World of Ham Radio 1997

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Text File | 1997-02-01 | 18KB | 2,013 lines

what are the frequency limits for general class operators in 160-meter band a. 1800 - 1900 kHz b. 2000 c. d. 1825 75/80-meter (ITU region 2) 3525 3750 and 3850 4000 3775 3875 40-meter 7025 7175 7200 7300 7225 7150 30-meter 10100 10150 10175 10125 20-meter 14025 14100 14175 14350 14150 14225 14125 14200 14250 15-meter 21025 21200 21275 21450 21150 21300 12-meter 24890 24990 24975 24900 10-meter 28000 29700 28025 28100 29600 28125 within phone emissions 80-meter ITU 2 CW 3500 3700 3890 image 7000 7100 RTTY 10140 14300 21250 21100 24930 not permitted this 28300 29000 as a control operator at novice station how must you identify your when transmitting on 7250 with call sign followed by word "controlling" slant bar "/" (or any suitable word) own A should be operated even under circumstances may repeater retransmit 2-meter signal from technician no only if 10 meters is operating special temporary authorization allowing such retransmission during an FCC-declared state of communications emergency holds least license kind amateur automatically retransmits signals other stations space telecommand relay name given to form interference that seriously degrades obstructs or repeatedly interrupts radiocommunication service intentional harmful adjacent disruptive types messages transmitted foreign country third party which paid facilitating business affairs technical nature remarks personal character countries parties up height above ground install antenna structure without needing FCC approval 50 feet 100 200 300 rules DO NOT specifically cover situation operate accordance licensee principles good engineering practice practices adopted institute electrical electronics engineers procedures set forth international radio union type transmit one-way beacon HF VHF following does need true gathers news information broadcast purposes more quickly involve immediate safety life individuals protection property directly related event cannot means limited music it produces dissonances spurious used jam illegal transmission frequencies 1215 MHz incidental part shuttle two-way communication message secret code order obscure meaning 450 contests never declared restrictions use abbreviations procedural there they do because monitoring "10-codes" codes ciphers domestic nationally emergencies 2.3 GHz internationally transmissions prohibited playing obscene indecent words false deceptive keep retransmitting non-amateur turn volume transceiver speak closer microphone increase strength down background audio adjust noise blanker maximum power 3690 watts PEP output 1000 1500 7080 10.140 21.150 24.950 external RF amplifiers designed below require acceptance 28 35 144 grant many design capable operation build modify one calendar year none 1 5 standards met amplifier required able amplify 28-MHz than ten times input reaching its driven less minutes time delay circuit modified would disqualify being granted capability outside bands achieving full between 24 switched all symbol rate packet bauds 1200 19.6 kilobauds 56 telegraphy examination elements prepare hold element 1A 1B written 3A 3B examinations administer minimum applicant pass privileges requirements administering three VEC-accredited higher VEs present two but VEC accredited participate volunteer examiner (VE) once have notified want give certificate successful completion (CSCE) prepared obtained them qualified supplier received both FCC-issued mail accreditation 14.035 location VE where CSCE mark identifier "AG" until new arrives identification needed 14.325 denotes add after whenever using long application has been filed sideband commonly upper lower amplitude compandored double 3925-kHz segment most take place 3610 3630 3825 14.000 14.050 14.075 14.100 14.150 14.225 14.275 14.350 baudot 7-bit start stop parity bits each four 5-bit additional 6-bit ASCII common shift 85 hz 170 425 850 major AMTOR modes mode AM TR (ARQ) B (FEC) C (CRQ) D (DEC) SELCAL LISTEN usual input/output separation 600 1.6 called causes transmitter speaks into VXO VOX VCO VFO describes break-in breaking send morse prosign BK automatic keyers instead hand keys activate manual send/receive switch before every incoming key pulses net daily normally meet just begins reduce so participants will hear over existing activity cancel day conduct 3 away regular about begin another courtesy move different ensure can possible off propagation changes contact notice increasing same tell interfering change since were first report local auxiliary coordinator overcome selecting progress allow minimize 150 500 6 single-sideband (between suppressed carriers) approximately (center center) 60 250 azimuthal map projection centered north pole particular determine shortest path points surface earth shows angle satellite crosses equator number degrees longitude appears westward orbit useful orienting directional toward distant mercator polar topographical pointed long-path direction generally oriented short-path heading 45 90 180 270 plan guideline deviating allocations schedules published devised club best contest telecommunication continental united states 4 distress attract attention make known condition obtain assistance sent recognized channels those licensed disaster US necessary essential needs assist relief operations normal systems overloaded damaged disrupted RACES activated never; official working convenient disrupts area declare temporarily seize equipment across nothing president declares include test questions licensing workers list organizations authorized conditions requiring non-commercial observed limitations daylight hours reduced night nations approved communicating break continue acknowledge clear channel immediately cease rights why civil (RACES) training tests drills orderly efficient defense organization serve members attend monthly on-the-air meetings acquaint religious political patriotic relative unimportance third-party agreement FCC's field bureau volunteers who formally enlisted monitor airwaves violations coordination repeaters their help objectives encourage self-regulation compliance coordinate spectrum usage provide public done sudden ionospheric disturbance try polarization effect waves higher-latitude paths lower- latitude via direct areas side affected increased ultraviolet X-ray radiation solar flares affect radio-wave instantaneous 1.5 seconds 8 20 40 flux density sun's magnetic energy emitted sun sunspots facing measure tilt earth's ionosphere solar-flux index taken annually compares readings results last six months american sunspot specific geomagnetic drop shifting ripples dramatic short period latitudes sensitive disturbances greater near equally storm improved high-latitude degraded ground-wave chances UHF ducting influences beyond line-of-sight ranges lunar tidal effects F1 F2 influence subaudible- audio-frequency electromagnetic particle polar-region equatorial infrared gamma-ray numbers high high-frequency absorbed usable long-distance become weak distorted minnesota france 22 offer chance 15 ohio germany 17 80 (MUF) several days similar usually expected later 7 14 way enough support western europe listen 39-meter WWVH happens bent back through completely changed MUF tune beacons 28.2 21.1 14.1 14.2 periods low reliable 3.5 point cycle worldwide summer solstice characteristic gray-line very improves poor increases D-region absorption distance along covered hop miles 2500 none; E average ionization 70 reach noon midnight dusk spring fall winter mainly responsible longest exists lowest highest absorb much regions "critical angle" takeoff return wave compass opposite main reason 160- 80- tend short-distance lack auroral scatter intelligibility wavering sound reversed modulation sidebands makes often E-region refraction scattered skip zone small absorbs F allows detected too far sky-wave sporadic-E occur combined fading occurs parts follow multipath multimode selective linearity while viewing oscilloscope speech sine square testing tones fed instrument harmonically distortion analyzer non-harmonically two-tone 2400 passband measurement made transmitter's performing percent carrier phase deviation block diagram electronic appear low-pass filter feed supply preferable mechanical receiver sensitivity circuitry simpler speed cleaner tuned reading grid-current meter indicates neutralization grid current some vacuum-tube loaded Q grid-to-cathode leakage AC hum filament transformer oscillation caused interelectrode capacitance properly neutralized feedback 5% 10% negative positive neutralizing controls differential gain cancels eliminates reduces final stage limit eliminate self oscillations cut standby item contains horizontal- vertical-channel ohmmeter generator ammeter tracer source exact drawings waveforms show standing patterns open-wire lines inoperative bridge figure impedance picked out connected antenna's reads SWR unknown check quality field-strength sidetone vertical checking IF nearby receiving horizontal pattern grid-dip standing-wave ratio line simple adjustments multimeter metronome might receiver's S-meter decrease S unit units raise S8 S9 devices home-entertainment bypass inductors capacitors metal-oxide varistors resistors cause telephone internal ask company RFI filters shield distribution heard public-address system rectification steady air on-and-off humming clicking clearly audible possibly muffled severely whistling possibility solid-state emission ensuring grounded installing rectifiers third-floor wire running 33 rod get burn touch front panel making moist transceiver's heat-sensing cooling fan bad connection easier resonant length acts like important cost electric shock avoid stray station's beryllium conductivity drive couple loops connects statement grounding braid RG-213 coaxial cable conductor tie together transceivers tied according national building chassis piece high-impedance conductors hot spots located floor loop effective sizes lengths antennas size composition inside ham shack exposure human body adjusted processor unwanted pickup voice fidelity 100% modulated peak calculated load voltage resistive = [(Vp)(Vp)] / (RL) [(0.707 PEV)(0.707 PEV)] RL (Vp)(Vp)(RL) [(1.414 PEV)(1.414 measures volts peak-to-peak 50-ohm resistor 400 625 1250 unmodulated average-reading wattmeter 1060 530 2120 wires four-conductor cord attached fuses 240-VAC primary (single phase) "hot" (black red) "neutral" (white) (bare) 15-ampere 120-VAC household lighting AWG 16 18 20-ampere appliance 12 fuse breaker wiring amperes 30 depending wavelength factors tissue heats poisoning blood flow genetic indoor precautions locate close position feed-line edge wall meets ceiling parasitic living spaces occupied parallel advantage precaution parabolic dish sure disconnect antenna-positioning mechanism doesn't concentrate thing consider stranded people yagi gets protective fence placed around base ground-mounted persons harmed animals damage value security awareness protect lightning installation RF-safety beginning repairs inform neighbors aware intentions house installed wet painted accidentally run come microwave horn waveguide wear tight-fitting clothes gloves hands sharp edges turned disconnected weather dry sunny unfavorable tropospheric high-gain mounted structures dried wind heavy rain receive sky fewer ends center dipole radiated concentrated prevent coming easily climbing ladder estimating energy's critical charge stored capacitor opposition containing force repulsion reactance DC ideal circuits large spark produced contacts inductor de-energized resistance reluctance admittance coil react applied decreases deliver equal infinite power-supply rating equals winding wound transformers iron core delivers shorted matching draw mho ohm ampere siemens volt watt two-times dB divide original multiply signal-strength "10 S9" S5 S7 plus "20 1.0-ampere parallel-connected 10-ohm passes 0.5 branch total sum added resistor's multiplied VDC supplied 800-ohm 320,000 12-VDC light bulb draws 0.2 2.4 dissipated 7.0 milliamperes 1.25 kilohms 61 milliwatts 39 11 9 500-turn secondary 2250-turn 120 VAC 2370 540 26.7 5.9 turns match having 600-ohm speaker 4-ohm 12.2 24.4 requires ohms 576 83.3 sine-wave produce amount heat RMS 84.8 169.7 204.8 339.4 equivalent 8.5 34 carbon temperature happen 20% centigrade stay coefficient dependent rectified disc ceramic vacuum variable mica electrolytic transient spikes transformer's high-value trimmer suppressor plates magnetizing excitation stabilizing peak-inverse-voltage rectifier handle conducting 1.4 non-conducting 2.8 ratings exceeded silicon-diode inverse voltage; forward power; capacitive reactance; avalanche impedance; wired diodes equalize drops guard against diode smooth waveform unfiltered full-wave series twice half half-wave conducts 360 feature bleeder regulation discharges removes hazards induction coils ground-loop windings components network transistors quartz crystals one-quarter one-half compared inserted substantially typical processes balanced modulator sends mixer oscillator detector superheterodyne BFO AF purpose conveying amplitude-rectification pulse phase-rectification frequency-rectification multiplex (envelope) vary modulating keying suppression double-sideband bandwidth content percentage obtainable put suppressed-carrier popular uses narrowest phase-modulated frequency-modulated overmodulated becomes louder occupies response signal-to-noise deflection ALC peaks slight movement dip plate meant flattopping insufficient collector level excessive combines 14.25-MHz 13.795-MHz 455-kHz intermediate (IF) multiplier mixes 13.800-MHz 14.255-MHz 13.345-MHz 5.3-MHz 14.3 beat linear translator FM selects harmonic desired preemphasis isn't (FM) 29.5 efficiency harmonics could attenuated practical levels exceed stability adequate FM-phone 5-kHz 3-kHz 12.21-MHz reactance-modulated 146.52-MHz 41.67 416.7 FSK hertz WPM per speeds shifts smaller digital analog duty sending 50% 75% 125% found bottom slow-scan TV 14.230 top SSB middle beam larger diameter spacing traps tapered-diameter 14.0 66 director 42 21 10.5 reflector 28.1 8.75 16.6 17.5 three-element feed-point boom adding directors weight windload advantages wide loss front-to-back shorter tuning wider provides excellent omnidirectional coverage plane expensive erect helps behind "antenna ratio" mean reference versus reflectors respect lobe exactly "main lobe" radiating performance optimize RG-58 towers cubical-quad 21.4 1.17 11.7 47 469 17.6 23.4 70.3 175 29.6 8.23 8.7 9.7 34.8 leg symmetrical delta-loop 28.7 24.9 10.99 12.95 13.45 40.36 18.26 23.76 24.35 73.05 two-element delta quad compare favorably perform poorly well constructed insulated characteristics directivity planes moving multielement perpendicular significantly term multiband random-wire triband beverage disadvantage longer experience vertically polarized inverted-T downward sloping radials ground-plane lowers brings downward-sloping stays approaches zero low-angle half-wavelength figure-eight right angles circle (equal directions) lobes (azimuthal) unpredictable reflected distort eliminated slightly 0.1 develop radial buried few inches skewing parallel-conductor centers radius cables 25 75 750 flat-ribbon TV-type twinlead difference feeding unbalanced potential odd quarter-wavelengths physical half-wavelengths matched center-fed inductively coupled acceptable attenuation depend values losses expressed bels/1000 ft dB/1000 bels/100 dB/100 standing-wave-ratio result 200-ohm 4:1 1:4 2:1 1:2 50:1 1:5 5:1 50:50 0:0 1:1