World of Ham Radio 1997/WOHR97_AmSoft_(1997-02-01).iso/exams/general/prog/general.hlp

Text File | 1997-02-01 | 23KB | 291 lines

Generals may use the entire band.
Generals may use CW & RTTY from 3.525 to 3.750 MHz and Phone from 3.850 to 4.000 MHz.
Generals may use CW & RTTY from 7.025 to 7.150 MHz and Phone from 7.225 to 7.300 MHz.
Generals may use the entire band.
Generals may use CW & RTTY from 14.025 to 14.150 MHz and Phone from 14.225 MHz to 14.350 MHz.
General may use CW & RTTY from 21.025 to 21.200 MHz and Phone from 21.300 to 21.450 MHz.
Generals may use the entire band.
Generals may use the entire band.
Phone operation is permitted on the entire band 1800 - 2000 kHz.
CW is permitted on all authorized amateur frequencies.
Phone and Image are permitted from 7.15 to 7.30 MHz.
This is a CW, RTTY and Data only band.
Phone and Image are permitted from 14.15 to 14.35 MHz.
Phone and Image are permitted from 21.20 to 21.45 MHz.
Phone is permitted from 24.93 to 24.99 MHz.
Phone is permitted from 28.3 to 29.7 MHz.
Give the Novice station call and either the slant mark "/" or any suitable word and then give your own General call sign.
One must be a General class to be the control operator of a 10-meter repeater.
A repeater station automatically retransmits the signals of other stations. A space station (a satellite) may also be a repeater.
Harmful
Personal and technical third-party messages may be sent if there is a third-party agreement.
Two hundred feet
You must operate in accordance with good amateur practice.
A beacon station constantly transmits a signal. By tuning to the beacon frequency, one may determine current propagation conditions.
B, C and D must be true for Amateur Radio to be used for news-gathering.
Music may never be originated by an amateur station.
Never
Standard abbreviations and "Q" signals may be used.
Codes may be used to control a repeater. Codes or ciphers are not permitted as a part of two-way communications.
Never
You must obtain permission from NASA before retransmitting space shuttle communications.
Turn down the music!
This frequency is in a novice segment. All operators are limited to 200 watts PEP.
The amateur limit of 1500 watts may be used.
Maximum power on 30 meters is 200 Watts PEP output.
This frequency is in a novice segment. All operators are limited to 200 watts PEP.
The amateur limit of 1500 watts may be used.
External amplifiers may require type acceptance if they are capable of operation below 144 MHz (2-Meters).
One!
To keep the external amplifiers from being driven by 5 watt CB radios, the input power requirement is 50 watts.
The external amplifiers can be switched to all amateur bands below 24 MHz.
The lower the frequency of operation, the lower the baud rate that is allowed.  300 bauds is permitted below 10-meters.
The baud rate permitted (300 baud) is the same as packet. See question 42.
One may prepare a test for five WPM, Element 1A only.
One may prepare tests for Novice and Technician, Elements 2 and 3A only.
One may administer tests for Novice and Technician, Elements 1A, 2 and 3A only.
Element 1A is the code test and Element 2 is the written exam for Novice.
Elements 2 and 3A are required.  No code test (Element 1A) is required.
Elements 1A, 2 and 3A are required.
Three VEC-accredited VEs must be present for exams of any license class.
One must have a General class or higher license and be VEC-accreditation to give Novice license exams.
This is in the CW & RTTY part of 20-meters. Use your call sign followed by /AG for ID.
Use your call sign followed by "Temporary AG".
Use your call sign followed by "Temporary (/) AG" when using  your new frequency privileges.
Varies by band - Upper on 20-Meters
Varies by band - Lower on 80-Meters
The "General portion" of the 80-Meter CW & RTTY band is used.
The "General portion" of the 20-Meter CW & RTTY band is used.
Baudot is a 5 bit code and does not have upper and lower case letters.
ASCII is a seven bit code with upper and lower case letters.
170 Hz
There are two modes, A & B.
.1 MHz
"V"oice "O"perated "X"mit is automatic transmitter keying by a circuit that is voice activated.
The ability to receive while transmitting (between letters etc.) without using a manual TR switch is called full break-in.
Good amateur practice requires you to change to a slightly different frequency.
As a courtesy, change your frequency a little bit. You are not required to move, but moving 2 is easier than 20.
Since some bands are shared with non-amateur services, it is best just to move your contact.
Since you do not know what bandwidth receivers are currently being used by the contact in progress, allow 500 Hz.
SSB signals are supposed to be 2.7 kHz wide. This corresponds to an audio passband of 300 to 3000 Hz.
If the shift is 170 Hz, then the receive bandwidth (and spacing) must be somewhat greater.
A map that shows the direction to point your antenna and it is most useful if centered at your QTH.
An azimuthal map is used to determine the proper beam heading. It is usually centered on your QTH.
The opposite direction, ie. 180°
A band plan is a guideline for operating frequencies for various modes like RTTY.
All US states are in region 2.
A station in distress may use any available means of communication.
Disruption of normal communications invites Amateur Radio help.
The FCC may declare a communications emergency.
The FCC may declare special conditions and rules to be observed during the emergency.
There are no limitations during an emergency.
Any frequency
Acknowledge the station in distress and provide assistance!
RACES stations participate in drills to practice operations for the civil defense organization.
Signal reports and "How do you do?" may be transmitted to amateur stations in foreign countries.
The Amateur Auxiliary are volunteers who monitor the airwaves.
The Amateur Auxiliary monitors the air-waves to encourage self-regulation and  compliance with the rules.
Try a higher frequency band.
Disrupts lower frequency HF signals
It takes eight minutes at the speed of light, for the increased radiation to  arrive.
The solar flux is the radio energy emitted by the sun.
The solar-flux index is a measurement of solar activity that is taken daily at a specific frequency (2800 MHz).
A geomagnetic disturbance is a dramatic change in the earth's magnetic field in a short period of time.
The higher latitudes, greater than 45°, are the most sensitive.
Degraded HF propagation
Solar activity influences radio communication.
Electromagnetic (like UV) and particle emissions from the sun influence radio propagation.
Frequencies up to 40 MHz (all HF bands) or higher, are usable for long-distance communications.
Next below - 15 meters
Next below - 20 meters
Next moon cycle - about 28 days
Listen for the 10 meter beacons in Europe.
If the radio waves enter the ionosphere at an angle lower than the critical angle, they are refracted (bent) back to the Earth.
Beacons tend to be in the lower part of the bands. To convert Meters to Frequency, use: F (MHz) = 300/W. W is wavelength in meters.
Frequencies above 20 MHz are less available than during periods of high solar activity.
20-meters is usually "open" throughout the entire solar (sun spot) cycle.
Gray-line propagation is propagation in the area that is between darkness and light on the Earth's surface. It is very efficient.
The F2 layer is the highest region and it supports the longest propagation.
There are three major layers of interest: D, E and F. The E region is in the middle and supports middle distance - 1200 miles.
The average height of maximum ionization of the E region is 70 miles.
The Sun both heats the Earth and energizes  the ionosphere. So when it is hottest, noon in the summer, the F2 layer is maximum.
The F2 layer is the highest region and it supports the longest propagation.
Signals arriving at the ionosphere below the critical angle will be refracted (bent) back toward the Earth.
When the D-region becomes ionized during the daytime, the lower HF frequency signals are absorbed by the D-region.
HF scatter signals tend to be weak and have a wavering sound.
Signals arrive by several paths and suffer "multipath" interference and distortion.
The signal is "scattered" and only a small amount of the signal arrives at the receiver.
Some form of scatter propagation allows reception in the "skip zone".
When transmitting on a frequency above the MUF, forward scatter will deliver a little signal to a distant receiver.
Signals arrive by several paths and suffer "multipath" interference and distortion.
Two audio frequency sine waves, that are non-harmonically related, are fed into the microphone input on a SSB trans- mitter.
Two non-harmonic tones are fed into the microphone input on a SSB transmitter and the output is observed on an oscilloscope.
Two audio frequency sine waves, that are non-harmonically related, are fed into the microphone input on a SSB trans- mitter.
A linear amplifier's linearity can be tested by performing a two-tone test  using an oscilloscope.
A solid-state TR (Transmit - Receive) switch might produce some harmonics and a low-pass filter should follow it.
An electronic TR (Transmit - Receive) switch should last longer and will be faster than a mechanical (relay type) TR switch.
As the plate circuit is tuned, in a tube power amplifier, proper neutralization is indicated by a minimum change in grid current.
Proper neutralization helps to prevent oscillations in some tube amplifiers.
Oscillation is created (caused) by positive feedback. Negative feedback is used to "neutralize" the positive feedback.
Oscillation is created (caused) by positive feedback. Negative feedback is used to "neutralize" the positive feedback.
Proper neutralization helps to prevent oscillations in amplifier stages.
An oscilloscope has horizontal and vertical amplifier circuits.  The horizontal amplifier is usually driven by the sweep oscillator.
Trace a signal in a receiver, etc.
An antenna noise bridge is used to measure impedance.
An antenna noise bridge is used to measure impedance.
Of the listed items, a monitoring oscilloscope would be best.
A SMALL PART of the RF output of the transmitter is fed into the monitoring oscilloscope.
A field-strength meter is used to monitor relative RF output.
A field-strength meter is used to monitor relative RF output.
A field-strength meter is used to monitor relative RF output.
An increase in output power causes an increase in the S-meter reading.  One "S" unit is about a 4 times increase.
One "S" unit is about a 4 times increase.
RF bypass capacitors will help to eliminate interference.
Ask the telephone company to install RFI filters.
Without proper demodulation, SSB sounds garbled.
A clicking sound that follows the CW keying will be heard.
All station equipment should be properly grounded to prevent shocks and burns and also for this other problem.
Ground wire is too long and acts like an inductor. Problem is most noticeable with a random-wire antenna.  See question 269.
Unless your uncle owns a bank, reducing costs is important. For some antennas, a good ground is required. See question 148.
Use a short, large diameter ground wire and connect it to a good ground.  See question 148.
Ground everything!
If a ground wire is too long, it will act like an inductor (or a part of the antenna system) and not a ground. See question 148.
ANSI covers RF exposure.
Intelligibility is improved under poor conditions.
A speech processor will increase distortion. It can not increase output beyond 100%.
To calculate power the RMS (.707) value is used.
Divide the peak-to-peak voltage by two to get the peak voltage.  V (rms) = .707 X 100 = 70.7 Vrms.       P = Vrms²/Rl = (70.7 X 70.7)/50 = 100 watts.
Divide the peak-to-peak by two to get peak voltage.  V = .707 X 250 = 176.8 Vrms.   P = Vrms²/Rl = (177 X 177)/50 = 625 watts.
If a carrier is unmodulated, the PEP power and the average power is the same.
The hot wires (red and black) are fused.
14 gauge
The smaller the size number - the bigger the wire diameter. Use 12 gauge wire.
Should match the wire's current capacity - 20 Amps.
Should match the wire's current capacity - 15 Amps.
Cooks it - like in a microwave oven.
Indoors or not, antennas should be located away from people and power lines.
Some questions have several correct answers. What if there is no transmitter involved, like TVRO?
Indoors or not, antennas should be located away from people and power lines.
Use a fence to reduce the possibility of persons being harmed by RF energy during transmissions.
Turn off the transmitter to avoid RF burns.
Antennas should be located away from people and power lines.
How do you un-power your junk box?
Mount antennas high to protect any people. Also, a large building might absorb or reflect a part of your signal.
The RF voltage is highest at the ends of a proper length dipole. Also, a dipole needs to be ½ wavelength above the ground.
Critical angle is related to radios waves entering the ionosphere.
Impedance is the opposition to the flow of AC in a circuit.
Reactance is the opposition to AC caused by inductors and capacitors.
Reactance is the opposition to AC caused by inductors and capacitors.
Reactance is the opposition to AC caused by inductors and capacitors.
As the signal frequency increases, the reactance increases.
Reactance varies inversely with frequency.
When the impedance of the load is matched to the impedance of the source, maximum power is delivered.
Maximum power is delivered in a "matched" condition.
When the impedance of the load is matched to the impedance of the source, maximum power is delivered.
All components of impedance are measured in ohms.
All components of impedance are measured in ohms.
dB = 10 LOG (P2/P1) 10 LOG (2) = +3 dB
P2/P1 = 10(dB/10) = 10(-3/10) = .5 Cut the power in half.
P2/P1 = 10(dB/10) = 10(6/10) = 4
10 dB is ten times.  S9 + 10 dB less 10 dB is S9.
20 dB is 100 times.  S9 + 20 dB less 20 dB is S9.
Since the two resistors are equal, the current will divide equally into ½ amp. per resistor.
The total current is the sum of the branch currents.
You can find the current and use P = E X I. Or, use P = E²/R = 400²/800 = 160000/800 = 200 watts.
P = E X I = 12 X .2 = 2.4 watts
P = I² X R = .007² X 1250 watts. P = .000049 X 1250 = .061 watts.
The voltage ratio is equal to the turns  ratio. Turns ratio = Sec turns/Pri turns V (sec) = 120*(500/2250) = 26.7 volts
The turns ratio of a transformer, is equal to the square root of the impedance ratio. TR = √(600/4) = √(150) = 12.2
The impedance ratio of a transformer is equal to the square of the turns ratio. Z (spkr) = 2000/24² = 2000/576 = 3.5 Ω.
The RMS value of an AC voltage, produces the same heating effect as a DC voltage.
Peak voltage is 1.414 times the RMS voltage. Peak-to-peak is double the peak voltage.   V(peak-to-peak) = 2 X 1.414 X 120 = 339.4 V.
Vrms = .707 X Vpeak = .707 X 17 = 12 volts.
When a carbon resistor's temperature is in- creased, the resistance will vary.  Its temperature coefficient tells how it changes.
Electrolytic capacitors have large capacitance values and work well in power supplies.
A filter suppresses (reduces) something.  A suppressor capacitor suppresses the spikes.
The primary of a transformer, is the input and the secondary is the output.
Magnetizing current continues to flow when no load is connected to the secondary winding.
Inverse voltage is the voltage drop across a rectifier in the reverse (non-conducting) direction.
The most important rating is the peak inverse voltage. If it is exceeded, the diode will break down immediately.
Protect the diodes. This does not apply to a simple low-voltage power supply.
The output frequency is twice the input frequency.
Full wave (full circle) is 360°. Half-wave is 180°
Full wave is 360° ie. full circle.
A bleeder resistor provides a minimum load and discharges the filter capacitors when the power supply is turned off.
A bleeder resistor is usually connected across the output filter capacitor.
Capacitors will be found in all power supplies. Inductors will be found in some power supplies.
Use double on these questions.
Use double on these questions.
Any device connected to a transmission line, not just a filter, should have an impedance about the same as the line impedance.
In one type of SSB exciter, a filter is used to "convert" the DSB signal to a SSB signal.
A balanced modulator produces a DSB signal. The DSB signal is then passed through a filter, which removes one of the sidebands.
It "mixes" the two signals.
Called a detector from days of old.
First time I've heard an amplifier called a processor...
"Amplitude" is amplitude.
If "Amplitude" is amplitude, then...
If "Amplitude" is amplitude, then...
You might get SOME phase modulation! A low level stage is usually used.
"Amplitude" is amplitude. See question 225 etc.
"When it's spring time in Alaska, it's forty below."
Carrier can be re-inserted in the receiver. The sidebands carry the "intelligence" (if any).
SSB
Anytime a transmitter is overmodulated, distortion will occur! The bandwidth of the signal also increases.
If you have an ALC meter, adjust for a slight movement.  Otherwise, adjust as directed in the owner's manual.
Flattopping is a form of distortion.
A cook will tell you what combine means.
When a mixer circuit is used in a receiver, there will be two new signals produced.  The undesired signal is the called the image.
A mixer stage could combine a signal of 5.3 MHz with a 9.0 MHz signal and produce an output of 14.3 MHz.
A harmonic is a "multiple" of a signal. A multiplier circuit puts out a signal 2 (3 etc.) times the input signal frequency.
The bandwidth of an FM phone signal is too wide for use below 29.5 MHz.
The deviation is ± 5-kHz, a total of 10 kHz. The required bandwidth is somewhat greater. BW = 2*(D + M) = 2*(5000+3000) = 16,000 Hz
First find how many times the 12.21 MHz is multiplied to get 146.52. M = 146.52/12.21, M = 12.  = 5000/M = 5000/12 = 416.7 Hz.
Greater keying speeds require greater frequency shifts and greater bandwidths.
The basic signals (not necessary the type of modulation) are digital (on/off) signals.
The transmitter is on all the time and that corresponds to a 100% duty cycle.
AMTOR operations are in the lower (bottom) RTTY area.
Use larger diameter elements.
Driven element is similar to a dipole.  Use L = 468/F = 468/14 = 33.4 feet
It is 5% shorter than driven element. L = .95 X 468/21.1 = 21.1 feet.  See question 248.
It is 5% longer than driven element L = 1.05 X 468/28.1 = 17.5 feet
The director is shortest element.
If the added directors are of the correct length and are properly spaced, the gain will be increased.
A wide spaced Yagi has high gain, less critical tuning and a wider bandwidth. It is bigger than a YAGI with close spacing.
A Yagi has increased gain reduces side and rear interference compared to a dipole.
Front-to-back ratio is the power radiated in the major(forward) lobe compared to the power radiated in the opposite direction.
The main lobe (of any antenna) is the direction of maximum power radiation.
To get good results from a Yagi, use the correct dimensions (for lengths and spacing) and mount it at least ½ wave-length above ground.
Total wire length is 1005/F (in MHz). Each side has ¼th of total length.  L = .25 X 1005/21.4 = 11.7 feet.
Total wire length is 1005/F (in MHz). Each side has ¼th of total length.  L = .25 X 1005/14.3 = 17.6 feet.
Reflector length is 1030/F (in MHz). Each side has ¼th of total length. L = .25 X 1030/29.6 = 8.70 feet.
Total wire length is 1005/F (in MHz). Each side has 1/3rd of total length. L = .333 X 1005/28.7 = 11.7 feet.
Total wire length is 1005/F (in MHz). Each side has 1/3rd of total length. L = .333 X 1005/24.9 = 13.5 feet.
Reflector length is 1030/F (in MHz). Each side has 1/3rd of total length. L = .333 X 1030/14.1 = 24.3 feet.
Being three dimensional, they have about the same gain as a three-element Yagi.
Like a Yagi, quads have more directivity in both horizontal and vertical planes than a dipole.
It will change the antenna polarization from horizontal to vertical.
Front-to-back ratio is the power radiated in the major(forward) lobe compared to the power radiated in the opposite direction.
The main lobe (of any antenna) is the direction of maximum power radiation.
A random-wire antenna requires a GOOD ground. See question 148.
A random-wire antenna will work on any frequency.
Without a good ground, you may experience lots of RF (question 148) in your station. Also, an antenna tuner is usually required.
A ground-plane antenna with downward sloping radials, has an impedance of about 50Ω.
It increases the feed-point impedance closer to 50 ohms.
The radiation pattern is a figure-eight (8) off of the sides, ie at right angles to the antenna.
If the antenna is less than ½ wavelength high, reflected RF waves from the ground will significantly distort the pattern.
It will become a Yagi and a major lobe will develop in the horizontal plane, toward the parasitic element(looking from the dipole).
It will become a Yagi and a major lobe will develop in the horizontal plane, toward the dipole (looking from the new element).
The radial wires should be placed at base of the antenna, ie along (or under) the ground.
These type of questions are always answered with safety as the main consideration.
The characteristic impedance is set by the  distance between the centers and the radius of the conductors and dielectric constant.
50 Ω cable is most commonly used. 75 Ω cable is used for video and cable TV.
300 ohm
If the feed-point impedance of the antenna does not "match" the feed-line impedance, a portion of the RF energy will be reflected.
The antenna feed-point impedance must be matched to the characteristic impedance  of the feed line.
Answer C is given as the correct answer. However, the matching network would not be located "between the two".
Attenuation increases at higher frequencies.
dB per 100 feet
The SWR is found by dividing the larger impedance by the smaller impedance.  The second number is always 1.  SWR = 200/50 (4/1)  SWR = 4:1
The SWR is found by dividing the larger impedance by the smaller impedance.  The second number is always 1.   SWR = 50/10 (5/1)  SWR = 5:1
When the feed-point impedance is the same as the feed line impedance (matched), the SWR is 1:1 (1 to 1). SWR = 50/50 (1/1) = 1:1