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- 201
- Occupational Therapists
-
- (D.O.T. 076.121-010, 076.l67-010)
-
- Nature of the Work
-
- Occupational therapists help individuals with mentally, physically,
- developmentally, or emotionally disabling conditions to develop,
- recover, or maintain daily living and work skills. They not only
- help patients improve basic motor functions and reasoning abilities,
- but also to compensate for permanent loss of function. Their goal
- is to help patients have independent, productive, and satisfying
- lifestyles.
-
- Occupational therapists use activities of all kinds ranging from
- using a computer to caring for daily needs, such as dressing,
- cooking, and eating. Practical activities increase strength and
- dexterity, while paper and pencil games may be used to improve
- visual acuity and the ability to discern patterns. A patient
- suffering short-term memory loss, for instance, might be encouraged
- to make lists to aid recall. One with coordination problems might
- be given extra tasks to improve eye-hand coordination. Computer
- programs have been designed to help patients improve decisionmaking,
- abstract reasoning, problem solving, and perceptual skills, as well
- as memory, sequencing, and coordination all of which are important
- for independent living.
-
- For those with permanent functional disabilities, such as spinal
- cord injuries, cerebral palsy, or muscular dystrophy, therapists
- provide such adaptive equipment as wheelchairs, splints, and aids
- for eating and dressing. They also design or make special equipment
- needed at home or at work. Therapists develop and teach patients to
- operate computer-aided adaptive equipment, such as microprocessing
- devices that permit individuals with severe limitations to
- communicate, walk, operate telephones and television sets, and
- control other aspects of their environment.
-
- Some occupational therapists, called industrial therapists, help
- patients find and hold a job. They arrange employment, plan work
- activities and evaluate the patient's progress.
-
- Occupational therapists may work exclusively with individuals in a
- particular age group or with particular disabilities. In schools,
- for example, they evaluate children's abilities, recommend therapy,
- modify classroom equipment, and in general, help children
- participate as fully as possible in school programs and activities.
-
- Occupational therapists in mental health settings treat mentally
- ill, mentally retarded, or emotionally disturbed individuals. To
- treat these problems, therapists choose activities that help people
- learn to cope with daily life. Activities include time management
- skills, budgeting, shopping, homemaking, and use of public
- transportation. They may also work with patients suffering from
- alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, eating disorders, and stress
- related disorders.
-
- Recording patient's activities and progress is an important part of
- an occupational therapist's job. Accurate records are essential for
- evaluating patients, billing, and reporting to physicians.
-
- Occupational therapists need warmth and the ability to inspire
- patients to progress.
-
- Working Conditions
-
- Occupational therapists in hospitals and other health care settings
- generally work a regular 40-hour week. Those in schools may also
- participate in meetings and other activities, during and after the
- school day. In large rehabilitation centers, therapists may work in
- spacious rooms equipped with machines, tools, and other devices that
- may generate noise. The job can be tiring because therapists are on
- their feet much of the time. Those providing home health care may
- spend several hours a day driving from appointment to appointment.
- Therapists also face hazards such as backstrain from lifting and
- moving patients and equipment.
-
- Employment
-
- Occupational therapists held about 40,000 jobs in 1992. The largest
- number of jobs were in hospitals, including many in rehabilitation
- and psychiatric hospitals. School systems are the second largest
- employer of occupational therapists. Other major employers include
- offices of occupational therapists and other health practitioners,
- nursing homes, community mental health centers, adult daycare
- programs, job training services, and residential care facilities.
-
- A small but rapidly growing number of occupational therapists are in
- private practice. Some are solo practitioners, while others are in
- group practices. They see patients referred by physicians or other
- health professionals, or provide contract or consulting services to
- nursing homes, adult daycare programs, and home health agencies.
-
- Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
-
- A bachelor's degree in occupational therapy is the minimal
- requirement for entry into this field. In addition, 36 states and
- the District of Columbia require a license to practice occupational
- therapy. To obtain a license, applicants must have a degree or a
- post-bachelor's certificate from an accredited educational program
- and pass a national certification examination given by the American
- Occupational Therapy Certification Board. Those who pass the test
- are awarded the title of registered occupational therapist.
-
- In 1992, entry level education was offered in 67 bachelor's degree
- programs; 10 post-bachelor's certificate programs, for students with
- a degree other than occupational therapy; and 15 entry
- level-master's degree programs. Most schools have full-time
- programs, although a growing number also offer weekend or part-time
- programs.
-
- Occupational therapy coursework includes physical, biological, and
- behavioral sciences and the application of occupational therapy
- theory and skills. Completion of 6 months of supervised clinical
- internship is also required.
-
- Persons considering this profession should take high school courses
- in biology, chemistry, physics, health, art, and the social
- sciences. College admissions offices also look with favor on paid
- or volunteer experience in the health-care field.
-
- Warmth and patience are needed to inspire both trust and respect.
- Ingenuity and imagination in adapting activities to individual needs
- are assets. Individuals working in home health care must be able to
- successfully adapt to a variety of settings.
-
- Job Outlook
-
- Employment of occupational therapists is expected to increase much
- faster than the average for all occupations through the year 2005
- due to anticipated growth in demand for rehabilitation and long-term
- care services.
-
- Several factors are increasing the need for rehabilitative services.
- Medical advances are now making it possible for more patients with
- critical problems to survive. These patients, however, may need
- extensive therapy. Also, there is the anticipated demand generated
- by the baby-boom generation's move into middle age, a period during
- which the incidence of heart attack and stroke increases.
- Additional services will also be demanded by the population 75 years
- of age and above, a rapidly growing age group that suffers from a
- very high incidence of disabling conditions. Finally, additional
- therapists will be needed to help prepare handicapped children to
- enter special education programs, as required by recent Federal
- legislation.
-
- Due to industry growth and more intensive care, hospitals will
- continue to employ the largest number of occupational therapists.
- Hospitals will also need occupational therapists to staff their
- growing home health care and outpatient rehabilitation programs.
-
- Moderate growth in schools will result from expansion of the
- school-age population and extended services for handicapped
- students.
-
- The field of private practice will continue to provide opportunities
- for occupational therapists. Movement into private practice has
- been abetted by a legislative change which permits occupational
- therapists to bill Medicare directly for services provided.
- Previously, billings were submitted through a hospital, home health
- agency, or other Medicare-approved facility.
-
- Employment of occupational therapists in the home health field is
- expected to grow very fast. The rapidly growing number of people
- age 75 and older who are more likely to need home health care, and
- the greater use of at-home followup care will encourage this growth.
-
- Earnings
-
- According to a national survey of hospitals and medical centers
- conducted by the University of Texas Medical Branch, the median
- annual salary for occupational therapists, based on a 40-hour week
- and excluding shift or area differentials, was $35,625 in October
- 1992. The average minimum was $30,470 and the average maximum was
- $44,958. Some States classify occupational therapists employed in
- public schools as teachers and pay accordingly. According to the
- National Education Association, elementary school teachers earned an
- average of about $34,777 during the 1992-93 school year, and
- secondary school teachers earned an average of about $36,509.
-
- Therapists in private practice generally earned more than salaried
- workers.
-
- Related Occupations
-
- Occupational therapists use specialized knowledge to help
- individuals perform daily living skills and achieve maximum
- independence. Other workers performing similar duties include
- orthotists, prosthetists, physical therapists, chiropractors, speech
- pathologists and audiologists, rehabilitation counselors,
- recreational therapists, art therapists, music therapists, dance
- therapists, horticultural therapists, and manual arts therapists.
-
- Sources of Additional Information
-
- For more information on occupational therapy as a career, a list of
- education programs, and requirements for certification, write to:
-
- American Occupational Therapy Association, P.O. Box 1725, 1383
- Piccard Dr., Rockville, MD 20849-1725.
-