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- 234
- Pharmacists
-
- (D.O.T. 074.161-010 and -014)
-
- Nature of the Work
-
- Pharmacists dispense drugs prescribed by physicians and other health
- practitioners and provide information to patients about medications
- and their use. They advise physicians and other health
- practitioners on the selection, dosages, and side effects of
- medications. Pharmacists must understand the use, composition, and
- effects of drugs. Compounding the actual mixing of ingredients to
- form powders, tablets, capsules, ointments, and solutions is only a
- small part of a pharmacist's practice, because most medicines are
- produced by pharmaceutical companies in a standard dosage and form.
-
- Pharmacists in community (retail) pharmacies answer customers'
- questions about prescription drugs, such as possible adverse
- reactions and interactions. They answer questions about
- over-the-counter drugs and make recommendations after asking a
- series of health questions, such as whether the customer is on any
- other medication. They also give advice about durable medical
- equipment and home health care supplies. Those who own or manage
- community pharmacies may buy and sell nonhealth-related merchandise,
- hire and supervise personnel, and oversee the general operation of
- the pharmacy.
-
- Pharmacists in hospitals and clinics dispense medications and advise
- the medical staff on the selection and effects of drugs, in some
- cases making rounds with them. They may make sterile solutions and
- buy medical supplies. They also monitor drug regimens, advise
- patients on the use of drugs when they are discharged from the
- hospital, and evaluate drug use patterns in the hospital.
-
- Pharmacists who work in home health care prepare medications for use
- in the home and monitor drug therapy.
-
- Most pharmacists keep computerized records of patients' drug
- therapies to insure that harmful drug interactions do not occur.
- They may also teach health professions students.
-
- Some pharmacists specialize in specific aspects of drug therapy,
- such as drugs for psychiatric disorders, intravenous nutrition, or
- the diagnostic use of radiopharmaceuticals.
-
- Pharmacists keep computerized records of patients' drug therapies.
-
- Working Conditions
-
- Pharmacists usually work in clean, well-lighted, and well-ventilated
- areas. Many pharmacists spend most of their time on their feet.
- When working with potentially dangerous or sterile pharmaceutical
- products, pharmacists wear gloves and masks and work with special
- protective equipment. Many community and hospital pharmacies are
- open long hours or around the clock, so pharmacists may work
- evenings, nights, weekends, and holidays. Pharmacists who consult
- may travel to nursing homes or other facilities.
-
- About 1 out of 7 pharmacists worked part time in 1992. Most
- full-time salaried pharmacists worked about 40 hours a week. Some
- however, worked more than 50 hours a week. Most self-employed
- pharmacists worked more than 50 hours a week.
-
- Employment
-
- Pharmacists held about 163,000 jobs in 1992. Three out of 5 worked
- in community pharmacies, either independently owned, part of a drug
- store chain, or part of a grocery or department store. Most
- community pharmacists were salaried, but a substantial number were
- self employed. More than one-quarter worked in hospitals, and some
- worked for health maintenance organizations (HMO's), clinics,
- nursing homes, and the Federal Government.
-
- Some pharmacists hold more than one job. They may work a standard
- week in their primary work setting and also work part time
- elsewhere.
-
- Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
-
- A license to practice pharmacy is required in all States, the
- District of Columbia, and U.S. territories. To obtain a license,
- one must graduate from an accredited college of pharmacy (a few
- States allow graduation from certain foreign pharmacy programs),
- pass a State examination, and serve an internship under a licensed
- pharmacist. In 1993, all States except California and Florida
- usually granted a license without extensive reexamination to
- qualified pharmacists already licensed by another State. Many
- pharmacists are licensed to practice in more than one State. Most
- States require continuing education for license renewal.
-
- At least 5 years of study beyond high school are required to
- graduate from programs accredited by the American Council on
- Pharmaceutical Education. Five years are needed for a Bachelor of
- Science (B.S.) in Pharmacy, the degree received by most graduates.
- A Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) normally requires at least 6 years,
- during which an intervening bachelor's degree may not be awarded.
- Those who already hold the bachelor's degree may enter Pharm.D.
- programs, but the combined period of study is usually longer than 6
- years. Of the 75 colleges of pharmacy that conferred degrees in
- 1992-93, 61 conferred the B.S. in Pharmacy and 58 awarded the
- Pharm.D., either as a first professional or postbaccalaureate
- degree.
-
- Requirements for admission to colleges of pharmacy vary. A few
- colleges admit students directly from high school. Most colleges of
- pharmacy, however, require 1 or 2 years of college-level prepharmacy
- education. Entry requirements usually include mathematics and basic
- sciences, such as chemistry, biology, and physics, as well as
- courses in the humanities and social sciences. Some colleges
- require the applicant to take the Pharmacy College Admissions Test
- (P-CAT).
-
- All colleges of pharmacy offer courses in pharmacy practice,
- designed to teach students to dispense prescriptions, communicate
- with patients and other health professionals, and to strengthen
- their understanding of professional ethics and practice management
- responsibilities. Pharmacists' training increasingly emphasizes
- direct patient care as well as consultative services to other health
- professionals.
-
- The bachelor's degree in pharmacy is generally acceptable for most
- positions in community pharmacies. However, a growing number of
- hospital employers prefer that a pharmacist have a Pharm.D. degree.
- A master's or Ph.D. degree in pharmacy or a related field usually
- is required to do research, and a Pharm.D. with additional
- residency or fellowship training, master's, or Ph.D. usually is
- necessary for administrative or faculty positions.
-
- In 1992-93, 61 colleges of pharmacy awarded the Master of Science
- degree or the Ph.D. degree. Although a number of pharmacy
- graduates interested in further training pursue an advanced degree
- in pharmacy, there are other options. Some enter 1- or 2-year
- residency programs or fellowships. Pharmacy residencies are
- organized, directed, postgraduate training programs in a defined
- area of pharmacy practice, such as pediatrics, cardiology, oncology,
- or hospital pharmacy management. Pharmacy fellowships are directed,
- highly individualized programs designed to prepare participants to
- do independent research.
-
- Areas of graduate study include pharmaceutics and pharmaceutical
- chemistry (physical and chemical properties of drugs and dosage
- forms), pharmacology (effects of drugs on the body), and pharmacy
- administration, including social-behavioral aspects of patient
- care.
-
- Prospective pharmacists should have scientific aptitude, manual
- dexterity, and good interpersonal skills.
-
- In community pharmacies, pharmacists usually begin as employees.
- After they gain experience and secure the necessary capital, many
- become owners or part owners of pharmacies. Pharmacists in chain
- drug stores may be promoted to supervisory pharmacist at the store
- level and then at the district level, and later to an executive
- position within the chain's headquarters.
-
- Hospital pharmacists may advance to director of pharmacy services or
- to other administrative positions. Pharmacists in the pharmaceutical
- industry may advance in marketing, sales, research, quality control,
- production, packaging, and other areas.
-
- Job Outlook
-
- Employment of pharmacists is expected to grow faster than the
- average for all occupations through the year 2005, due to the
- increased pharmaceutical needs of a larger and older population and
- greater use of medication. As in other occupations, most job
- openings will result from the need to replace pharmacists who leave
- the profession.
-
- The increased number of middle-aged and elderly people will spur
- demand in all practice settings. Projected rapid growth in the
- elderly population is especially important because the number of
- prescriptions influences demand for pharmacists, and the elderly use
- more prescription drugs, on the average, than younger people.
-
- Other factors likely to increase demand for pharmacists through the
- year 2005 include the likelihood of scientific advances that will
- make more drug products available; new developments in administering
- medication; and increasingly sophisticated consumers seeking more
- information about drugs.
-
- The number of pharmacists in hospitals is expected to grow as
- pharmacists consult more and become more actively involved in
- patient drug therapy decision-making. The increased severity of the
- typical hospital patient's illness, together with rapid strides in
- drug therapy, is likely to heighten demand for pharmacists in
- hospitals, HMO's, and other health care settings.
-
- Earnings
-
- Median annual earnings of full-time, salaried pharmacists were
- $45,000 in 1992. Half earned between $37,600 and $51,400. The
- lowest 10 percent earned less than $26,100 and the top 10 percent
- more than $59,500.
-
- Pharmacists working in chain drug stores had an average base salary
- of $49,800 per year in 1992, while pharmacists working in
- independent drug stores averaged $45,300, discount stores averaged
- $53,200, supermarkets averaged $51,200, health maintenance
- organizations (HMO's) averaged $52,300, and hospital pharmacists
- averaged $50,300, according to a survey by Drug Topics magazine
- published by Medical Economics Publishing, Inc. The same survey
- showed that pharmacists employed in the West earned higher incomes
- than pharmacists in other regions of the country. Also, pharmacists
- employed by chain drug stores, supermarkets, discount stores, and
- HMO's receive more benefits than those in independent drug stores.
- Pharmacists who were owners of pharmacies often earn considerably
- more than salaried pharmacists.
-
- Related Occupations
-
- Persons in other professions who work with pharmaceutical compounds
- are pharmaceutical chemists and pharmacologists.
-
- Sources of Additional Information
-
- For information on pharmacy as a career, preprofessional and
- professional requirements, programs offered by all the colleges of
- pharmacy, and student financial aid, contact:
-
- American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, 1426 Prince St.,
- Alexandria, VA 22314.
-
- Information on requirements for licensure in a particular State is
- available from the Board of Pharmacy of the State or from:
-
- National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, 700 Busse Hwy., Park
- Ridge, IL 60068.
-
- Information on specific college entrance requirements, curriculums,
- and financial aid is available from the dean of any college of
- pharmacy.
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