found in almost
- every industry, most are in wholesale trade establishments;
- manufacturing companies; data processing service firms; banks;
- government agencies; and accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping
- service firms. These organizations have data processing needs that
- require large computer installations.
-
- More than 1 out of 10 computer and peripheral equipment operators
- works part time.
-
- Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
-
- Previous work experience is the key to landing an operator job in
- many large establishments. These employers look for specific,
- hands-on experience in the type of equipment and related operating
- systems that they use. Additionally, a bachelor's degree in a
- computer-related field or other formal training is recommended. As
- technology expands, operator jobs will become more competitive and
- demanding, giving an advantage to those applicants with formal
- training. Increasing numbers of operators recently hired possess
- such training and many employers require it.
-
- Smaller organizations may be more willing to provide informal
- training because their computer systems are not as expensive nor
- downtime as costly as in larger installations. In these
- establishments, education may be substituted for experience to some
- extent. Training is also offered by the Armed Forces and by some
- computer manufacturers.
-
- Workers usually receive some on-the-job training to become
- acquainted with their employer's equipment and routines. The length
- of training varies with the job and the experience of the worker.
- New peripheral equipment operators are expected to learn their jobs
- in a few weeks.
-
- Because computer technology changes so rapidly, operators must be
- adaptable and willing to learn. For example, more formal education
- or training is now required for operators who work in automated data
- centers. Greater analytical and technical expertise are also needed
- to deal with the unique or higher level problems that the computer
- is not programmed to handle.
-
- Computer and peripheral equipment operators must be able to
- communicate well in order to work effectively with programmers and
- each other. Computer operators also must be able to work
- independently because they may have little or no supervision.
-
- Peripheral equipment operators may become computer operators. A few
- computer operators may advance to supervisory jobs. Through
- on-the-job experience and additional formal education, some computer
- and peripheral equipment operators advance to jobs as programmers or
- operations analysts, although the move into a programmer job may
- become more difficult in the years ahead as the skill requirements
- for programming continue to rise.
-
- Job Outlook
-
- Employment of computer and peripheral equipment operators is
- expected to decline sharply through the year 2005. A small number
- of openings will arise each year to replace workers who transfer to
- other occupations or leave the labor force.
-
- Advances in technology have reduced both the size and the cost of
- computer equipment while at the same time increasing its capacity
- for data storage and processing. These improvements in technology
- have fueled an expansion in the use of computers in such areas as
- factory and office automation, telecommunications, medicine, and
- education. Computer and peripheral equipment operators, however,
- will not benefit because they work mainly with large computer
- systems the part of the overall computer market that has slowed
- down.
-
- Furthermore, the expanding use of software that automates computer
- operations gives companies the option of making systems
- user-friendly, which greatly reduces the need for operators. Even
- if firms continue to use operators, which for many is extremely
- likely in the near future, these new technologies free the operator
- to concentrate on unique problems and monitor a greater number of
- operations at the same time. The result is that as few as 3
- operators can accomplish the work previously done by 10.
-
- As automated equipment is developed further, smaller versions and
- lower prices will induce smaller organizations to invest in these
- technologies as well, further dampening demand for peripheral
- equipment operators.
-
- Computer operators or peripheral equipment operators who are
- displaced by automation may be reassigned to support staffs
- assisting other members of the organization. Others may be
- retrained to perform different job duties such as supervising an
- entire operations center, maintaining automation packages, and
- analyzing computer operations to recommend ways to increase
- productivity.
-
- Earnings
-
- In 1992, full-time computer operators had median earnings of $21,100
- a year. The middle 50 percent earned between $16,000 and $28,700.
- The lowest 10 percent earned less than $13,400 and the top 10
- percent earned more than $38,700. Salaries generally are higher in
- large organizations than in small ones.
-
- In the Federal Government, computer operators with a high school
- diploma started at about $14,600 a year in 1993. Those with 1 year
- of college started at $16,400. Applicants with operations
- experience started at higher salaries. All computer operators
- employed by the Federal Government in 1993 averaged about $27,400.
-
- Related Occupations
-
- Other occupations involving work with computers include computer
- scientists and systems analysts, programmers, and computer service
- technicians. Other occupations in which workers operate electronic
- office equipment include data entry keyers, secretaries, typists and
- word processors, and typesetters and compositors.
-
- Sources of Additional Information
-
- For information about work opportunities in computer operations,
- contact firms that use computers such as banks, manufacturing and
- insurance firms, colleges and universities, and data processing
- service organizations. The local office of the State employment
- service can supply information about employment and training
- opportunities.
-