Vectronix 2/VECTRONIX2.iso/FILES_07/LDWPWR20.ZIP/LDWPOWER.DOC

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LDW POWER

SPREADSHEET

For the Atari ST and MEGA

User's Manual

Logical Design Works, Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction to LDW POWER

 What is the LDW POWER Spreadsheet? ................................ 5

 About This Manual ................................................. 5

 Setting Things Up ................................................. 6

 Tour of the LDW POWER Screen ...................................... 6

 The Control Panel ................................................. 8
 The Menu Bar .................................................... 8
 Selecting Menu Items ............................................ 9
 Buttons and Indicators .......................................... 9
 Status Line ..................................................... 13
 Input Line ...................................................... 13

 Moving Around the Worksheet ....................................... 14
 Scroll Bars ..................................................... 14
 SCRL Button [Undo key equivalent] ............................... 14
 END Button [Shift + Home] ....................................... 14
 HOME Icon [Home key equivalent] ................................. 15
 END + HOME Sequence ............................................. 15
 Moving with the Mouse ........................................... 15
 The Keyboard .................................................... 15

 Range Basics ...................................................... 16
 Selecting a Range ............................................... 16

 Entering and Editing Cell Contents ................................ 18
 Making Cell Entries ............................................. 19
 Editing Cell Entries ............................................ 25

 Cell Formats ...................................................... 26
 Fixed Format .................................................... 26
 Scientific Format ............................................... 26
 Currency Format ................................................. 26
 Comma (,) Format ................................................ 27
 General Format .................................................. 27
 +/- Format ...................................................... 27
 Percent Format .................................................. 27
 Date Format ..................................................... 27
 Text Format ..................................................... 28
 Hidden Format ................................................... 28

Commands

 Worksheet Menu .................................................... 29
 Worksheet Global ................................................ 29
 Worksheet Insert ................................................ 37
 Worksheet Delete ................................................ 38
 Worksheet Column ................................................ 38
 Worksheet Erase ................................................. 39
 Worksheet Titles ................................................ 39
 Worksheet Window ................................................ 40
 Worksheet Status ................................................ 40
 Worksheet Page .................................................. 41

 Range Menu ........................................................ 41
 Range Format .................................................... 41
 Range Style ..................................................... 42
 Range Layout .................................................... 42
 Range Erase ..................................................... 42
 Range Name ...................................................... 42
 Range Justify ................................................... 44
 Range Protect ................................................... 44
 Range Unprotect ................................................. 44
 Range Input ..................................................... 45
 Range Value ..................................................... 45
 Range Transpose ................................................. 45

 Copying and Moving Entries ........................................ 46
 Copy ............................................................ 46
 Move ............................................................ 47

 File Management ................................................... 48
 File Selector Box ............................................... 48
 File Retrieve ................................................... 49
 Automatic-Load Worksheet ........................................ 49
 File Save ....................................................... 49
 File Password ................................................... 51
 File Combine .................................................... 51
 File eXtract .................................................... 53
 File Erase ...................................................... 54
 File List ....................................................... 54
 File Import ..................................................... 55
 File Directory .................................................. 56

 Print Menu ........................................................ 56
 Print Range ..................................................... 56
 Print Line ...................................................... 57
 Print Page ...................................................... 57
 Print Options ................................................... 57
 Print Clear ..................................................... 61
 Print Align ..................................................... 61
 Print Go ........................................................ 62
 Print Quit ...................................................... 62
 Print File ...................................................... 62

 Graphs ............................................................ 62
 Graph Type ...................................................... 63
 Ranges .......................................................... 64
 Graph Reset ..................................................... 65
 Graph View ...................................................... 65
 Graph Save ...................................................... 65
 Graph Options ................................................... 66
 Graph Name ...................................................... 69

 Database Management ............................................... 70
 The Basics ...................................................... 70
 Data Query ...................................................... 71
 Data Fill ....................................................... 76
 Data Table ...................................................... 76
 Data Sort ....................................................... 78
 Data Distribution ............................................... 79
 Data Parse ...................................................... 80
 Database Statistical Functions .................................. 82
 Summary Notes ................................................... 83

 Macros ............................................................ 84
 Creating a Macro ................................................ 84
 Naming Macros ................................................... 86
 Running Macros .................................................. 86
 Stopping Macros ................................................. 86
 The Step Mode ................................................... 87
 Errors in Macros ................................................ 87
 Interactive Macros .............................................. 87
 /X Commands ..................................................... 88
 Saving and Retrieving Macros .................................... 91
 Additional Notes on Macros ...................................... 92

 Exiting LDW POWER ................................................. 92

Functions

 The Form of Functions ............................................. 93

 Summary of Functions .............................................. 93
 Mathematical Functions .......................................... 94
 String Functions ................................................ 94
 Logical Functions ............................................... 95
 Special Functions ............................................... 95
 Financial Functions ............................................. 95
 Date and Time Functions ......................................... 96
 Statistical Functions ........................................... 96

 Alphabetical Function Reference ................................... 96

Appendixes

 Exchanging Files Between LDW POWER and 1-2-3 ...................... 109

 Sideways Printing ................................................. 110

 Error Messages .................................................... 111

 LDW POWER Special Keys ............................................ 116

 Glossary .......................................................... 118



 INTRODUCTION TO LDW POWER

 WHAT IS THE LDW POWER SPREADSHEET?

By purchasing the LDW POWER Spreadsheet, you have chosen one of the most
powerful and versatile spreadsheet packages available for the Atari ST line
of computers. Integrating the power of a full featured spreadsheet,
sophisticated graphing capabilities, and a convenient data management
system, LDW POWER will certainly prove to be a outstanding formidable tool
in your software collection. Some of its outstanding features include:


 . a worksheet size of 256 columns by 8192 rows
 . close to 300 commands
 . over 80 functions
 . 18 different display formats
 . simultaneous operation of up to four worksheet windows
 . graphing capabilities which allow you to create different styles of
   graphs directly from the data in your worksheet
 . a user-friendly GEM oriented environment with mouse interface and
   convenient pull-down menus
 . a unique Macro Recorder tool which allows you to record actual
   keystrokes in creating macros
 . a unique NOTE feature which allows you to write a brief memo for each
   cell in the worksheet
 . a convenient data management system for organizing worksheet data
 . impressive speed in the recalculation and display of data
 . a unique user interface which allows you to use both cursor keys and
   the mouse in selecting commands
 . a Lotus 1-2-3 compatible environment which allows you to transfer  files
   back and forth between 1-2-3 and LDW POWER
 . ability to work with GDOS, Metafiles, and laser printers

Whether you are an experienced user of electronic spreadsheets or a novice,
you will find the LDW POWER Spreadsheet an efficient application for
working with all kinds of data. If you are an experienced user, you will
appreciate its close compatibility with Lotus 1-2-3, its many and varied
commands, functions, and options, and its impressive speed. If you are a
novice to electronic spreadsheets, you will appreciate the user-friendly
GEM environment, the easy to read drop-down menus, and the convenient help
feature.

ABOUT THIS MANUAL

This manual manual is divided into four main parts. The first part explains
the basics of the LDW POWER Spreadsheet, describing the LDW POWER screen
and the basics of the worksheet itself. The second part deals with the
worksheet in more detail, explaining how to move around in the worksheet
and how to make and format entries. The Third part defines and gives
examples of each and every command and function which can be used in the
LDW POWER Spreadsheet. The fourth part is composed of appendices which list
helpful information for easy reference.

If you are an experienced user of electronic spreadsheets, you might want
to skip parts one and two and use parts three and four as reference guides.
The descriptions of the spreadsheet commands are arranged in the order that
they appear in the worksheet menu bar.

If you are a novice user of electronic spreadsheets or a novice to the
Atari ST GEM environment, you should read parts one and two especially
carefully along with parts three and four.

SETTING THINGS UP

The first thing you'll want to do in getting started with your LDW POWER
Spreadsheet is to make back up copies of both program diskettes in order to
safeguard against any mishaps which may occur with the originals. We
strongly recommend that you use your back up copies as the working
diskettes and place the originals in a safe place. Since the LDW POWER
Spreadsheet diskettes are not copy protected, you will have no problem in
making back up copies.

If you have only one disk drive, you should first copy the LDW.HLP file
onto your work disk (with your worksheet files) and then load the LDW
spreadsheet from the program disk. While you are using the spreadsheet, you
can use the work disk to save worksheets and to access the help feature.

To copy the LDW POWER Spreadsheet program onto your hard disk, you simply
need to copy the files LDWPOWER.PRG and LDW.HLP over to your hard disk.
Both files should be copied to the same directory. There is no need to
install the LDW POWER Spreadsheet. Consult your user's manual for your hard
disk for instructions on how to copy.

The LDW POWER Spreadsheet program will run on the Atari 520 and 1040 ST and
MEGA ST on both monochrome and color monitors. LDW POWER can support all
printers that work with the Atari 520/1040 ST and MEGA ST. It may be
necessary to use certain control codes with your printer in order to create
special printing effects. Consult the user's manual for your printer for
details.

To load the LDW POWER Spreadsheet program, place the LDW POWER diskette in
your disk drive and turn on your computer system. When the file window
appears, double click on LDWPOWER.PRG. Your computer will load the LDW
POWER Spreadsheet program.

TOUR OF THE LDW POWER SCREEN

When you first load the LDW POWER Spreadsheet, the main screen will appear.
This screen is the principle medium by which you will manipulate data in
your worksheet and consists of two main parts: the control panel and the
worksheet window.

The control panel occupies the upper portion of the screen directly above
the worksheet window. The control panel is made up of four parts: the menu
bar, the row of buttons rand indicators, the status line, and the input
line.

The menu bar at the top of your screen is composed of nine drop-down menus
which contain the commands which help make your spreadsheet such a powerful
tool. These menus include: Worksheet, Range, Copy-Move, File, Print, Graph,
Data, Macro, Quit. Each of these menus will be explained in detail in the
Commands section of this manual.

The row of buttons and indicators is located directly under the menu bar.
They are used to select certain worksheet features or to indicate certain
conditions. The eight buttons on the left side of the screen can be
selected with the mouse. These buttons include: CMD, MODE, OK, CALC, SCRL,
END, NOTE, and HELP. The five indicators on the right of the screen are
initially hidden from view and appear only when a certain condition is
invoked. As their name implies, they are indicators only and cannot be
selected. These indicators include: STEP, OVR, MREC/PLAY, PROT, and CIRC.
These buttons and indicators will be explained in detail in the Control
Panel chapter.

Directly under the row of buttons and indicators is the status line. The
status line displays information pertaining to cells in the worksheet (see
explanation of cell in description of the worksheet window). This
information includes the cell location coordinates and a listing of the
contents of the selected cell. It will also list any format or style
changes made to the cell, the width of the cell, if it has been changed
from the global width, and the actual cell contents (label, number, or
formula) that has been entered into the cell.

The input line is identified by the (>) symbol and is used for entering and
editing cell entries and entering cell locations. A small tick mark on the
input line indicates the width of the selected cell. this mark appears only
when you are entering or editing cell contents.

The remaining portion of the screen consists of the worksheet window (a
standard GEM window). The top line of the worksheet window is the title
bar, which will display the name of the current worksheet. Near the upper
left corner of the window is the home box. When the home box is selected,
the cell pointer will automatically be returned to the cell addressed A1
(the first cell in the worksheet). For more information as to how to
manipulate the worksheet window, (such as scrolling or resizing the window)
refer to your Atari ST owner's manual.

The worksheet you will use in the LDW POWER Spreadsheet program is much
like the columnar pad used by accountants. The accountant's worksheet is a
large table, with grids, on which you can enter information, store data,
perform calculations, and much more. The worksheet in LDW POWER is an
electronic worksheet which stores the information in the computer's memory
and is equipped with commands and information in the worksheet.

The worksheet in LDW POWER is 256 columns wide and 8192 rows deep. The
portion of the worksheet shown on the screen at any time is, therefore, a
very small part of the full worksheet. Each row is represented, in
ascending order, by a number (from 1 up to 8192), and each column is
represented, in alphabetical order, by a letter or pair of letters (from A
up to IV). The rectangle formed by the intersection of a row and a column
is called a cell, and is identified by the letter of the intersecting
column paired with the number of the intersecting row. For example, the
cell formed from the intersection of column E and row 9 has the cell
address: E9.

The cell is the most fundamental part of the worksheet, for it is where you
enter your information. Each cell can hold a single piece of information
(an entry) which can be a value, label, or formula. A value is a numeric or
quantitative entry. A label is usually a text entry used as a description
of other cells. A formula is usually an entry which refers to other cells
to arrive at an end result.

Cell entries can be formatted in several different styles. This formatting
is done by formatting the actual cell in which the entry is made. The
formatting commands are located within the menu bar. The following are a
few examples of cell formats. They are by no means the only formats
available in LDW POWER. For a complete listing of available formats, see
the chapter on Cell Formats.

An entry can be aligned to the left or right of the cell, or it can be
centered.

A value can be displayed in fixed point format, in scientific notation, in
monetary format, or in a percent format.

An entry can be displayed in plain style, in bold style, in underline
style, or in bold and underline style.

The cell which you are working with at any specific time will be
highlighted (shaded black) to indicate that it is the current or active
cell. This highlighting is referred to as the cell pointer, because it
indicates which cell is active. When a cell is active, it is "open" for you
to enter data into it or to edit the data already in the cell.

THE CONTROL PANEL

The control panel consists of the portion of the screen above the worksheet
window. As the name implies, this area is used to control various aspects
of the actual worksheet. From the control panel, you may select commands,
enter and edit data, and receive information regarding various aspects of
your worksheet. The control panel is made up of four different parts: the
menu bar, the row of buttons and indicators, the status line, and the input
line.

The Menu Bar

The menu bar is located at the top of the screen and contains nine
drop-down menus which hold the commands you can use in your spreadsheet.
These menus include: Worksheet, Range, Copy-Move, File, Print, Graph, Data,
Macro, and Quit.

The Worksheet menu contains commands which are used to manipulate the
worksheet as a whole. For example, these commands may be used to insert
rows or columns, format the entire worksheet, erase the entire worksheet,
or open another worksheet window.

The Range menu offers commands which manipulate only specific rectangular
blocks (cell ranges) within the worksheet. Once you have specified a range
of cells (see Worksheet Window chapter), you can use these commands to
format, erase, or assign a name to that range.

The Copy-Move menu contains commands which are used to either copy or move
specific cell ranges to different areas of the worksheet.

The File menu holds commands which work with worksheet files. From these
commands, you can choose to retrieve or save files, manipulate and exchange
parts of different worksheets among different files, or erase saved files.

The Print menu contains commands that prepare your worksheet for printing.
These commands allow you to ready a worksheet or part of a worksheet for
printing to the printer or to the file.


The Graph menu offers a list of commands which allow you to create graphs
from the data entered in your worksheet. From these commands, you can
choose what type of graph to create, what data to use from the worksheet,
and what customized features to add to the graph.

The Data menu contains commands used in creating a data management system
for the data in the worksheet. These commands allow you to create data
tables for complex data analysis, search through your worksheet for data
meeting specific requirements, or sort your data in a more organized
manner.

The Macro menu offers commands which allow you to create macros within your
worksheet. Macros can be thought of as miniature computer programs which
allow you to perform several operations automatically within the worksheet.
 You can use the macro commands to "record" actual keystrokes and execute
those operations automatically.

The Quit menu allows you to quit the LDW POWER Spreadsheet program and
return to the operating system of the computer.

Selecting Menu Items

Commands can be accessed by use of the mouse or the keyboard. When you move
the mouse to the desired menu, the menu will automatically drop down
revealing a list of submenus. These submenus can then be opened by
selecting the submenu and clicking the left mouse button once. Menus can
also be selected by pressing the slash (/) key or clicking on its
equivalent, the CMD button. When the slash (/) key is pressed or the CMD
button is selected with the mouse, the control panel will change and will
display the "Lotus style" command menu on one line and descriptions of the
selected menu items on the line below it. You may select a menu item by
typing the first capitalized letter of the desired item or by moving the
menu pointer to the appropriate item with the cursor keys and pressing
Return. Since submenus can vary in size, this "nested" arrangement of
commands can be quite extensive. You can cancel a selected command or
return to the previous menu level by pressing the Esc key or by selecting
the ESC button at the left side of the menu. Once a command has been
executed, or you leave the menu bar, the control panel will return to its
original state.

A unique feature of the LDW POWER user interface is the fact that the
keyboard and the mouse can be used interchangeably to select menus. Whether
you use the mouse, slash (/) key, or CMD button to access the menu bar, you
can select submenus and commands using the mouse or keyboard or both. For
example, if you access the Worksheet menu with the mouse and select on the
Global submenu, the submenu for Global will be displayed on the control
panel. You can select choices from this submenu by using the mouse or by
using the keyboard cursor keys or by typing in the first capitalized letter
of the desired submenu choice.

Buttons and Indicators

The buttons and indicators are located directly below the menu bar. The
buttons allow you to manipulate certain features of your worksheet, while
the indicators inform you of certain conditions in the worksheet. The eight
buttons on the left side of the screen can be selected with the mouse. The
five indicators on the right side of the screen are hidden and only appear
when certain conditions exist. The indicators cannot be selected.

BUTTONS

The eight buttons include: CMD, mode, OK, CALC, SCRL, END, NOTE, and HELP.

CMD [slash (/) key equivalent]: As mentioned previously in the menu bar
description, the CMD button is used to access the menu bar.

Mode: The mode button is used to indicate the present mode of operation in
the worksheet. At any given time, the worksheet may switch between
different modes of operation: the READY mode, the EDIT mode, and the POINT
mode. It is set to default for the READY mode. When the button shows READY,
data can be entered into cells in the worksheet. In essence, the worksheet
is ready to accept data or commands.

When the button shows EDIT, the worksheet is in EDIT mode, which allows you
to edit the contents of the selected cell. In EDIT mode, the contents of
the selected cell will appear on the input line, and a prompt will be
positioned at the end of the entry. You may make any changes t the entry,
simply by positioning the prompt within the entry and typing the desired
characters. After you have made the desired changes, press the Return key
or click on the OK button on the control panel.

Whenever you select a cell or cell range (using the mouse), in response to
a command prompt, the POINT mode will be enabled. When the button displays
POINT, LDW POWER is indicating that you are pointing out a cell or cell
range. Perhaps the most valuable advantage that the POINT mode offers is
the convenience it provides in entering ranges for formulas and functions.
Instead of having to type in range coordinates for the given operation, you
can simply use the mouse to point out the range. Once you have selected the
cell or cell range and press Return or select the OK button, the mode
button will show READY again.

As well as serving as a mode indicator for the entire worksheet, the mode
button is also used to identify the mode of an active cell. When you first
begin to enter data into a cell, the mode button will display either VALUE
or LABEL depending on the type of entry that is being made. In EDIT mode,
you can determine what type of data you're editing by clicking on the EDIT
button. The button will change to LABEL or VALUE depending on the nature of
the entry being edited. Once the cell entry is confirmed, the button will
return to the READY position.

OK [Return key equivalent]: The OK button is used to confirm a cell entry
or a cell range (in the exact same way the Return key is used). When you
make a cell entry, and are satisfied with the contents, you can confirm
that entry by clicking on the right mouse button, pressing the Return or
arrow key, or clicking on the OK button. You may also confirm a cell range
with the OK button by clicking on it after selecting your range. When you
are using a command, and a cell range is required, the OK button will be
highlighted, indicating that the selected range needs to be confirmed.

CALC [F9 key equivalent]: The usefulness of the CALC button can only be
appreciated after you understand the workings of formulas and functions.
Formulas and functions operate in the worksheet by using the contents of
other cells as their arguments. In other words, they refer to other cells
to obtain the values or strings needed to return a result. Therefore, when
any of those cells are altered or when any new entries are made, the
formulas and functions may be affected. In the automatic recalculation mode
(the default mode), all relevant formulas or functions are recalculated.

The CALC button is used mainly when the worksheet is in manual
recalculation mode. When selected, it recalculates all formulas and
functions in the worksheet that may be affected by any cell changes.
Selecting the CALC button will ensure that the results from all your
formulas will reflect the most recent values on the worksheet.

The CALC button can also come in handy for solving "quick" formulas or
functions on the input line (sort of like a mini calculator). When you just
want to figure out some equation without disturbing the worksheet, simply
type in the equation or function and click on the CALC button (DO NOT press
the Return key). The result will appear on the input line only and will not
show up in the worksheet. To erase the result from the input line, press
the Esc key. The worksheet will be placed back into the READY mode and will
be ready for normal operations.

Here's an example:Suppose you want to add the values contained in cells E1,
E2, and E3. First, enter some values in each of the three cells. When the
worksheet is in READY mode, type in a plus sign (+) followed by the address
E1. Then, type in another plus sign. Now, use the mouse to move the cell
pointer to cell E2 and click once on the left mouse button. You'll notice
that the address E2 appears on the input line (as if you had typed it in
directly). Type in another plus sign and then the address E3. Don't press
the Return key, or the formula will be entered into the worksheet at the
location of the cell pointer. Instead, click on the CALC button or press
the F9 key. The answer to the equation will appear on the input line in
place of the formula. Press the Esc key to return to the READY mode.

SCRL [Undo key equivalent]: The SCRL button is used to place the worksheet
into the scroll mode in which the worksheet window may be scrolled one row
or column at a time. When it is selected, the SCRL button will be
highlighted, and the cursor keys can be used to scroll over one column at a
time (left and right arrow keys). When the scroll mode is not enabled, the
cell pointer must be located at the edge of the worksheet window in order
to scroll the worksheet over one column or row. The scroll mode allows you
to scroll regardless of the position of the cell pointer on the worksheet.

END [Shift/Home combination equivalent]: The END button is used in
conjunction with the arrow keys to facilitate movement of the cell pointer
around the worksheet. When the END button is selected, the cell pointer
will move in the direction of the arrow key to the next boundary between a
blank cell and a cell that contains an entry. The left and right arrow keys
will move the cell pointer among boundaries within the same row, while the
up and down arrow keys will move the cell pointer among boundaries within
the same column. If the cell pointer is positioned at the last cell in
either a row or column that contains data, use of the END button/arrow key
combination will send the cell pointer to the last cell in the worksheet
for that row or column. After each move is performed, the END button will
automatically switch itself off. For each move then, you must select the
END button and an appropriate arrow key.

NOTE [F6 key equivalent]: The NOTE button allows you to write a note
regarding the selected cell. Such a note can be useful for describing or
commenting on the particular cell or cell contents. When the NOTE button is
selected, the NOTE window will appear and cover part of the control panel.
There are two lines available on which you may write your note. After
you're finished, you can elect to keep the note, delete the note, or quit
without writing a note, by selecting the KEEP, DELETE, or QUIT buttons
respectively. Whenever you position the cell pointer over that particular
cell and select the NOTE button, your note for that cell will appear.


HELP [F1 key and Help key equivalent]: The HELP button allows you to draw
upon the LDW POWER help feature. If during the operation of LDW POWER, you
are unsure of some aspect of the worksheet or command menu, you can select
the HELP button to receive on-screen assistance. When the HELP button is
selected, the HELP dialog window will appear on screen. You can then choose
the appropriate category in which you would like to receive help.

INDICATORS

The five indicators include: STEP, OVR, MREC/PLAY, PROT, and CIRC.

STEP: The STEP indicator is invoked when the worksheet is in single step
mode or macro execution. A macro, which is a recorded series of keystrokes,
is normally executed automatically with the keystrokes quickly executed one
after another. When the worksheet is in single step mode however, the macro
will only execute one keystroke at a time to allow you to view each step as
it happens. During this single-step operation, the STEP indicator will
appear to inform you that the macro being executed is indeed in single step
mode. Refer to the description of Macros for more details.

OVR: The OVR indicator appears only in the Edit mode and indicates that any
characters entered during editing will overwrite any existing characters
beneath or to the right of the edit cursor. When the OVR indicator is not
enabled during the Edit mode, any characters entered during editing are
inserted at the position of the edit cursor. To invoke the OVR indicator
while in Edit mode, press the Insert key. To disable the OVR indicator,
press the Insert key a second time.

MREC/PLAY: The MREC and PLAY indicators are macro indicators. The MREC
indicator signals that a macro is being executed. When you select Macro
from the menu bar and begin a macro recording, the MREC indicator will be
enabled. It will only be disabled when you end or abort the macro
recording. When you have defined a macro and select the Macro Play command
to execute the macro, the PLAY indicator will appear on screen during the
execution of the macro. As soon as the macro is finished, the PLAY
indicator will disappear from the screen.

PROT: The PROT indicator shows that the Global protection for the worksheet
is enabled. When the Worksheet Global Protection command is invoked, every
cell in the worksheet is restricted from accepting an entry. When you try
to make a cell entry under Global protection, an error message will appear
to inform you that the selected cell is protected.

CIRC: The CIRC indicator signals that a circular reference has been found
in the worksheet. A circular reference occurs when a cell contains formula
that either directly or indirectly refers to the cell itself. When LDW
POWER is in automatic recalculation mode, the CIRC indicator will be
highlighted immediately after a circular reference is made in a formula. In
manual recalculation mode, the CIRC indicator will not be highlighted until
you recalculate the worksheet using either the CALC button or F9 key.
 The majority of circular references are the result of an input error.
Therefore, LDW POWER provides you with an easy way to find circular
references. The Worksheet Status command will display a window which tells
you the location of an existing circular reference. By using this feature,
you can easily pinpoint the source of the error and thereby correct it.

Status Line

Directly under the buttons and indicators is the status line. It provides
useful information pertaining to the individual cells in the worksheet.

Included in this information is the cell address of the selected cell. The
cell address is always the first thing displayed on the status line and is
followed by a colon. Following the cell address there can be the cell
format, if the format is different from the global worksheet format. The
cell format is displayed in an abbreviated code which relates to the type
of formatting that has been selected. For example, if you format a cell to
have a currency format with three decimal places, the status line would
display the following format information for that cell: (C3), where the C
stands for currency and the 3 stands for three places after the decimal.
The code for numeric formatting is made up of the first letter of the
formatting command chosen for the cell (F for Fixed; C for Currency;
etc...) along with the number of decimal places chosen to follow the
decimal all enclosed in parentheses. The code for style formatting is made
up of the first letter of the style format enclosed in brackets. Following
the cell format is the contents of the cell itself. If the cell contains a
label, the label will be displayed preceded by either an apostrophe ('), a
quotation mark ("), or a caret symbol (^) to indicate that the label is
either left, right, or center justified. If the cell contains a value, the
value will be displayed without any trailing zeros after the decimal. Note
that the actual numeric value, as it was entered from the keyboard, and not
the formatted version from the cell will be displayed. If the cell contains
a formula, the actual formula itself and not the result of the formula
shown in the cell will be displayed.

Besides showing the status of the active cell, the status line can also be
used for directing the cell pointer to any cell on the worksheet. If you
click on the cell address on the status line, while in READY mode, a
message will appear on the input line: Enter cell to go to: (address). You
can type in any cell address, and the cell pointer will move to that cell
address. This feature is equivalent to the F5 key (see Moving Around the
Worksheet).

Input Line

Directly under the status line is the last part of the control panel, the
input line. The input line is marked by the (>) symbol and contains a
cursor which moves as characters are entered. There is also a small tick
mark on the bottom of the input line which indicates the width of the
selected cell. This tick mark is useful in showing you how much room you
have to enter data into the particular cell (the tick mark only appears
when the worksheet is in LABEL or VALUE mode). You may make a label entry
that is longer than the selected cell, however its appearance on the
worksheet may be affected. If there are empty cells which follow the
selected cell, then the label will overflow into those cells. If however,
the following cells are filled, the label will be truncated or cut off to
fill the nearest empty cell. If the entry is a numeric value, and is too
long for the cell, it will be displayed as a series of asterisks (*) in the
cell.

The input line is really a kind of all-purpose line. On it, you can enter
cell data, edit cell data, enter cell locations, or enter cell ranges. In
READY mode, the input line is used for making cell entries. In EDIT mode,
the same input line is used to edit cell entries. The contents of the
selected cell appear on the input line, and you can move the edit cursor to
make any necessary changes. In POINT mode, a message will appear on the
input line prompting you to enter a cell or cell range. You can type the
cell or cell range directly on the input line.

MOVING AROUND THE WORKSHEET

In order for a spreadsheet to be an effective tool, it must allow you to
perform fundamental actions on a worksheet in an easy and convenient
manner. One of these fundamental actions is to be able to move around the
worksheet with minimal effort. Since the worksheet contains 256 columns and
8192 rows, the ability to move around quickly and easily can obviously be
appreciated. LDW POWER offers several methods which allow you to move to
all different parts of the worksheet. These methods include use of the
scroll bars, the SCRL and END buttons, the HOME icon, the mouse, and the
keyboard.

Scroll Bars

On the right and bottom edge of the worksheet window are the scroll bars,
which can be used for quick and easy movement from the beginning to the end
of the worksheet. They are used in the same manner as scroll bars on most
windows in the Atari GEM environment. By dragging the white boxes, or
sliders, you can move the window to expose different parts of the
worksheet. Dragging the slider on the horizontal scroll bar will move the
worksheet window horizontally, exposing different columns. Dragging the
slider on the vertical scroll bar will move the worksheet window
vertically, exposing different rows. Clicking on the arrows at the ends of
the scroll bars allow for slower scrolling. If you hold down the Shift key
while clicking on the arrow, the window will scroll one page at a time.
When you use the scroll bars, the worksheet will move on the screen, but
the active cell will not change, even if it goes off the screen. Refer to
your Atari ST owner's manual for more information on the scroll bars.

SCRL Button [Undo key equivalent]

The SCRL button (described earlier in the description of the Buttons and
Indicators) located in the control panel places the worksheet in scroll
mode and can be used with the keyboard cursor keys to scroll the worksheet
one row or column at a time. When you select the SCRL button, it will be
highlighted, indicating that you can use the cursor keys (arrows) to scroll
one column or row at a time.

END Button [Shift + Home]

The END button (described earlier in Buttons and Indicators) located in the
control panel is used in conjunction with the keyboard cursor keys to move
the cell pointer to the next cell boundary between a blank cell and a cell
containing an entry. Use of the END button can save keystrokes, for the
cell pointer will automatically "jump" over cells that do not fit the cell
boundary criteria. For example, if you have a row of ten consecutive cells
(all containing data), the eleventh cell is empty, and the cell pointer is
positioned at the first of those cells, you can use the END button and the
right arrow key to move the cell pointer directly to the tenth cell in the
row. If you use the right arrow key alone, you would have to press it nine
times in order to move to the tenth cell. The advantage of using the END
button in moving around the worksheet becomes obvious when you are working
with large amounts of data.

HOME Icon [Home key equivalent]

The HOME icon located in the upper left corner of the worksheet can be used
to move the cell pointer to the first cell in the worksheet (cell A1) from
any cell in the worksheet. Selecting the HOME icon will bring the A1 cell
back into view in the worksheet window, if it was previously out of view,
and position the cell pointer on the A1 cell.

END + HOME Sequence

There are certain situations in which you may want to move to the farthest
cell of the worksheet located at the intersection of the farthest column to
the right with the farthest row down in which an entry can be found. LDW
POWER will move the cell pointer to this location in two simple steps. When
in READY or POINT move, select the END button on the control panel. It will
be highlighted. Click on the HOME icon, and the window will one to and
display the cell which contains the farthest entry in the worksheet. This
cell also becomes the active cell.

Moving with the Mouse

The mouse can be used to move the cell pointer around the worksheet window.
Move the mouse cursor to any cell in the worksheet window and click. The
cell you selected will be highlighted and will become the active cell. Note
that you can only move the cell pointer to cells that are currently
displayed in the worksheet window. If you wish to move the cell pointer to
a cell that is not currently displayed, you can use the scroll bars to move
the worksheet window to the desired area of the worksheet and then use the
mouse to select the desired cell.

The Keyboard

MOVING ONE CELL AT A TIME

The arrow keys on the keyboard can also be used to move around the
worksheet. When you press any arrow key, the cell pointer will move one row
or column in the direction of the arrow that is pressed. When the cell
pointer reaches the last visible cell of a row or column and the arrow key
is pressed in the direction of the cells that are not visible in the
window, the worksheet will automatically scroll one row or column at a
time.

THE F5 [GoTo] KEY

The F5 [GoTo] key on your keyboard is a special key for moving around the
worksheet. The F5 key allows you to move the cell pointer to any cell
location in the worksheet in a single step. When you press the F5 key, a
message will appear on the input line: Enter cell to go to: (address).
Enter the address of the cell you would like to go to and press Return. If
the cell you specified is located on a part of the worksheet that is not
displayed in the worksheet window, the worksheet window will move to that
part of the worksheet which contains the cell.

MOVING THE WINDOW BY PAGES

The worksheet in your LDW POWER Spreadsheet program is divided into
screenfuls of pages. The typical page is 14 rows high and 8 columns wide.
There are three important keystrokes which can be used for moving pages
around the worksheet: Tab, Shift+Tab, and Shift+(arrow).

The Tab key will move the window to the first column of the next page. Each
time you press the Tab key, the window will move horizontally to reveal the
next page. The columns will change, but the rows will remain the same. The
Shift+Tab combination will move the window back to the first column of the
previous page. Pressing the Shift key simultaneously with any of the arrow
keys will move the window to another page in the direction of the arrow.
The up and down arrows will move the window to the first row of the next or
previous page. The right arrow will move the window to the first column of
the next page, while the left arrow will move the window to the first
column of the previous page.

RANGE BASICS

In working with the worksheet and LDW POWER commands and function, you will
frequently be required to select a cell or range of cells. Whether you are
issuing a command to copy a certain range or to format a certain range, you
will need to know how to indicate the range that you want to use. Because
of the compatibility of the GEM and Lotus interface in LDW POWER, selecting
a range is a familiar task for both ST and IBM users.

A range of cells is a rectangular block consisting of one or more cells.
The range is defined by either pair of diagonally opposed corner cells. The
cells in either pair are referred to as the anchor cell and the free cell.
 The anchor cell is the cell from which you begin the range definition,
while the free cell is the cell in which you end the definition. The names
refer to the fact that the free cell can be moved (to either expand or
contract the range), while the anchor cell is fixed.

Selecting a Range

LDW POWER allows you to select a range in many different ways, by doing the
following:

 1. Type in the cell addresses of the anchor and free cells of the  range.
 2. Define the range using the mouse pointer or cursor keys.
 3. Refer to the range using a range name.

USING THE KEYBOARD

You can indicate a range simply by typing in the cell coordinates of any
two diagonally opposed corner cells in the range. The coordinates must be
separated by at least one period and should not have any spaces between
them. When you are selecting a single cell (which is the smallest range
possible), you can just type in the coordinates of that cell. Press the
Return key or click on the OK button to confirm the range.

There are also some special keys that you can use when the worksheet is in
POINT mode to facilitate range definition. If you press the period (.) key
when the range is not anchored, the active cell will be anchored. You can
then use the cursor keys to move the cell pointer and define the range. If
you press the period key after a range is defined, the anchor will move (in
a clockwise direction) to the next corner cell. Accordingly, the free cell
will also move to the diagonally opposite corner of the new anchor. If you
are being prompted by a command for a range, and the cell is not yet
anchored, pressing the Esc key will return you to the previous level in the
command. If the cell has already been anchored, pressing the Esc key will
contract the range all the way back to the anchor cell and will remove the
anchor. Whether or not the cell is anchored, pressing the Backspace key
will erase the range and return the cell pointer to the current cell.

USING THE MOUSE

The GEM interface in LDW POWER allows you to use the mouse to select a
range as well. Defining a range with the mouse is similar to using the
keyboard in that you must use the mouse to point to the anchor cell and
then drag the mouse to the free cell. To select a single cell, you can just
point to the cell and click. The cell pointer will indicate the active
cell. To select a range, position the cell pointer on the anchor cell; hold
down the left mouse button and drag the cell pointer across all of the
cells you would like to include in your range. All of the selected cells
will become highlighted as the cursor is dragged across them. If you are
selecting a range, and the cell pointer reaches the edge of the screen, the
worksheet will automatically scroll in the direction you are selecting. If
you press the Shift key while scrolling, the worksheet will scroll a full
page. When you are satisfied with the range, release the mouse button. The
free cell will be marked by the cell pointer. To undo a selected range, you
can click the ESC button on the screen, or press the Esc key, or simply use
the mouse to define a new range.

When the range is highlighted and just sitting there in the worksheet, it
can still be altered very easily. Suppose that you've just defined a range,
but you want to expand it to include more cells. Simply move the mouse
pointer to the cell that you would like to designate as the new free cell
and click once. The range will automatically expand to include the
designated cell. You can also use the cursor keys in tandem with the mouse
to alter the range. Just press the appropriate arrow for the direction that
you want to expand or contract the range, and the range will change by one
row or column for each press of the arrow.

You'll notice that as you move the position of the free cell, the position
of the anchor cell will not change. Because the anchor cell is fixed in its
location, it will always be the "axis" around which the range will revolve.
This fact holds true whether you are using the mouse or the cursor keys.

One of the advantages of using the mouse in selecting ranges is that you
can pre-select ranges before issuing a command. That is, you can select a
range, then issue the command, and the command will automatically use the
selected range. This way, you don't have to wait for the prompt from the
command to enter a range.

USING RANGE NAMES

The third way to designate a range is through the use of range names. These
names are simply an alternative to referring to ranges by their
coordinates. For example, instead of calling a range A1..B10, you could
give it a more descriptive name like SALES. You could then use that name
whenever you wanted to refer to the range A1..B10. Range names are created
by the Range Name Create command. You should refer to the Range Name
commands for details.

ENTERING AND EDITING CELL CONTENTS

There are three types of information which can be entered into LDW POWER
worksheets: labels, numbers, and formulas. A label is a text entry. A
number is a numeric entry. A formula is an entry which refers to other
cells to reach a result. Together, numbers and formulas are regarded as
values within the worksheet. You may not combine numbers and labels in the
same cell. If you attempt to do so, you will get an error message.

To enter information into any cell, select the cell (make it active) and
type in the entry. You will notice that what you are typing will appear on
the input line. When you are done typing, press Return, click on the OK
button, click on the right mouse button, or press one of the arrow keys to
confirm the entry. When you press Return or click on the OK button or press
the right mouse button to enter the information, the cell you are working
in will remain the active cell. When you press an arrow key to enter the
data, the cell adjacent to the one you are working with, in the direction
of the arrow pressed, will become the active cell. In other words, if you
press the down arrow after typing in your entry, your entry will appear in
the selected cell, and the cell pointer will move to the cell directly
below it. Similarly, if you use the mouse cursor to click (with the left
mouse button) on a cell other than the selected cell, the entry will appear
in the selected cell, and the cell pointer will move to the cell indicated
by the mouse cursor.

Sometimes, when you find yourself making a whole series of entries in a
column or row, it can be more convenient to just press the Return key after
each entry instead of the vertical or horizontal arrow keys. LDW POWER
allows you to do this, because it remembers the direction of the last arrow
pressed and automatically moves the cell pointer in that direction when you
press Return. Note, that LDW POWER will only remember the last cell pointer
movement used to confirm the cell entry. For example, if you're making
entries in 10 consecutive cells of the same column, and you confirm the
first entry with the down arrow key, you can use the Return key to confirm
the nine remaining entries. After you have made the tenth entry, the cell
pointer automatically moves down to the cell immediately below that tenth
cell. You move the cell pointer to the right and make another entry. The
cell pointer will remain on the cell and will not automatically move over
one cell to the right. If you want it to automatically move to the right,
you'll have to make an entry and press the right arrow key and make an
entry in the next cell. Now, when you press Return, the cell pointer will
move over right one cell.

If you select a cell which already contains an entry, the new entry that
you type in will replace the one contained in the cell. Once the new entry
is entered, there is no way to retrieve the old entry. You must re-type the
old entry. You can look in the input line to see exactly what is being
entered into the cell. When you press Return or an arrow key, the input
line is cleared, and the entry is displayed in the worksheet cell.

If you are in the middle of making an entry, and decide to cancel the
entry, you can use the Esc key or the ESC button to remove the entry from
the input line and to return the worksheet to the READY mode.

There are four things that happen when you press Return or one of the arrow
keys to complete an entry:

 1.LDW POWER checks the entry for errors. If everything in the entry is
 correct (following the rules of the worksheet), it is stored in the cell.
 If there is an error, the worksheet will beep and be placed in EDIT mode.
 The cell entry will be displayed on the input line with the cursor
 positioned at the point that the error occurred. You can correct the error
 on the input line and try to enter the entry into the cell again.

 2.If the automatic recalculation mode is enabled, all formulas in the
 worksheet will be recalculated.

 3.The screen is updated to include the new entry and the new cell pointer
(if an arrow key was pressed).

 4.LDW POWER returns to the READY mode to indicate that the worksheet is
 ready for another entry.

Making Cell Entries

This section will describe how to enter the three specific types of data:
labels, numbers, and formulas.

ENTERING LABELS

Any entry into the worksheet that does not start with one of the following
characters: 0-9, +, -, ., /, (, , #, $, is considered a label by LDW
POWER. Labels can be up to 240 characters long. As soon as you type in the
first character of the label, the READY mode will change to the LABEL mode
to indicate that the worksheet is accepting a label.

To enter a label, type in the entry and press Return, or one of the arrow
keys.

There are four very important characters which are used when entering
labels. These characters are used as label prefixes which tell LDW POWER
how to handle the label within the cell. These prefixes are:

 Prefix Label format in cell

 ' (apostrophe) left-aligned " (quote mark) right-aligned ^ (caret)
 centered \ (backslash) repeating the string after the backslash

Labels can be entered into the worksheet without a prefix. In this case,
LDW POWER will automatically include the prefix set by the Worksheet Global
Default command. If you want to enter a label which starts with a number,
such as a street address, you must enter a label prefix. If you don't
include the prefix, LDW POWER will think that you're trying to mix numbers
and labels in the same entry and will not allow the entry.

When you add a prefix to a label, it is automatically saved in the cell
with the entry. You can view the prefix of any active cell in the status
line, but the prefix does not appear in the cell itself.

ENTERING NUMBERS

There are certain characters which tell LDW POWER that you are entering a
number. These characters are: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 + - . $

When entering numbers into the worksheet, you must follow a few rules:

 1. A number must begin with one of the special characters noted above.
 2. You may enter a number which is followed by a % sign to indicate
 percent.
 3. You may not have more than one decimal point in any number.
 4. When entering a number, do not insert any commas or spaces. Commas  and
 other formatting characters can be added using formatting commands.
 5. A number may end in scientific notation, for example, 1.452E+12.
 6. Number entries cannot contain spaces, commas, or alphabetical
 characters, except E, which is used for scientific notation.

ENTERING FORMULAS

Formulas are entries which manipulate other variables or cells in order to
reach an end result. Think of a simple mathematical formula:

 2+2=4

Here, the formula derives its meaning from manipulating (adding) two
numbers in order to reach an end result (a sum). Formulas in LDW POWER go
beyond this simple example, for they can manipulate actual numbers (as in
the formula above) or strings, or they can manipulate the contents of
certain cells by referring to their cell addresses.

For example, an LDW POWER formula can take the form:

 +6/2

in which the formula evaluates the division of six by two, or:

 +C4*A5

in which the formula evaluates the value of the contents of cell C4
multiplied by the contents of cell A5.

Formulas can also incorporate the functions built into LDW POWER. For
example:

 SUM(A1..A5) This formula uses the SUM function to sum all the  values in
cells A1 through A5.

 LOWER(B5) This string formula uses the LOWER function to  convert the
label in cell C5 to lowercase.

Like other entries in the worksheet, formulas appear in the input line as
you enter them, and like number entries, formulas cannot contain spaces.
Formulas may also be entered by using the keyboard or by pointing with the
mouse. Take the following formula as an example:

 +A1*A2*A3*A4*A5

Having to retype each cell address can be both tedious and inconvenient.
Therefore, LDW POWER allows you to enter each address into the formula by
pointing to the particular cell. For this example, you would type in the
plus (+) sign, point to cell A! with the mouse or cursor keys, type in the
multiplication symbol (*), point to cell A2, and so on until the formula is
completed. Note, that you can always use this pointing method in lieu of
typing in the addresses from the keyboard whether you are entering a single
cell, a series of cells, a range, or a group of ranges.

Formulas in LDW POWER, as stated before, can use mathematical operators,
LDW POWER functions, or a combination of both. Since the functions will be
explained in depth later in this manual, we will confine ourselves here to
a description of the operators.

The Operators

The operators used by LDW POWER formulas fall under three main categories:
mathematical, relational, and logical. There is also an operator that
performs string concatenation that will be explained briefly.

Mathematical Operators

There are seven mathematical operators:

 (+) addition (-) subtraction (*) multiplication (/) division (^)
exponentiation (+) positive (-) negative

The addition sign (+) tells the worksheet to add the items directly before
and directly after the addition sign. The subtraction sigh (-) tells the
worksheet to subtract the item directly after the subtraction sigh from the
item directly before the sign. The asterisk (*) tells the worksheet to
multiply the two arguments before and after it. The slash (/) results in
the division of the item before the slash by the item after the slash. The
caret (^) raises a given number to a power indicated by the user. The
positive (+) and negative (-) signs are used to designate a given number as
either positive or negative.

LDW POWER follows a specific order in using the operators for calculations.
It is helpful to know this order, when you start using more complex
formulas. When calculating formulas, LDW POWER will process exponentiation
first. The negative (-) and positive value (+) signs are evaluated next.
Multiplication and division are processed next, and addition and
subtraction are calculated last. When the formula contains more than one
operator on the same level of priority (for example: a [*] and a [/} in the
same formula), may override the order of the operators by using
parentheses. LDW POWER will calculate all items in parentheses before
anything else in the formula. Note, that when you use parentheses within
parentheses, the operations enclosed in the innermost set of parentheses
will be performed first.

 Relational Operators

The relational operators are used to compare two arguments within a formula
in order to determine if the arguments satisfy certain conditions. These
operators include:

 ê Operator Meaning

 = Equal < Less Than <= Less Than or Equal To > Greater Than >= Greater
Than or Equal To <> Not Equal

LDW POWER evaluates these operators from left to right in the formula.
Relational operators have lower precedence than all of the mathematical
operators but higher precedence than the logical operators. These operators
are usually used with the IF function.

Logical Operators

Logical operators serve to "connect" two or more conditional statements in
order to set up more comprehensive conditions and are usually used with the
IF conditional command. They are:

 #NOT# #AND# #OR#

#NOT#The #NOT# operator does not really connect two conditions. Rather, it
allows you to set up a "negative" condition. For example, the conditional
statement:

 IF(#NOT#C5>100,"Bad","Good")

tests the contents of cell C5 to see if it is ênot greater than 100. If it
isn't greater, the function returns the result "Bad"; if it is greater, the
function returns the result "Good". The same result you would obtain using
the statements:

 IF(C5<=100,Bad","Good") or IF(C5>100,"Good","Bad")

#AND#The #AND# operator joins two conditional statements to form a compound
condition. In a compound conditional statement, both conditions must be
true in order for the entire statement to be true. Therefore, if either
condition is false, the entire statement is false. For example, the
compound conditional statement:

 IF(SUM(A1..A5)>55#AND#AVG(A1..A5)<15,"true","false")

stipulates that the sum of all values in the range A1..A5 must exceed 55
êAND the average of those values must be less than 15 in order for the
function to return the result "true". Therefore, if either the sum is less
than or equal to 55 or the average is greater than or equal to 15, the
function will return the result "false".

#OR#The #OR# operator joins two conditional statements to form a less
restrictive compound condition than that formed by the #AND# operator. With
the #OR# operator, only one of the conditions in the statement must be true
in order for the entire statement to be true. For example, the function:

 IF(MAX(D5..D9)<MIN(B3..B10)#OR#B2>D4,"True","False")

will return the result "True" if either the largest value in the range
D5..D9 is less than the smallest value in the range B3..B10 or the value in
cell B2 is greater than the value in cell D4. "False" will only be returned
when both conditions are false.

The logical operators are evaluated after relational operators.

String Concatenation

LDW POWER offers the (&) operator which allows you to easily concatenate
strings located in different cells. For example, suppose cell A7 contains
the label "LDW"; B9 contains " POWER"; and C3 contains " Spreadsheet". If
you enter the formula +A7&B9&C3 in cell E1, the concatenated string "LDW
POWER Spreadsheet" will be returned in cell E1. Note, that if your try to
concatenate literal strings, they must be enclosed in quotation marks. Note
also, that the (&) operator can only be used to concatenate labels. If
values are used, an error will result.

Cell Addresses in Formulas

As mentioned before, formulas can use both actual numbers and cell
addresses in calculating an end result. In fact, much of the versatility
and power of LDW POWER comes from the fact that formulas can be used to
link, compare, and combine the cell contents of many different cells in the
worksheet. The advantage of using cell addresses in a formula is the
flexibility that comes in changing arguments for the formula. For example,
if your formula adds the contents of two cells, and you want to change the
values that are being added, you can go directly to one of the referenced
cells and enter a new value. The formula will automatically be recalculated
(if the worksheet is in auto recalculation mode) using the new value.

You can enter cell addresses in formulas either by typing in the cell
address from the keyboard or by pointing to the cell with the mouse. If you
use the mouse, you will have to type in a value character or operator and
point to the appropriate cell. You can continue to type in operators and
point to cells to complete the formula.

ABSOLUTE AND RELATIVE CELL ADDRESSES

When a cell address is used in a formula, the formula is, in effect, making
a cell reference, because it is referring to other cells or ranges of cells
from which to draw values. There are three kinds of cell references which
can occur within a formula: absolute reference, relative reference, and
mixed reference.

A relative cell reference is a cell reference that is dependent on the cell
location of the formula. That is to say, the referenced cell's position on
the worksheet is relative to the position of the formula. For example, if
your formula (+A2*4) is located in cell B3, and it makes a reference to
cell A2, it is not really referring to the cell address A2, but rather to
the cell that is over one column to the left and one row up in the
worksheet.

When you copy or move a formula using relative referencing, the addresses
of the cells in the formula will be adjusted automatically to fit the new
location. For example, if the above formula were moved to cell D4, it would
no longer refer to cell A2 but rather to cell C3 (cell C3 is one column to
the left of and one row up from cell D4).

Absolute references are cell references that are independent of the cell
location of the formula. If a formula makes an absolute cell reference, it
is calling upon a fixed cell address. For example, if a formula makes an
absolute reference to cell A1, it is specifically referring to the contents
located in cell A1. When you copy or move a formula using absolute
referencing, the referenced cell addresses will not change.

Absolute cell references are designated within a formula by placing a
dollar sign ($) immediately in front of both the column name and row number
of the appropriate cell address.

MIXED CELL REFERENCE

Sometimes, you will need to reference a cell address that is both relative
and absolute. Take the following formula as an example in cell B2:

 $A2+B$1

If you wanted to be able to use the same formula for each cell of the
table, you would need to use mixed references. A mixed reference is one in
which either the column is absolute and the row is relative or the column
is relative and the row is absolute. In the formula above, the cell
reference $A2 makes an absolute reference to column A and a relative
reference to row 2. Translated, it says: "look for the contents in column A
of the present row". This mixed reference allows thqz formula to always
refer to the items in column A of the current row no matter where the
formula is in the table. The cell reference B$1 makes a relative reference
to column B and an absolute reference to row 1. Translated, it says: "Look
for the contents in row 1 of the present column". It can be seen then, that
mixed references add greater flexibility in using formulas.

 Cell addresses:

 Relative Absolute Mixed C5 $C$5 $C5 or C$5

Instead of designating references from the keyboard, you can use the F4 key
to designate addresses. As an example, consider the formula: +G$2*$H$4.
Begin by typing in the plus (+) sign and then point to cell G2. At this
point, press the F4 key. You'll notice that dollar signs ($) are
automatically inserted in front of both the column letter and row number.
If you press F4 again, the dollar signs will only appear in front of the
row number thus creating a mixed address that is fixed to the particular
row. Press F4 again, and the dollar signs will only appear in front of the
column letter thus creating a mixed address that is fixed to the particular
column. Pressing F4 once more will remove all dollar signs from the cell
address and will turn it back into a relative address. This sequence will
repeat indefinitely as long as you keep pressing the F4 key.

Cycle through the sequence until the first part of the formula looks like
this: +G$2. Now, enter the rest of the formula: *H4. Use the F4 key once
again to designate cell H4 as an absolute address *$H$4.

Note, that the F4 key can be sued on any cell or range addresses when the
worksheet is in the EDIT, VALUE or POINT mode.

Editing Cell Entries

LDW POWER offers convenient editing options which allow you to edit a cell
entry without retyping the complete entry. All three types of cell entries;
labels, numbers, and formulas; can be edited in a similar fashion. You can
edit a cell entry, while you enter it into the cell, or you can edit a cell
entry that has already been entered and accepted into a cell.

To begin editing data, you will first want to place the worksheet into EDIT
mode. You can switch to EDIT mode by clicking on the mode button on the
control panel, by pressing the F2 key, or by double clicking on the cell
that you wish to edit. If you want to edit an entry while it is still being
entered (and the entry is displayed on the input line), you can click on
the entry on the input line to invoke the EDIT mode. The highlighted EDIT
button will appear on the control panel and the contents of the selected
cell will appear on the input line. Some keys will take on different
functions in the EDIT mode as compared to the READY mode (see table). You
can then use the keyboard and mouse to make the appropriate changes to then
entry directly on the input line.

Action of keys in EDIT mode:

 Key Action

 right arrow Moves the cursor one position to the left left arrow  Moves
the cursor one position to the right Tab Moves the cursor 5 characters to
the right Shift+right arrow Moves the cursor 5 characters to the right
Shift+Tab Moves the cursor 5 characters to the left  Shift+left arrow Moves
the cursor 5 characters to the left Home  Moves the cursor to the first
character in the entry Shift+Home [End] Moves the cursor to the last
character in the entry  Backspace Deletes the character just to the left of
the  cursor Insert Toggles between INSERT and OVERTYPE modes Delete
 Deletes the character above the cursor Esc Clears the edit line and/or
takes you out of EDIT mode

CELL FORMATS

Several of the menu commands in LDW POWER offer formatting options with
which you can customize your worksheet. Since these options perform the
exact same tasks in each case, they will be explained once.

These options determine the way entries are displayed in their cells and
can affect an area as small as a single cell or as large as the entire
worksheet depending on the command they are used with. Some of these
commands will ask you to enter the number of decimal places you would like
displayed. When you specify the number, LDW POWER will automatically round
off the numbers entered in the cells.

The commands which offer these formatting options are: Range Format,
Worksheet Column Format, and Worksheet Global Format. The Range Format
command has priority over the Worksheet Column Format command which, in
turn, has priority over the Worksheet Global Format. That is, a format
option issued with the Range Format command will override any format option
issued with either the Worksheet Column Format or Worksheet Global Format
command. A format option issued with the Worksheet Column Format command
will only override format options issued with the Worksheet Global Format
command.

Fixed Format

The Fixed format displays values with a fixed number of decimal places. You
may display up to 15 decimal places. When you select the Fixed format, a
message will appear in the edit line asking you to enter the number of
decimal places you would like displayed in each cell. Enter the number and
press Return or click OK.

Scientific Format

The Scientific format displays values in scientific (exponential) notation.
All values are represented to the powers of 10. An example of scientific
notation for the number 1552 is:

 1.55E+03

where the format is set to two decimal places. The E used in scientific
notation stands for "10 raised to the power of". When you select the
Scientific format, a message will appear in the edit line asking you to
enter the number of decimal places you would like displayed. Enter the
number and press Return or click OK.

Currency Format

This format option displays values in a monetary format. The default
monetary format in LDW POWER displays a ($) at the beginning of the value
and commas separating every third integer (i.e., hundreds, thousands,
millions, ...etc.). When the Currency format is used, negative values are
displayed in parentheses. You can use the Worksheet Global Default Other
International Currency command to change the $ sign to any currency sign
you want and to display it as either a prefix or suffix to the value.

Comma (,) Format

The Comma option, displays numbers with commas inserted between every third
integer (i.e., hundred, thousands, millions). This option also displays
negative numbers in parentheses and allows you to determine the number of
decimal places you would like to display.

General Format

The General format is the default format setting. Values entered under the
General format will usually be displayed the way they are entered, unless
they are too long for the given cell. The worksheet will display such
numbers in one of three ways. If the integer portion of the value will fit
into the cell, the spreadsheet will simply truncate enough of the decimal
portion to allow the value to fit into the cell. If the integer portion
will not fit, the value will be displayed in scientific notation. If the
width of the cell is too narrow to accommodate scientific notation, the
value will be displayed in the cell as a series of asterisks.

+/- Format

The +/- format allows you to create simple bar graphs in the cells of your
worksheet through the use of a series of plus and minus signs. Positive
numbers are assigned a series of plus signs equivalent to the value in the
cell. Negative numbers are assigned a series of minus signs equivalent to
the value in the cell (i.e., the number 3 is displayed in the cell as +++).
A zero is represented as a period. One important thing to remember when
using the +/- format is that numbers that require more plus or minus signs
than the cell width can accommodate will be displayed as a series of
asterisks.

Percent Format

When the Percent format is selected, specified values int he worksheet will
be converted to percentages and will be displayed with a percent sign (%).
For example, the number 1 will be converted to 100%; the number 0.5 will be
converted to 50%; the number 2 will be converted to 200%; and so on.

Date Format

The Date options can display values either in one of five date formats or
in one of four time formats depending on the type of entry being formatted.
The Date formats are used to format the dates specified by the DATE,
DATEVALUE, and NOW functions. Formatting for these functions is
essential, because they return all dates as serial values. For example,
DATE(88,12,25), which represents the date December 25, 1988, would appear
as 32502; refer to the DATE function for more information. When the Date
format is selected, a horizontal menu of the five date formats will appear
(followed by the Time option). The formats are:

 Format Form Example

 1 DD-MMM-YY 25-Dec-88 2 DD-MMM 25-Dec 3 MMM-YY  Dec-88 4 (Long Intn'l)
MM/DD/YY 12/25/88 5 (Short Intn'l) MM/DD  12/25

Note, that the Long and Short International date formats can be changed
using the Worksheet Global Default Other International Date command.

The same type of formatting procedure can be applied to time values. As
with dates, time values are represented in the worksheet as serial values
and must be formatted into a familiar form (refer to the TIME and
TIMEVALUE functions for more information). When you select the Time option
from the Date menu, a horizontal menu of the four time formats will appear.
The time formats are:

 Format Form Example

 1 HH:MM:SS AM/PM 12:25:30 AM 2 HH:MM AM/PM 12:25 AM 3 (Long Intn'l)
HH:MM:SS 12:25:30 4 (Short Intn'l) HH:MM 12:25

Note, that the Long and Short International time formats can be changed
using the Worksheet Global Default Other International Time command.

Text Format

The Text format will display the actual formulas or functions contained in
cells rather than the results of those formulas or functions (which is the
default display). Note that formulas or functions which ar longer than the
cell width will only be partially displayed. Anything longer than the cell
width will be cut off from view.

Hidden Format

You can use the Hidden option to hide the values and labels contained in
the worksheet. Not only will existing entries be hidden, but also will any
subsequent entries. That is, if you make an entry after selecting the
Hidden option, the entry will be recorded in the worksheet but will not be
displayed. To re-display the hidden entries, simply use on of the other
formats.

 COMMANDS


WORKSHEET MENU

The commands in your Worksheet menu are used to adjust and control many
different aspects of your worksheet. Most of the commands affect every cell
in the worksheet, allowing you to control many cells with convenience and
ease. The following section of your manual takes you step by step through
the Worksheet menu, explaining each of the commands and how they are used.
Explanations appear in the order that the commands are displayed in the
menu.

Worksheet Global

The Worksheet Global menu contains all the commands necessary to adjust the
settings for the entire worksheet. Once you execute a command from the
Worksheet Global menu, every cell in the worksheet will be affected by that
command. The commands in the Global menu allow you to change the default
settings for the worksheet which are put into place when the worksheet is
loaded. Then Worksheet Global is selected, a horizontal menu will appear
displaying seven separate menus. These menus are: Format, Label-Prefix,
Column-Width, Recalculation, Protection, Default, and Zero.

WORKSHEET GLOBAL FORMAT

The commands in the Worksheet Global Format menu are exactly the same as
those described under the Cell Formats. Remember, however, that the Global
Format options will affect every cell in the worksheet. Refer to the Cell
Formats section for a description of the format options.

You can override the Global formatting in certain cells by formatting those
cells individually (see Range Format commands).

WORKSHEET GLOBAL LABEL-PREFIX

The Worksheet Global Label-Prefix menu contains options which allow you to
change the default label-prefix for all cells in the worksheet. As
explained previously in the manual, there are four available prefixes: '
(align-left), " (align-right), ^ (align-center), and \ (repeat). Worksheet
Global Label-Prefix includes three commands which allow you to set all
cells in the worksheet to automatically align entries to the left, center
or right. Note, that these commands will not affect existing entries in the
worksheet but will only apply to entries made after the command is issued.

WORKSHEET GLOBAL COLUMN-WIDTH

The Global Column-Width command allows you to change the default column
width for all of the columns in the worksheet. The default global column
width is nine characters wide. You may select a column width from 2
characters up to a column width of 72 characters. When you select the
Worksheet Global Column-Width command, a message will appear in the edit
line asking you to enter the column width. Enter a number between 2 and 72
for the width and press Return or click OK.


Note, that this command will not effect columns that have been changed
either by the Worksheet column Set-Width command or that have been altered
by the column header dragging method.

WORKSHEET GLOBAL RECALCULATION

Much of the power of a spreadsheet lies in its ability to process formulas
and functions. Often, these formulas and functions refer to the contents of
other cells in the worksheet. When those contents change, all formulas are
automatically recalculated (in the default auto-recalculation mode). LDW
POWER provides you with several commands which let you control the process
of recalculation. These commands include manual and automatic
recalculation, order of recalculation, and the number of times
recalculation occurs.

When you select Recalculation from the Worksheet Global menu, a horizontal
menu will appear with the available commands. The first three commands
determine the order in which the spreadsheet performs recalculation. The
final three commands determine when the recalculation will occur.

Recalculation Order

Natural

Performs recalculation starting with the most basic cell and proceeding to
the last cell to be affected by recalculation. When the Natural command is
selected, calculation begins with the cell which all the other cells depend
on. It will not recalculate any cells until it recalculates the cells that
they are dependent upon.

Columnwise

Performs recalculation, column by column, through the worksheet. When the
Columnwise command is selected, recalculation begins with cell A1, and
proceeds across the worksheet, one column at a time.

Rowwise

Performs recalculation, row by row, through the worksheet. When the Rowwise
option is selected, recalculation begins with cell A1 and proceeds down the
worksheet, one row at a time.

Recalculation Mode

Automatic

LDW POWER automatically recalculates affected formulas in the worksheet
every time an entry is made. In the Automatic Recalculation mode (the
default), relevant formulas are recalculated every time an entry is made
which may change the results of those formulas. Note that only those
formulas affected by any new entries are recalculated. LDW POWER saves time
by not recalculating all the formulas in the worksheet.

Manual

LDW POWER will only recalculate the worksheet when you tell it to do so.
The benefit of manual recalculation is that you do not have to wait for the
worksheet to recalculate every time you make an entry. When you are in
manual mode, and a change has occurred in the worksheet, the CALC button
will be highlighted to indicate that yuo are in manual mode. When you want
to recalculate in the Manual mode, select the CALC button or press [F9].

Iteration

The iteration option can be used to consecutively recalculate all the
formulas in the worksheet a specified number of times. Iteration is a
procedure that is usually used when circular references are involved.
Therefore, in order to explain the purpose of iterative recalculation,
circular references must first be explained.

A circular reference occurs when a cell contains a formula that refers to
the cell itself. For example, if cell C6 contains the formula [+C4+C6], a
circular reference will occur, because the formula refers directly to cell
C6. This type of reference is unsolvable, because each time that a value is
calculated for the formula in cell C6, the value of cell C6 changes.
Suppose cell C4 contains the value 10. When you enter the above formula
into cell C6, it will return the result 10, and cell C6 will contain the
value 10. The second calculation will return the result 20
(C4=10;C6=10;C4+C6=20), and so on. This process would go around in a
circle, and a "true" answer would never be found. Whenever a circular
reference is made in the worksheet, and the worksheet is recalculated, the
CIRC indicator will be displayed on the control panel and will remain
there, until the reference is corrected or removed.

Some circular references though, are solvable, and it is these references
that employ the use of iterative recalculation. Take the following circular
reference as an example: A1 = $10000; B2 = A1-A3; C3 = 10%*B2

You can use the Worksheet Global Recalculation Iteration command to "solve"
this circular reference, or at least approximate a solution as close as
possible. When you select this command, a prompt will ask for the number of
iterations to perform (the maximum number of iterations is 50). Note, that
the default iteration count is 1. When you change that count, the new
number will become the default for all further recalculations for the
current session.

WORKSHEET GLOBAL PROTECTION

One of the most common errors that you can make when using a worksheet is
to accidentally overwrite or delete an important entry. Accordingly, LDW
POWER provides you with a global protection feature which allows you to
protect the entire worksheet from accidental changes or deletions. Once you
activate Worksheet Global Protection, you cannot make any changes to the
worksheet, including entries, changes or deletions. Since you can do little
more than move around the worksheet, this protection might, at first, seem
silly. However, you can use the Range Unprotect command to unprotect a
specific range or specific ranges. This way, you can work on a given range
of cells, while still keeping the rest of the worksheet protected. If you
want to re-protect cells or cell ranges within those unprotected ranges,
you can use the Range Protect command (the Range Protect command will only
have an effect when the Global Protection is enabled). Note, that when you
use the Range Unprotect command to unprotect an empty cell, a space in
memory is used. Therefore, you might be better off by disabling the Global
Protection command rather than trying to unprotect a very large range of
empty cells (see the Range Protect and Unprotect commands for more
information).

The Worksheet Global Protection menu contains two commands: Enable and
Disable. Select Enable to turn on the protection. The PROT indicator will
be highlighted in the control panel to indicate that protection is on. As a
default, all cells in the worksheet are protected against changes when
Global Protection is enabled. If you try to make any changes to the
worksheet when protection is on, an error tone will sound, and a message
will appear warning you that cell protection is on. Select Disable to turn
Global Protection off.

WORKSHEET GLOBAL DEFAULT

The Worksheet Global Default menu contains commands related to the default
settings for the printer, file directory, and others. All default settings
are active for the current session, and can be saved in the "default
settings" file (LDW.DNF) using the Worksheet Global Default Update command.

Worksheet Global Default Printer

The Worksheet Global Printer menu contains commands which allow you to
define and adjust the printer default and interface settings.

Interface

The Interface option is used to tell LDW POWER which printer interface it
should use. The interface is the port (connector) on your computer where
you connect your printer. Your computer has two printer interfaces: a
parallel interface and a serial interface. Refer to your printer manual to
determine which type of interface you will use. Most printers use the
parallel interface, so that is the default interface in LDW POWER.

When you select the Interface option, a horizontal menu will appear with
the Interface commands. To select a parallel interface, choose the number 1
from the menu. To select a serial interface, choose the number 2. Once you
have made your selection, you will be returned to the Worksheet Global
Default Printer menu.

Auto-LF

The Auto-LF command is used to control whether LDW POWER sends a line feed
to the printer when a carriage return is issued at the end of each line of
the document being printed. LDW POWER has an Auto-LF default setting of
Yes. This means that line feed will be sent to the printer with every
carriage return.

The Auto-LF setting you choose is dependent on your printer. Some printers
will automatically put in a line feed with every carriage return. Other
printers will just issue a carriage return with no line feed. If your
printer automatically issues a line feed, and you have the Auto-LF option
set to yes, your printout will be double spaced. If you want single
spacing, you should turn off the Auto-LF command.

Select No to turn off the Auto-LF command or Yes to turn it on.

Margins

The next four commands in the menu; Left, Right, Top, and Bottom; all refer
to the default margins LDW POWER will leave in your document. Each command
will ask you to enter a number for the particular margin. Remember, that
the numbers you choose are default settings, and that every document you
print during the current session will have the margins you specify, until
you change them. To set margins for just one document, refer to the Print
Options command.

 Left

The Left command allows you to specify the character width of the left
margin. Select Left, and a message will appear in the edit line asking you
to enter the number of characters from the left edge of the paper you would
like the printer to start printing from. You may enter a number from 0 (to
start printing at the very edge of the paper) to 240 (for 240 blank
spaces). If you enter a number over 240, you will get an error message.
Type in the number and press Return. Note, that you should never set the
left margin to be larger than the right margin.

 Right

The Right command allows you to specify the character width of the line.
When you select the Right command, a message will appear in the edit line
asking you to enter the right margin. You may enter a number from 0 (no
characters per line) to 240 characters per line. If you enter a number over
240, you will get an error message. Unlike the Left command, which tells
LDW POWER how far from the edge of the paper the text should begin, the
Right command tells LDW POWER how many characters a line of text can have.
For example, if you enter the number 80 for the right margin, and the left
margin is the default 4 spaces, no more than 76 characters will be printed
on any line.

The right margin can be any number between 0 and 240, but it should never
be smaller than the left margin setting, or you will not be able to print
anything. You must also make sure that the right margin will fit into the
boundaries of the paper you are using and the set-up string you have
specified.

 Top

The Top command allows you to specify how far down from the top of the
paper you would like the paper to start printing. Select Top and a message
will appear in the edit line asking you to enter the number of blank lines
from the top of the page LDW POWER should leave. Enter a number between 0
and 32. If you enter a number over 32, an error message will appear. LDW
POWER will automatically leave three blank lines at the top of a page for
the page header. Therefore, any blank lines you specify for the top margin
are in addition to these three blank lines.

 Bottom

The Bottom command allows you to specify how far up from the bottom of the
page you would like the printer to stop printing. Select Bottom, and a
message will appear in the edit line asking you to enter the number of
blank lines from the bottom of the page LDW POWER should leave. Enter a
number between 0 and 32. If you enter a number over 32, an error message
will appear. LDW POWER will automatically leave three blank lines at the
bottom of a page for the page footer. Therefore, any blank lines you
specify for the bottom margin are in addition to these three blank lines.

Pg-Length

The Pg-Length command allows you to change the default page length setting.
The default page length is 66 lines, but you can use this command to change
the page length from 1 line per page up to 100. To execute this command,
select Pg-Length from the menu. When the message appears in the edit line
asking you to enter the default lines per page, enter a number between 1
and 100. If you enter a 0 or a number greater than 100, you will get an
error message.

The Pg-Length command from the Worksheet Global Default menu will change
the default page length for the current session with LDW POWER. If you just
want to change the page length for one document, use the Pg-Length command
from the Print menu.

Wait

The Wait command allows you to stop printing after each page and resume
when you are ready. This is very useful when you are printing on individual
sheets of paper rather than on continuous-feed paper.

The default setting for the Wait command is No. When No is the active
setting, LDW POWER will continuously print a document without pausing. Page
break spaces will automatically be entered, and there will be no time to
manually feed pages.

To use the Wait command, select Yes from the Worksheet Global Default
Printer Wait menu. When this command is selected, LDW POWER will stop and
beep at the end of each printed page. You can then manually feed pages and
arrange them as you would like them. When you are ready to print a page,
press any key, and LDW POWER will resume printing.

Setup

Setup strings are special character sequences which tell your printer how
to print characters in your document. Using setup strings, found in your
printer owner's manual, you can instruct your printer to print LDW POWER
worksheets with different character or line spacings or with special
printing effects (such as bold type). The default setup string is an empty
string. That means that the default setting for your printer will determine
the default printing format. If you specify a setup string for a worksheet
and save it with the worksheet, that setup string will become the default
for that particular worksheet (see the Print Options Setup for more
information).

When you change the default setup string, the new string becomes the
default for all printouts for the current session with LDW POWER. If you
just want to change the setup string for one printout, use the Print
Options Setup command. If you want to save this default setting for all
future use with LDW POWER, issue the Global Default Update command from the
Worksheet menu.

To define a default setup string, select the Setup option. A message will
appear in the edit line asking you to enter a default setup string. Enter
the string (refer to Print Options Setup for more information on setup
strings) and press the Return key.

Once you have entered a proper setup string, you will be prompted for two
character sequences to represent bold and underlined style in the printout.
These sequences should follow the same form as the setup string. Enter the
sequences (or press the Return key to accept the default forms of the
sequences). Your setup string and the two style sequences will be saved as
the defaults.

Quit

The Quit command in the Printer menu will return you to the Default command
menu.

Worksheet Global Default Directory

The Worksheet Global Default Directory command allows you to change the
default directory. The default directory is the directory from which LDW
POWER will load the AUTO.LDW file and will look for the worksheet files to
retrieve or save (unless you have selected a different directory using the
File Selector or the File Directory command). The default directory, like
other default settings, can be made "permanent". To do so, you have to save
the default settings using the Worksheet Global Default Update command.

When you select Worksheet Global Default Directory, a message will appear
in the edit line asking you to enter the default directory. Press Esc or
Backspace to delete the initial directory and type in the new directory.

Worksheet Global Default Status

The Status command lets you check the status of all the worksheet defaults.
When you select Status, the Status dialog box will overlay the worksheet.
Press Return or click on OK to exit from the Status dialog box.

Worksheet Global Default Update

The Update option will save all Global Default settings to a special
"default settings" file called LDW.CNF. Whenever LDW POWER is loaded, it
will look for this file in the current directory. If you change some of the
Global Default settings during a session and do not save them with the
Update option, those changes will not appear the next time you load LDW
POWER.

Worksheet Global Default Other

The Other menu contains commands which deal with numeric settings of the
worksheet. These include dates, times and the order in which numbers are
displayed for Data Sort commands. When you select Other, a horizontal menu
will appear with two items: International and Sort.

International

The International menu, when selected, will reveal a horizontal menu of
commands which control the default numeric formats. The following will
explain each command and how it works.

 International Punctuation

There are three ways that LDW POWER will use punctuation marks for
formatting purposes. In the LDW POWER default setting, periods are used as
decimal points in numbers (10.7), commas are used to separate every third
digit in numbers (1,000,000), and are also used to separate the arguments
in functions (SUM(B1,12,C4)).

The Punctuation command allows you to change the punctuation marks to fit
your needs. When you select Punctuation, a horizontal menu of the available
punctuation settings will appear.

 International Currency

The Worksheet Global Default Other International Currency command allows
you to change the default currency string which appears in currency
formats. The default string is a $ preceding the number. You can change
this to any string you choose of up to 15 characters long.

When you select this command, a message will appear in the edit line asking
you to enter the string you would like displayed as the currency indicator.
Backspace or delete to remove the present string and enter your own.  When
you enter the character, another menu will appear. This menu contains two
items: Prefix and Suffix. Select Prefix if you would like the currency
symbol displayed before the value or Suffix, if you would like the currency
symbol displayed after the value.

 International Date

The commands in this menu allow you to control the display of long and
short international dates (formats 4 and 5 in the Worksheet Global Format
Date menu). These four commands are:

 êFormat Form Example

 A MM/DD/YY 12/25/88 B DD/MM/YY 25/12/88 C DD.MM.YY  25.12.88 D YY-MM-DD
88-12-25

When any of these commands are issued, all long and short international
dates will be adjusted according to the selected format. Note, that short
international dates will be formatted according to the styles listed above,
except they will not display figures for the year.

 International Time

The commands in the Worksheet Global Default Other International Time menu
allow you to set the display of the long and short international time
settings (formats 3 and 4 in the Worksheet Global Format Date Time menu).

These four commands are:

 êFormat Form Example

 A HH:MM:SS 12:25:59 B HH.MM.SS 12.25.59 C HH,MM,SS  12,25,59 D HHhMMmSSs
12h25m59s

When any of these commands are issued, all long and short international
times will be adjusted according to the selected format. Note, that short
international times will be formatted according to the styles listed above,
except they will not display figures for the seconds.
 International Quit

This command will return you to the Worksheet Global Default menu.

Sort

The Sort menu contains commands which determine the order of precedence of
characters in a short (see the Data Sort command). These commands can be
used together. For example, you can issue the Same command to treat both
upper and lower case letters the same, while issuing the First command to
give number precedence over letters. The following section explains each of
these commands.

 Sort Different

The Different command tells LDW POWER to treat lower case and upper case
letters differently when performing a sort. Upper case letters will precede
lower case letters in an ascending sort and will follow lower case letters
in a descending sort.

 Sort Same

The Same command instructs LDW POWER to treat upper and lower case letters
the same in a sort.

 Sort First

The First command tells LDW POWER that numbers are given precedence over
letters in a sort. This means that entries which begin with numbers will
appear before entries which begin with letters.

 Sort Last

This command tells LDW POWER that letter take precedence over numbers in a
sort. This means that entries that begin with letters will appear before
any entries which begin with numbers.

Worksheet Global Default Quit

This command will return the worksheet to the READY mode.

Worksheet Global Zero

The commands in this menu hide the display of all cells in the worksheet
that have a total numeric value of zero. Select Yes to enable this setting
or No to disable it. Cells that contain formulas or functions that return
total numeric values of zero are affected by this command as well.

Worksheet Insert

The Worksheet Insert menu contains two commands, Row and Column, which
allow you to insert one or more blank rows or columns anywhere in the
worksheet. When you select either of these commands, a message will appear
in the edit line asking you to indicate where in the worksheet you want to
insert the row or column. Enter a range with same number of rows or columns
that you wish to insert (i.e., if you want to insert three rows, enter a
range that is three rows long). Columns will be inserted directly to the
left of the designated range, while rows will be inserted directly above
the designated range.

Worksheet Delete

The Worksheet Delete menu has two commands, Row and Column, which allow you
to delete one or more rows or columns from your worksheet. When you select
either of these two commands, a message will appear in the edit line asking
you to enter the range you would like to delete. Enter the appropriate
range, highlighting the row(s) or column(s) you would like to delete, and
press Return.

Worksheet Column

The Worksheet Column menu contains commands which affect the display of
columns in any given worksheet window. The Worksheet Column commands affect
only the active worksheet window, therefore, the column display may be
different among different windows. When the Column menu is selected, a
horizontal menu displaying the four commands will appear.

WORKSHEET COLUMN SET-WIDTH

The Worksheet Column Set-Width command will change the column width for a
selected column or range of columns from the current width to a column
width that is anywhere from 2 characters wide to 72 characters wide. When
you select the command, a message will appear in the edit line asking you
to enter the desired column width. Type in the number and press Return or
click OK. The column or columns you selected will adjust to the desired
width. Note that you can also set the column width by moving the mouse
pointer to the right border of the column label box at the top of any
column, and dragging the column the desired width.

WORKSHEET COLUMN RESET-WIDTH

The Worksheet Column Reset-Width command returns the selected column or
columns to the default width.

WORKSHEET COLUMN FORMAT

The commands in the Worksheet Column Format menu will format a specific
column or range of columns. These formatting options are identical to those
in the Cell Formats section, so you can refer to that section for details.

There is one option that deserves mention here, however, and that is the
Reset option. This option will change the format of the cell(s) in the
range to the setting that has been defined under the Worksheet Global
Format command.

Note, that all formats issued under the Worksheet Column Format command
take priority over formats issued with the Worksheet Global Format command
but do not take priority over formats issued with the Range Format command.

WORKSHEET COLUMN HIDE

The Worksheet Column Hide command prevents a specified column or columns
from being displayed on the screen and suppresses the printing of the
specified column(s). To hide columns, select the Worksheet Column Hide
command and specify the column(s) you would like to hide. Note, that the
hidden columns become visible when the worksheet is in the POINT mode.

WORKSHEET COLUMN DISPLAY

The Worksheet Column Display command re-displays the specified hidden
columns. Select this command and enter the appropriate column(s).

Worksheet Erase

The Worksheet Erase command will erase everything in the worksheet. When
you select this command, an alert will appear in the center of your screen
warning that erasing will destroy all your work. Click on PROCEED to erase
the worksheet or click on CANCEL to return to the worksheet. Remember that
once you erase a worksheet that has not been saved, there is no way to
retrieve the information that was erased.

Worksheet Titles

The Worksheet Titles menu contains commands which allow you to freeze a few
specified rows or columns (titles) on the worksheet. This means that as you
scroll down or across the worksheet, the specified row(s) or column(s) will
remain on the screen. This feature is often helpful when you have row or
column headers which you want to remain visible. To select the row(s) or
column(s) y0u would like to freeze, move the cell pointer to the cell
directly below the rows you would like to freeze and/or to the right of the
columns you would like to freeze and issue the command. Once you have
frozen a title to the screen, the area that has been frozen is
distinguishable by the dark line separating it from the rest of the
worksheet. To move the cell pointer into the frozen rows or columns, you
must place the worksheet in POINT mode. You can then use the cursor keys or
the mouse to move into the frozen area(s).

Note, that if you have several windows open, the Title commands only affect
the active window. If you want to freeze titles in the other windows, you
must make each window active and issue the Title commands.

WORKSHEET TITLES BOTH

The worksheet Titles Both command allows you to freeze both rows and
columns of the worksheet.

WORKSHEET TITLES HORIZONTAL

The Worksheet Titles Horizontal command allows you to freeze only rows of
the worksheet.

WORKSHEET TITLES VERTICAL

The Worksheet Titles Vertical command allows you to freeze only columns of
the worksheet.

WORKSHEET TITLES CLEAR

The Worksheet Titles Clear command will "unfreeze" any titles that have
been frozen to the screen. When you select the Clear command, the lines
marking the frozen rows or columns will disappear.


Worksheet Window

The Worksheet Window menu allows you to manipulate up to four separate
worksheet windows at one time and to see different parts of the worksheet
simultaneously. This can be very useful when you want to see different
parts of the worksheet without constantly having to use the cell pointer to
move around. When you open up a new window, it will become the active
window.

WORKSHEET WINDOW OPEN

The Worksheet Window Open command opens a window. When working on a
worksheet, you can open up to three additional windows at a time.

WORKSHEET WINDOW CLOSE

The Worksheet Window Close command can be used to close the active window
when you have more than one window open. If you select the Close command
with only one window open, LDW POWER will return an error message, because
you must always have at least one window open.

WORKSHEET WINDOW GRID

The Worksheet Window Grid command will either show or hide the grid
displayed on the worksheet. If the grid is visible and the command is
selected, the grid will disappear from the worksheet. If the grid is hidden
and the Worksheet Window Grid command is selected, the grid will appear.
Note, that this command only affects the active window.

WORKSHEET WINDOW VIEW

The Worksheet Window View command can be used to condense the worksheet
window display on a monochrome monitor. If you select the Worksheet View
command while using a color monitor, nothing will happen. Selecting the
View command condenses the total number of rows in the worksheet window, so
that you can see up to 29 rows instead of the default of 15. To return the
display to normal viewing, re-select the command.

You can use the Worksheet Window View command to condense the display in
any open window. That is, if you have four windows open, you can condense
the display in all four windows. You must, however, set the view command
separately for each window that you want to condense.

WORKSHEET WINDOW TOP

The commands in this menu will make a given worksheet window the active
window and will display it on top of all other windows. If the window is
not already on the screen, these commands will open it and bring it to the
top. The commands A, B, C, and D refer to the four different windows that
may be accessed. Select the window to be affected and press Return. You may
also make one of the open windows active simply by clicking on it.

Worksheet Status

When the Worksheet Status command is selected, a large dialog box appears
displaying the free memory space available on the worksheet along with the
status of the current default settings of the worksheet.

The first line of the status box shows the amount of memory that is
currently free, the total memory available on the worksheet and a
percentage of the amount of memory that is currently free.

The next sections display the default settings for recalculation and cell
display. The bottom lines of the status box indicate if there is any
circular reference in the worksheet, where it is, and whether global
protection is active or inactive. Note that the circular reference
indicator will give the location of only one circular reference at a time.
Once the circular reference displayed is removed, the status box will
display another circular reference, if one exists. This cycle will continue
until all circular references have been removed.

Worksheet Page

The Worksheet Page command allows you to insert manual page breaks into
your worksheet.

To issue this command, move the cell pointer to the cell directly below
where you would like the page break inserted and to the first column of the
area to be printed, and select the Worksheet Page command. A new row will
be inserted with a special page-break symbol (::) to indicate where the
page break will occur when you print your worksheet.

To remove page breaks, either erase the cell which contains the page break
(see the Range Erase command) or simply type a new entry over the page
break.


RANGE MENU

The Range menu contains commands which deal with ranges of cells specified
by the user. With Range commands, you must select a specified cell or range
of cells which will be affected by the command you issue. You may select
the range before issuing a Range command (in which case the command will
automatically refer to the pre-selected range), or after issuing a Range
command (in which case the command will prompt you to enter a range). Range
commands almost always deal directly with the actual cell that is being
affected and not the cell entry. For example, you can use a range command
to format a cell to display two decimal places in a fixed format.
 Therefore, any changes made to the cells through the Range commands are
independent of any entries that may be made into those cells.

The following section of your manual takes you through the Range menu
explaining each of these commands and how to use them.

Range Format

The Range Format menu contains commands which can be used to format a
specified cell or range of cells in the worksheet. When Range Format
commands are issued, they will override existing global and column formats.
These format commands are exactly the same as those described under Cell
Formats except for the fact that the Range Format commands apply to
specific cell ranges.

Refer to the section on Cell Formats for the format options.


Range Style

The Range Style menu contains three commands which affect the way cell
entries are displayed and printed. Select the appropriate command and enter
the desired range at the prompt.

The Range Style commands are:

 Bold: Displays characters in bold lettering.
 Underlined: Displays characters with êunderline symbols.
 Reset: Returns the characters to plain font.

Range Layout

The Range Layout menu contains three commands that control the alignment of
entries in their cells. Select the appropriate Range Layout command and
enter the desired range. Note, that this is the only Range command and does
not affect the cell format itself but rather the entry within the cell.
That is, you cannot format a cell to automatically align any entry that may
be placed in it. You must wait until an entry is made in the cell and then
perform the Range Layout command on that entry. Note, that the Range Layout
command will not only affect the alignment of the entry but also affect the
label prefix of the entry.

The Range Layout commands:

 Left: Displays labels or values aligned to the left side of the cell.
 Right: Displays labels or values aligned to the right side of the cell.
 Center: Displays labels or values centered in the cell.

Range Erase

The Range Erase command deletes the entries from the specified cell or
range of cells. Select the Erase option and enter the address of the cell
or range of cells you would like to erase, and the entries will be removed
from the selected cells. Note, that this command also deletes cell formats
assigned by the Range Format commands.

Range Name

LDW POWER allows you to name cell ranges. You can then use these names as
you would use range addresses in formulas, functions and commands. After a
name has been given to a range of cells, LDW POWER will refer to the name,
and not the range coordinates. Naming ranges can help in clarifying
worksheets and making formulas easier to follow and understand. For
example, the range name SALES is much more descriptive and easier to
understand than the range coordinates A5..A10.

The Range Name commands are: Create, Delete, Labels, Reset, Table.

The following is a description of each command and how it is used.

RANGE NAME CREATE

The Range Name Create command is used to create or modify the name of a
range. When you create a range name for the first range in the worksheet, a
message will appear in the edit line asking you to enter a name. Type in
the name you would like to give the selected range. The name you choose can
be up to 15 characters long and can include almost any character, but the
name must begin with a letter. Also, names must not be valid cell or range
addresses, numbers, operators or function names. Thereafter, a menu of all
existing range names will appear (in alphabetical order) when you invoke
the Range Name Create command. You may enter a new name for the next range,
or you can use one of the existing names. To enter a new name, just type it
in.

After you have entered the name, a second message will appear in the edit
line asking you to enter the range you would like to name. Enter the range
and press Return or click OK. The selected range will now be assigned the
name you entered.

You can give a range more than one name. If a range has more than one name,
either name can be used to refer to that range. You cannot use the same
name more than once, however. If you try to use a name that has already
been used, LDW POWER will re-issue the name to the new range that is
specified, and the original range will no longer be a named range under
that name.

RANGE NAME DELETE

The Range Name Delete command is used to delete range names. When you
select this command, a message will appear in the edit line asking you to
enter the name you would like to delete. A list of all of the range names
in the worksheet will also appear. Select the name you would like to delete
and press Return.

It is important to note that deleting a range name does not delete the
range itself. LDW POWER will simple change the range name to the range
coordinates in functions and formulas.

RANGE NAME LABELS

The Range Name Labels command offers a convenient way to name ranges in the
worksheet. This command uses labels located in a range of the worksheet to
name the cells which are adjacent to that label range. For example, suppose
you have a label in the worksheet in cell C5. You can use that label to
name the cell adjacent to that label, such as cell D5. Using labels on the
worksheet to name cells will also help you keep track of the locations of
the cells.

To use this command, you must first enter the labels into the worksheet.
The labels should be arranged in the cells of one row or column.

The Range Name Labels menu contains four commands: Right, Down, Left and
Up. These commands tell LDW POWER which cells to name. For example, if you
select Left, LDW POWER will name the cells to the left of the range of
labels you select. Once the direction has been entered, the edit line will
appear with a prompt asking you to enter the range of labels to be used as
names. Enter the correct range and press Return.

RANGE NAME RESET

The Range Name Reset command erases all named ranges from the worksheet.



RANGE NAME TABLE

The Range Name Table command will create a table in the worksheet which
contains all of the names of the named ranges. This list can be useful when
you have a lot of named ranges and need to keep track of them.

When you select the Range Name Table command, a prompt will appear asking
you to enter the range where you would like the table to appear. Select the
correct range. A listing of all of the range names will appear in the first
column with their corresponding range coordinates in the second column.

Range Justify

The Range Justify command allows you to break up long labels into a series
of shorter labels. If you have a lone label that stretches across the
screen out of view of the window, you can specify a shorter range in which
you would like the label to appear. The label will then be broken up and
placed in the specified range. Note, that sections of the label will be
broken up according to the spacing between sections. Therefore, if the
label has no spaces, it will not be broken up.

When you issue the Range Justify command, a message will appear in the edit
line asking for the range in which you would like the label to appear.
Enter the proper range. The label will appear in the specified range,
broken up into a series of smaller labels.

Range Protect

The Range Protect command works directly with the Worksheet Global
Protection command to allow you to protect your worksheet from accidental
changes. Usually, when you are using a worksheet filled with important
data, you will use Worksheet Global Protection to protect every cell in the
worksheet to be sure that all the data is protected. You can then use the
Range Unprotect command to unprotect specific cell ranges that you want to
work on. If there are certain cell ranges within those unprotected ranges
that you wish to re-protect, you can use the Range Protect command to
protect those cells.

When you select the Range Protect command, a message will appear in the
edit line asking you to enter the range you would like to protect. Enter
the proper range. The entered range cannot be altered until the Unprotect
command is issued or Global Protections is disabled. If you try to alter a
protected cell, you will get a message that the cell is protected.

Range Unprotect

The Range Unprotect command will unprotect a range of cells that are
protected by the Global Protection command. When Global Protection is
activated, all cells in the worksheet are protected and cannot be altered.
The Range Unprotect commands allows you to unprotect a given range of cells
and change or even delete the entries in the given range. The range
specified can be as large as you choose, but for each cell that is
unprotected, a space in memory is used up. Therefore, if you try to
unprotect the entire worksheet using the Range Unprotect command (rather
than disabling the Global Protection), you will waste the available memory.

When the Unprotect command is selected, a message will appear asking you to
enter the range to unprotect. Enter the appropriate range and press Return
or click OK. You may now edit the unprotected cells.

Range Input

The Range Input command is used in conjunction with Range Protect, and
Range Unprotect. Suppose you have the following situation: a range is
unprotected by the Range Unprotect command; certain cells within that
unprotected range are protected by the Range Protect command. You can use
the Range Input command to move the cell pointer more easily within that
unprotected range. Since some of the cells in the unprotected range are
protected, you will want to skip over them, as you are entering data. The
Range Input command automatically moves the cell pointer over any protected
cells within the unprotected range, allowing you to move to only the
unprotected cells in that range. This command can be useful for creating
fill-in forms, because you can enter data only in certain locations.

When you select the Range Input command, a message will appear asking you
to enter the Input range. Enter the appropriate range (which will usually
be the entire range that was unprotected by the Range Unprotect command)
and press Return or click OK. The mode button will display INPUT to
indicate that the worksheet is in the INPUT mode. To return to the READY
mode, press the Return or Esc key.

Range Value

You can use the Range Value command to copy the values returned by formulas
in one range into another range. For example, if you have a formula in cell
B1, you can use the Range Value command to copy the value returned by that
formula into any cell in the worksheet. Remember that when you use the
Range Value command, the formulas are not affected or moved in any way, and
only the returned values and not the formulas themselves are copied into
another range. Labels and numbers are copied directly. After you select the
Range Value command, enter the appropriate FROM and TO ranges for the
copying procedure.

See the Copy-Move command for the rules that apply when copying ranges of
cells.

Range Transpose

The Range Transpose command allows you to copy the entries from a specified
range of columns into a specified range of rows or to copy the entries from
a specified range of rows into a specified range of columns. This means
that the Transpose command will flip horizontal entries vertically or
vertical entries horizontally. You may also transpose ranges which are
larger than one column or row.

When you select the Range Transpose command, a message will appear in the
edit line asking you to enter the range to copy from. Enter the range you
would like to transpose. A second message will appear in the edit line
asking you to enter the range you would like to copy to. Enter the range
you would like the entries in the first specified range of cells transposed
into. The destination range may not overlap the cells from the source
range.





COPYING AND MOVING ENTRIES

The Copy-Move menu allows you to copy or move selected cells or ranges of
cells anywhere in the worksheet. This is one of the most basic features of
any spreadsheet and also one of the most important.

Copy Command

The Copy command allows you to copy the contents of any cell or range of
cells in the worksheet to any other cell or range of cells in the
worksheet. As with all other commands in LDW POWER, you may pre-select the
range you want to copy or wait until the prompt appears to enter the cell
or range of cells you want to copy. When you select the Copy range command,
a prompt will appear in the edit line asking you to enter the range you
want to copy from. This is the range which contains the entries which you
want to copy to another location in the worksheet. Enter the correct range
or accept the range which appears in the edit line. A second prompt will
appear asking you to enter the range you want to copy to. Enter the range
in which you would like the copied entries to appear. When you press Return
or click OK, the copied entries will appear in both the original cells and
the new range of cells you specified.

You may issue the copy command as many times as you wish, and you may copy
any given range as often as necessary. If you copy a cell or range of cells
into any cells which already contain entries, the newly copied entries will
overwrite the original entries. If you are copying a range into another
range of the same size, and the destination range overlaps the original
range, LDW POWER will not allow you to perform the copy.

The possibilities for copying are:

 êFROM range TO range Example Single cell Single cell A1 to D5 Single cell
Multiple cells A1 to F7..H9 Single row Single row  D1..H1 to F3..F3 Single
column Single column B1..B7 to K1..K7  Single row Multiple rows D1..H1 to
F3..G10 Single column Multiple columns B1..B7 to F1..H2 Rectangular range
Rectangular range B7..F9 to K7..O9

 Single cell to single cell: copies the contents of a single cell into the
destination cell.

 Single cell to multiple cells: copies the contents of a single cell into
each cell of the destination range.

 Single cell to single row: copies the contents of a single row into the
destination row. You can designate the destination row by selecting the
entire row or by selecting the leftmost cell in that row. Unlike the
 single cell to multiple cells copy, the source row will only be copied
once into the destination row (even if the destination row is longer than
the source row).

 Single column to single column: copies the contents of a single column
into the destination column. You can designate the destination column be
selecting the entire column or by selecting the top cell in that column.
 Like the single row to single row copy, the source column will only be
copied once into the destination column.

 Single row to multiple rows: copies the contents of a single row into each
row of the destination range. You can designate the destination rows by
selecting the entire range or by selecting the leftmost cell in each row.

 Single column to multiple columns: copies the contents of a single column
into each column of the destination range. You can designate the
destination columns by selecting the entire range or by selecting the top
cell in each column.

 Rectangular range to rectangular range: copies the contents of a range
into the destination range. You can designate the destination range by
selecting the entire range or by selecting the upper left cell in the
range.

All the rules concerning copying that have been explained apply to any type
of cell entry (label, number, formula). Copying formulas, however, can be a
little more complicated than copying simple labels or numbers, because of
the presence of cell references. A formula or function can have three
different types of cell references: relative, absolute, and mixed. When
formulas are copied, they will be affected according to the kind of
reference they contain.

When a formula or function containing a relative cell reference is copied,
the copy will refer to different cells than the original. This result is
due to the fact that relative references do not refer to fixed cell
locations but instead refer to locations relative to the location of the
formula or function containing the reference. Therefore, when you are
copying or moving a range containing a formula or function, it is important
to remember to include all cells that are referenced by that formula or
function.

Example:

 A10: sum(A1..A9) /Copy From A10 To B20..C20 B20 will contain
sum(B11..B19) C20 sum(C11..C19)

When a formula or function containing an absolute cell reference is copied,
the copy will refer to the exact same cell as the original. This result is
due to the fact that absolute references always refer to a specific fixed
cell location.

When a formula or function containing a mixed cell reference is copied, the
copy will refer to different rows or columns depending on the nature of the
mixed reference.

 A10: sum(A$1..A$9); /Copy Form A10 To B20..C20 B20 will contain
sum(B$1..B$9) C20 sum(C$1..C$9)

Move Command

The Move command works very similarly to the Copy command. The difference
is that the Move command will actually move the contents of the selected
cells to the specified destination leaving the original cells empty.

When you select the Move command, a prompt will appear in the edit line
asking you to enter the range of cells you would like to move from. Enter
the range and press Return or click OK. If you pre-select a range of cells
before issuing the move command, the FROM prompt will not appear and the
spreadsheet will assume that the pre-selected range of cells contains the
entries which you would like to move. A second prompt will now appear
asking you to enter the range you would like to move to. Enter the TO range
and press Return or OK. The entries which were originally in the first
range you entered will now be moved to the new range of cells.

The move command can be issued as many times as necessary. If the
destination range already contains entries, these entries will be
overwritten by the new entries. Care must be taken in selecting a
destination range for the Move command. If the destination range overlaps
either the anchor or free cell of an existing range, the existing range
will no longer be defined within the worksheet.

Also, when you are moving cells which contain formulas, the complete
formula will be moved, not just the value which appears in the cell. When
moving formulas, the same rules apply to relative, mixed and absolute
references as in the Copy command.

FILE MANAGEMENT

The File menu includes commands for saving and retrieving entire
worksheets, selected portions of worksheets or combining information from
different worksheets. There is even a command which allows you to import
information from other programs. The following chapter takes you through
the File menu and explains each command in the order in which it appears in
the menu.

File Selector Box

Most of the commands in the File menu require you to specify a file from
the files available on the disk. Therefore, when you select these commands,
a file selector box will be displayed with a browser of current files saved
under LDW POWER. You will be using these file selector boxes to select the
files for various File commands.

At the top of each file selector box is the directory path of the displayed
files (e.g., A:\*.LDW). Directly below the directory path is a browser
displaying all of the files available in the directory. The browser can
show up to nine files on the screen at any one time. If the disk contains
more than nine files, you can use the scroll bar to scroll through the
available files. To the right of the browser you will see the word
Selection: with the cursor positioned after the colon. The name of the file
which you are going to be working with will appear below Selection:.
Finally, there are two buttons at the bottom right of the file selector
box. Select the OK button when you want to enter your file to the worksheet
(the enlarged border around around the OK button signifies that it is the
default button and can be automatically selected by pressing the Return
key). The second button, Cancel, is used to return you to the worksheet and
cancel any file commands.

If you wish to select a file which already exists in the directory, click
on the name of the file in the browser. It will appear in the file
selection box below the word Selection:. If you wish to specify a file
which does not exist in the direction, simply type in the name.

To change the files displayed in the browser to those from another
directory, move the cursor to the area below the directory indicator where
the file extension is displayed and click the mouse. The cursor will appear
at the end of the extension. Backspace to delete the existing extension
and/or directory, and enter the extension and/or directory you would like
displayed. Click anywhere within the browser, and it will be adjusted to
display a listing of all files saved with the selected extension in the
selected directory.

When LDW POWER is loaded into memory, it sets the default directory. All
default settings for the worksheet are stored in a default file called
LDW.CNF. When the program is loaded, it automatically looks in this default
file to get the settings for the session. You can designate a different
directory as the default by using the Worksheet Global Default Directory
command to change the directory and the Worksheet Global Default Update
command to save the change. The File Directory command and the file
selector box can be used to change the directory during the current
session. Any directory changes made with the File Directory command are
cancelled, however, once the current session ends.

File Retrieve

The File Retrieve command is used to call up previously saved worksheets to
memory. When you select this command, the file selector box will appear on
the screen. Enter the name of the file you would like to retrieve and press
Return. The file you select will become the active worksheet.

When issuing the File Retrieve command, it is important to remember that
once you select OK, the previously active worksheet will be removed from
memory, and the worksheet you are selecting will appear. Because of this
fact, it is important to remember to save the active worksheet before
issuing the Retrieve command.

Automatic-Load Worksheet

If you have a worksheet which you constantly use, LDW POWER provides you
with a file name which allows you to automatically load that worksheet
every time you load the program. This is the auto-load worksheet. If you
would like to designate a specific worksheet as the auto-load worksheet,
save it to the default directory with the file name AUTO.LDW. Every time
you load the spreadsheet, the file named AUTO.LDW will automatically be
loaded.

You may only have one AUTO.LDW file for each directory. If you want to run
a different auto-load worksheet than the one in the current default
directory, you must use the Worksheet Global Default Directory command to
change the default directory and the Worksheet Global Default Update
command to save the change. When you load the spreadsheet, the new
auto-load worksheet from the new default directory will automatically be
called up.

File Save

The File Save command allows you to move the active worksheet from RAM
(random access memory) to permanent storage on a disk.

When you select the Save command, the file selector box will appear on the
screen, and the file browser will contain a listing of all of the currently
saved files.

SAVING WITH A NEW NAME

When saving a worksheet for the first time, you will have to enter a new
file name. If you enter an existing file name, the worksheet you are saving
will overwrite the existing file. Type in the name below the word
Selection: If you don't add an extension, the extension LDW will
automatically be added. If you enter an extension other than LDW, the file
will appear in the browser for the corresponding extension. When you have
entered the name (which can be no more than eight characters long), click
on the OK button to confirm it.

SAVING WITH AN EXISTING NAME

LDW POWER also allows you to re-save previously saved worksheets after you
have updated them. To save an existing worksheet, move the cursor to the
name of the worksheet in the browser, click and then select OK. Because you
are overwriting an existing file, a protection message will appear warning
you that the existing file will be overwritten. When you select OK to enter
the file name, the message box appears with two options: Cancel and
Replace. When you click Replace, the active worksheet will overwrite the
existing file. When you click Cancel, you will return to the active
worksheet without having saved it.

NAMING FILES

There are a few restrictions which must be noted regarding the names you
choose for your files. As mentioned before, the name you choose can be no
more than eight characters long. You can also specify a three character
file name extension. If you do not, LDW POWER will automatically add the
LDW extension. If you create your own extension the file name will not
appear in the browser under the *.LDW directory. To view the file, you must
change the browser to the appropriate extension. Also, when you create your
own extension, you must type in the extension along with the file name
every time you want to re-save the worksheet.

File names can include all letters of the alphabet (upper and lower case),
the numbers 0 through 9, and the underline character.

DISK-FULL ERROR

When you are saving your worksheets to a floppy disk, you will occasionally
try to save to a disk which is full. When this happens, LDW POWER will
beep, and an error message will appear telling you that the disk is full.

There are several things you can do in this situation. One way to get
around this problem is to remove the full disk from the drive and replace
it with a disk which has space. Then, you can save the worksheet to the new
disk. A second solution is to use the File Erase command to erase
unnecessary files from the disk in order to free up some disk space. If a
single diskette does not have the memory capacity to save the entire
worksheet, you can use the File eXtract command (which will be explained
further in this chapter) to save different parts of the worksheet on two
different disks. You can then use the File Combine command (which will also
be explained) to combine the sections at a later time.




File Password

LDW POWER provides you with a feature which allows you to protect your
worksheets, so that they can only be retrieved by you or someone authorized
to open your worksheets. The Password option in the File menu provides you
with this protection by allowing you to assign a password to your
worksheets before you save them. LDW POWER will not allow you to retrieve a
protected file, until the correct password is given.

To assign a password to a worksheet, select the File Password command from
the File menu. A message will appear in the edit line asking you to enter a
password. Type in your password (which can be up to 15 characters long) and
press Return (or click OK). When the password is entered, a second message
will appear in the edit line asking you to verify the password. Re-type
your password exactly as you entered it the first time and press Return. If
the passwords match, protection for the worksheet will be turned on,
otherwise an error message will appear telling you that the passwords do
not match. You must then re-issue the Password command to assign a password
the the worksheet.

Note, that when you are entering a password, the letters do not appear on
the screen. Instead, block characters appear. This feature is used to
prevent other people from being able to retrieve your files after
accidentally seeing your password on the screen. Also, note that passwords
do not distinguish between upper and lower case letters.

Once a password has been assigned to a worksheet, the Password option will
have a check mark next to it to indicate that the protection is on. If
youchange your mind and want to turn the Password feature off, simply
re-select the option. To permanently turn on the protection for the
worksheet, you must save the protected worksheet to the disk. When the
protected worksheet has been saved to the disk, the password must be given
in order to retrieve the file. Note, that once a password has been
permanently assigned to a worksheet, that password protection can never be
removed. It is, therefore, very important that you do not forget the
password, or you will not be able to access your worksheet.

When you attempt to retrieve a file which has been saved with a password, a
message will appear in the edit line asking you to enter the password. If
you enter the correct password, the file you are retrieving will be called
to memory, otherwise a message will appear telling you it is a bad
password. You must then either issue a correct password or press Esc to
return to the worksheet you were working on before issuing the Retrieve
command.

File Combine

The File Combine command allows you to combine the contents of selected
files into the active worksheet. You can also use the Combine command to
transfer information from one worksheet to another.

To invoke this command, select Combine from the File menu. A horizontal
menu with three options will appear: Copy, Add, and Subtract. These options
determine the way the selected worksheet files will interact with the
active worksheet. Select the command which will combine the worksheet files
in the manner which best fits your needs (refer to the following pages for
a detailed description of each of these three options).

Once you select an option, a second horizontal menu will appear. This menu
will contain two items: Entire-File and Named/Specified-Range. These
options are used to tell LDW POWER what portion of the worksheet files
should be combined with the active worksheet.

Regardless of which option you choose, LDW POWER will combine the contents
of the worksheet file with the active worksheet beginning at the current
cell.

ENTIRE-FILE

The Entire-File options tells LDW POWER to combine the contents of the
entire worksheet file with the active worksheet. When you select this
option, the file selector box will appear on the screen. Select the
worksheet file you would like to copy and click OK. The worksheet file you
selected will be combined with the active worksheet.

NAMED/SPECIFIED-RANGE

The Named/Specified-Range option tells LDW POWER to combine the contents of
a specified range of the worksheet file with the contents of the active
worksheet. When you select this command, a message will appear in the edit
line asking you to enter the range name or range coordinates you would like
to select from the file. The range you enter can be as large or small as
you choose. Enter the range and press Return or click OK. After the range
is entered, the file selector box will appear on the screen. Select the
worksheet file you would like to copy and click OK (clicking on Cancel will
return you to the second horizontal option menu).

COPY

The File Combine Copy command will copy the contents of a worksheet file
into the cells of the active worksheet. This option is particularly helpful
in transferring information from one file to another. If the cells of the
active worksheet contain any information, the information in the worksheet
file cells will overwrite the existing information contained in the active
worksheet cells of the same address. If the worksheet file contains blank
cells, the Copy option will not overwrite existing information in the
corresponding cells of the active worksheet.

The Copy option will adjust the cell references for formulas which are
copied into a file to reflect the new location of the formulas. Even
formulas containing absolute references will be adjusted (the absolute
references will be treated as relative references).

ADD

The Add option allows you to add the values contained in the worksheet file
with the values contained in the corresponding cells of the active
worksheet. This option can be helpful for summarizing the figures on a
number of different worksheets.

The Add option is different than the Copy option in that it doesn't copy
the contents of a worksheet file directly into the cells of the active
worksheet. Instead, the Add option will add together values. The Add option
will treat values and labels differently. Labels whicha re contained in the
active worksheet when the Add option is invoked will not be affected by the
labels, values or formulas in the worksheet file. The Add option will not
combine labels from the worksheet file into the active worksheet even if
there are blank cells in the active worksheet. Any type of entry which
returns a value in the worksheet file, however, will be added to values in
corresponding cells in the active worksheet. When the worksheet file
contains functions or formulas, the Add option will take the value returned
by the function or formula and place it in an existing blank cell of the
active worksheet or add it to an existing value in the active worksheet. If
the cell of the active worksheet already contains a formula, that formula
will not be affected by the Add command. If, however, cells within the
active worksheet which are referred to by a formula or function are altered
by the Add option, then that formula or function will be affected.

The manner in which the Add option deals with formulas and labels requires
that the two worksheets have very similar layouts. If the layouts differ,
the results may not be the ones expected. When using the Add option, it is
often a good idea to have a "Standard" worksheet into which the files you
want to add can be imported. A standard worksheet is a worksheet in which
the layout is pre-designed to fit the information which is to be imported
into it. When you have a standard worksheet, you don't run the risk of
damaging the information in any of your worksheets, and the layout is
pre-set to avoid adding formulas with labels, etc.

SUBTRACT

The Subtract option is very similar to the Add option. The only difference
is that the Subtract option subtracts the values contained in the cells of
the worksheet file from the values contained in the active worksheet. The
manner in which the Subtract option processes the two worksheets is
identical to the Add option. Refer to the Add option section of this manual
to see how the Subtract option works.

File eXtract

The File eXtract command allows you to extract a range from any worksheet
and save it into a separate file. The range can be as small as a single
cell or as large as the entire worksheet. You can use this command to break
up files which are too large, or to separate information which you would
like to combine with other files.

When you select the eXtract command, a horizontal menu with two options
will appear. These options are Formulas or Values. The option you choose
will determine the manner in which LDW POWER treats the formulas in your
worksheets. See the sections of this chapter titled Formulas and Values for
an explanation of how these options work.

Once you select an option, the file selector box will appear for you to
enter the name of the file under which you would like to save the extract
range. The file selector box will contain a listing of the existing files.
 Type in the file name to create a new file or select an existing one. If
you select a file which already exists, the information you are extracting
and saving to the disk will overwrite the existing information. Click on OK
to confirm the file name. Click on Cancel to return to the horizontal menu.

After you enter a file name, a message will appear in the edit line asking
you to enter the range you would like to extract. Enter the appropriate
cell addresses or range name. Once you press Return (or click OK), the
range you selected will be saved into the specified file. Note, that the
extracted file will not save any information concerning graphs or windows
from the original worksheet.

FORMULAS

Selecting Formulas from the menu will cause LDW POWER to save the formulas
in the specified range as actual entries and not simply the values returned
by those formulas. There is one thing to be aware of when saving the
formulas. If all of the cells which are referenced by the formulas are not
included in the specified range, the results returned by the formulas will
be different than the original results.

When you combine an extracted range (with such external referencing
formulas), LDW POWER will adjust the formulas to calculate according to
their present position in the combined worksheet.

VALUES

Selecting the Values option will save the current results returned by the
formulas in the extract range rather than the actual formulas themselves.

There are a couple of important points to keep in mind when using the
Values option with the eXtract command. The first point is that there is no
connection between the extract file and the original worksheet after the
command has been issued. Therefore, the values that are saved where a
formulas had been in the original worksheet will not be affected if a
change is made to the formula in the original worksheet. The second point
is that LDW POWER does not recalculate the worksheet before the contents of
the extract range are saved into the extract file. If the worksheet has not
been recalculated, the range saved may not contain the most current values.

File Erase

The File Erase menu contains commands which allow you to erase unwanted
files from your disk. When you select the Erase menu, a horizontal menu
with the following options will appear: Worksheet, Print, Graph, and Other.
The item you select will determine the type of file which is erased. The
Worksheet option will erase worksheet files with an LDW extension. The
Print option will erase print files with an LDP extension, and the Graph
option will erase graph files with a GEM extension. When you select any of
these three items, a file selector box containing a list of all the files
saved under the designated extension will be displayed (i.e., if you select
Print, the file selector box will display all files with an LDP extension).
The Other option will display a file selector box containing all files
saved with all extensions. You can then scroll through the dialog box
displayed by the option you selected, choose a file, and click OK to enter
the file to be erased.

After you have selected a file, a message box will appear with Yes/No
choices; giving you a chance to change your mind about erasing the file.
Select yes to erase the file, No to return to the current worksheet.

File List

The File List menu allows you to view a list of all of the files you have
saved. When you select the File List menu, a horizontal menu will appear
with the following options: Worksheet, Print, Graph, and Other. When you
select the Worksheet option, a listing of all worksheet files saved with a
LDW extension will be displayed. When you select the Print option, a
listing of all print files saved with an LDP extension will be displayed.
When you select the Graph option, a listing of all graph files saved with a
GEM extension will be displayed. Finally, when you select the Other option,
a listing of all files that have been saved with any extension will be
displayed.

With LDW POWER, you can use the mouse or cursor keys to highlight the
different entries in the listing. At the top of the listing, the date and
time the highlighted file was last saved, along with the size of the file
will be displayed.

File Import

The File Import command is used to bring the contents of an ASCII file into
a worksheet. This command allows you to import files which contain both
text and values into a worksheet. You can then use LDW POWER to format,
calculate, and manipulate the information from those imported files.

When you select the File Import command, a horizontal menu will appear with
the following options: Text and Numbers. These items will tell LDW POWER
how to import the files you select.

After you have selected either the Text or Numbers option, the file
selector box, displaying a browser of all files saved with an LDP
extension, will appear. Select the file that you want to import and click
OK.

After you click OK, the file selector box will disappear and the import
file will be brought into the active worksheet at the location of the cell
pointer. One important fact to remember is that the File Import command
does not erase the contents of the entire current worksheet. Instead, the
imported ASCII file will be brought in and inserted in your active
worksheet. To be certain not to overwrite any existing information in the
active worksheet, you should make sure to have plenty of blank cells below
and to the right of the cell pointer when importing a file. The File Import
command is often used with a blank worksheet in order to avoid any
overwriting errors.

TEXT

If you select Text, the file you select will be imported as a series of
long labels. Each individual line of the file you are importing will be
brought into a single cell as a long label. The entire file will be
inserted in the column of the worksheet where the cell pointer is
positioned.

When you import information with the Text option, the spaces that were in
the original ASCII file will remain. This will make it appear as if there
are many entries in different cells. Moving the cell pointer around the
worksheet will prove otherwise. The long label is contained in a single
cell. To split up the long labels brought into the active worksheet, you
can use the Parse command in the Data menu (see the Data Parse command for
a full explanation on how to break up the imported text).

NUMBERS

When you use the File Import Numbers command, the data in the import file
will automatically be divided into values and labels and entered into
separate cells of the active worksheet. All numbers in the import file will
be brought into the worksheet as values. All text that is enclosed in
quotation marks will be imported as labels. Any text which is not enclosed
in quotation marks will not be imported. Successive numbers and labels from
the same line of the import file are placed in successive columns of the
same row in the active worksheet. Entries from the next line are placed in
the next row of the active worksheet, and so on.

When importing an ASCII file using the Numbers option, make sure that the
numbers in the import file are not formatted strangely. If they are
formatted in a way that LDW POWER cannot recognize, they may be altered
unexpectedly during importing. LDW POWER will recognize decimal points and
percentage signs and will not alter the numbers when it comes across these
characters.

File Directory

The File Directory command and the file sector box allow you to change the
directory for the current session with LDW POWER. When you select the File
Directory command, a message will appear in the edit line asking you to
enter the directory you would like as the default. Enter the directory and
press Return or click OK. If you enter a directory which does not exist, an
error message will appear on the screen. Note, that any changes made for
the directory will only be apparent during the current session. The next
time LDW POWER is loaded, the default directory that will be called up will
be the default directory that has been defined under the Worksheet Global
Default Directory command and saved under the Worksheet Global Default
Update command into the LDW.CNF default file.


PRINT MENU

This chapter covers some subjects you will need to be familiar with in
order to print your worksheet, including printer set-up, standard print
settings and the Print commands. You should familiarize yourself with these
features whether you plan to print your worksheet to the printer or to the
file. You can then use them to format and arrange your printouts to fit
your specific needs. In the most basic terms, printing a document involves:
selecting the Print Range command; selecting the range of cells in the
worksheet to be printed; and selecting the Go option.

The Print menu contains the commands you will use to print your documents,
whether you print them to a printer or to a file. The commands are
identical for both situations. The only difference is that the document
printed to the printer will end up as a hard copy printout, while the
document printed to the file will end up an ASCII file in your directory.
This ASCII file can then be read by word processors or other applications
which read ASCII files. Since the commands for printing to a printer and
printing to a file are the same, they will only be explained once. Keep in
mind then, that the following descriptions of the Print commands can apply
to either Printer or File.

Print Range

The Print Range command will specify the range of cells you would like
printed. This range must always be specified when a document is printed, or
else an error message will appear when you attempt to print. LDW POWER will
remember the previous print range used in the worksheet and will treat it
as the default range for subsequent printings. You can simply accept this
range or select a new one. When you save the worksheet, the most recent
print range will be saved with it and will be treated as the default at the
beginning of the next session.

When you select the Print Range command, a message will appear in the edit
line asking you to enter a print range. You can select the range before you
issue the Print Range command, or you can enter the range in the edit line
by pressing the Esc key and selecting or entering the range you would like
printed. Press Return or click OK. Remember, that selecting the Shift and
Home keys will bring the cell pointer to the last cell in the worksheet
which contains an entry. If you select the anchor cell and use the
Shift/Home combination, all cells which might contain an entry will be
highlighted.

Print Line

The Print Line command will send a single line feed to the printer causing
the paper in the printer to advance one line.

Print Page

The Print Page command will scroll the paper in the printer one full page.
If the paper is aligned with the top of the page, it will be scrolled to
the top of the next page.

Print Options

The Print Options menu contains numerous commands which allow you to format
your printouts. These commands allow you to change the margins of a report,
create a page header and footer, adjust the page length, and format the
printout in other ways.

PRINT OPTIONS HEADER/FOOTER

The Print Options Header command allows you to create a header at the top
of every page of your report, while the Print Options Footer command allows
you to create a footer at the bottom of every page. Headers and footers are
lines of text which can be used to describe a particular document (i.e., a
title), to number pages, or to give the date of the document.

To create a header or footer in your document, select the appropriate Print
Option command, and type in the header or footer for your printout. Press
Return to confirm the header or footer. Headers and footers can be up to
240 characters long; however, the setting of your left and right margins
will determine the actual number of characters which can be printed. Refer
to the Print Options Margin Left and Print Options Margins Right commands
for more details.

LDW POWER will always reserve three lines at the top and bottom of a page
(in addition to the top and bottom margins) for headers and footers whether
they are used or not. When you issue a page header, it will appear at the
top line of the page with two blank lines below it. When you issue a page
footer, it will appear on the bottom line of the page with two blank lines
above it.

Aligning Headers and Footers

The default alignment for headers and footers is left-justified, but LDW
POWER provides you with a special character (|) which allows you to control
the alignment of your headers and footers. You can use this special
character on your headers or footers to break them up, to center them, or
to right-justify them.

A header or footer can be broken up into two or three separate sections. If
you want three sections, simply insert the special character (|) between
the parts that you want separated. LDW POWER will left-justify the first
section, center the second, and right justify the third. You can also split
headings or footers into two parts. If, for example, you would like to have
a footer with the page number on the left side and the company name on the
right side, enter the footer #||LDW next to the footer prompt in the edit
line.

In this example the page number will be left-justified, and the company
name will be right-justified.

Page Number and Dates

LDW POWER allows you to sequentially number your pages and include the
current TOS date in your page headers and footers. Enter a (#) character in
the edit line to instruct LDW POWER to automatically number your pages or
an () character to instruct LDW POWER to automatically date your pages.

Deleting Page Headers and Footers

To delete either page headers or footers, re-issue the appropriate command.
When the prompt appears in the edit line, press Esc, and then press Return,
and the page header or footer will be deleted.

PRINT OPTIONS MARGINS

The Print Options Margins menu contains four commands which allow you to
adjust the margins on your printout. These commands are: Left, Right, Top,
and Bottom.

Print Options Margins Left/Right

The Print Options Margins Left and Print Options Margins Right commands
allow you to specify the character width of the left and right margins.
Select either Left or Right, and a message will appear in the edit line
asking you to enter the width of the margin. You may enter a number from 0
(to start printing at the very edge of the paper) to 240 (for 240 blank
spaces). If you enter a number over 240, you will get an error message.
Type in the number and press Return. Unlike the Print Options Margins Left
command which tells LDW POWER how far from the left edge of the paper the
text should begin, the Print Options Margins Right command tells LDW POWER
how many characters a line of text can have. For example, if you enter the
number 80 for the right margin and the number 4 for the left margin, no
more than 76 characters will be printed on any line.

The right margin can be any number between 0 and 240, but it should never
be smaller than the left margin setting, or you will not be able to print
anything. You must also make sure that the right margin will fit into the
boundaries of the paper you are using and the set-up string you have
specified.


Print Options Margins Top

The Print Options Margins Top command allows you to specify how far down
from the top of the paper you would like the printer to start printing.
Select Top, and a message will appear in the edit line asking you to enter
the number of blank lines from the top of the page LDW POWER should leave.
Enter a number between 0 and 32. If you enter a number over 32, an error
message will appear. LDW POWER will automatically leave three blank lines
at the top of a page for the page header. Therefore, any blank lines you
indicate are in addition to these three.

Print Options Margins Bottom

The Print Options Margins Bottom command allows you to specify how far up
from the bottom of the page you would like the printer to stop printing.
Select Bottom and a message will appear in the edit line asking you to
enter the number of blank lines from the bottom of the page LDW POWER
should leave. Enter a number between 0 and 32. If you enter a number over
32, an error message will appear. LDW POWER will automatically leave three
blank lines at the bottom of a page for the page footer. Therefore, any
blank lines you indicate are in addition to these three.

PRINT OPTIONS BORDERS

The commands in the Print Options Borders menu allow you to include a few
designated rows and columns in every page of your printout. These commands
are very useful for worksheets which have row or column headers, because
they allow you to print those headers on every page.

The Print Options Borders menu contains two commands: Columns and Rows. To
create either column or row borders, you must select the appropriate
command and enter the appropriate border range at the prompt. Column ranges
must contain at least one cell in each of the columns you would like to
print as a border, and Row ranges must contain at least one cell in each of
the rows you would like to print as a border.

Once you define the columns or rows to be printed on each page, you must
adjust the print range to exclude these rows and columns. If you do not
adjust the print range, the rows and columns you specified as borders will
be printed twice.

Clearing Borders

To clear borders previously set with the Print Options Borders command,
select the Border command from the Print Clear menu.

PRINT OPTIONS SETUP

Setup strings are special character sequences which tell your printer how
to print characters in your document. Using setup strings, found in your
printer owner's manual, you can instruct your printer to print LDW POWER
worksheets with different character or line spacing or with special
printing effects (such as bold type). The default setup string is a blank
string. That means that the default setting for your printer will determine
the default printing format. If you specify a setup string for a worksheet
and save it with the worksheet, that setup string will become the default
for that particular worksheet.

A setup string must conform to the following format: \### (a backslash
immediately followed by three single digit numbers). Here's an example:

Suppose that you want to print your document with 1/8" line spacing, and
your printer's special code for this spacing is [ESC] 0. In order to tell
LDW POWER to send this message to the printer, you must translate it into
the proper setup string (\###). First, you have to convert the [ESC] into
ASCII code (ESC is represented as 027 in ASCII). You can either convert the
0 to ASCII or leave it as it is. The LDW POWER setup string then, would end
up as: \0270 or \027\048. It's important to remember that the backslash
must êimmediately be followed by three single digit numbers.

Once you have entered a proper setup string, you will be prompted for
character sequences that will be sent to the printer whenever bold or
underlined text is printed. These sequences should contain printer's codes
(e.g., \027G) for bold and underlines styles, and should follow the same
form as the setup string explained above. If you do not wish to change the
default forms for these sequences, press the Return key.

PRINT OPTIONS PG-LENGTH

The Print Options Pg-Length command allows you to change the page length
setting from its default of 66 lines. You can use this command to change
the page length from 1 line per page up to 100. Note, that the lines per
page spoken of here refer to the total number of printable lines on the
page and not to the number of lines actually printed. Therefore, you may
have a page that has a capacity of 66 printable lines with only 60 actual
printed lines. When using the Print Options Pg-Length command, keep the
total number of printable lines per page in mind.

When you select this command, a message will appear in the edit line asking
you to enter the default lines per page. Enter a number between 10 and 100.
If you enter a number less than 10 or a number greater than 100, you will
get an error message. The Print Options Pg-Length command will change the
page length for the current session only. If you want to change the default
page length, issue the Worksheet Global Default Pg-Length command. If you
save the page length setting with the worksheet (using the Worksheet Global
Default Update command), that setting will become the default for that
worksheet.

PRINT OPTIONS OTHER

The Print Options Other menu contains commands which allow you to determine
the way LDW POWER will print the contents of the worksheet. These commands
are: As-Displayed, Cell-Formula, Formatted, Unformatted.

Print Options Other As-Displayed

The Print Options Other As-Displayed command will print the contents of the
worksheet exactly as they appear on the screen.

Print Options Other Cell-Formula

The Print Options Other Cell-Formula command will print a listing of the
contents of the cells in the worksheet. The actual formulas contained in
the cells will be printed rather than the results returned by those
formulas.

Print Options Other Unformatted

The Print Options Other Unformatted command allows you to print out an
unformatted report. This command tells LDW POWER to ignore any page formats
when it prints out your document at the top line of the page and continue
without page breaks until the end of the page.

Print Options Other Formatted

The Print Options Other Formatted command re-enables the formatting for the
page.

PRINT OPTIONS QUIT

Select the Print Options Quit command to return from the Print Options menu
to the Print menu.

Print Clear

The Print Clear menu contains commands which will reset some or all of the
print settings which have been defined with other commands from the Printer
menu. The commands under the Print Clear menu are: All, Range, Borders, and
Format.

PRINT CLEAR ALL

The Print Clear All command will return all of the Print settings to their
default settings. When you select this command, any headers, footers, or
borders will be deleted, and margins, page length settings and setup
strings will be returned to their defaults.

PRINT CLEAR RANGE

Select Print Clear Range to reset the print range. Remember, that LDW POWER
remembers the most previous print range and will treat it as the default
range, until it is changed or cleared.

PRINT CLEAR BORDERS

Select Print Clear Borders to delete all border settings which have been
designated. When you clear the borders, remember to adjust the print range
to include the rows and columns which had been designated as borders.

PRINT CLEAR FORMAT

Selecting the Print Clear Format command will reset the margins, page
length, and setup string settings.

Print Align

The Print Align command is used to tell LDW POWER that the paper in the
printer is positioned at the top of the page. You will need to issue this
command every time you move or reset the paper in the printer.

Set the paper in the printer to the top of the page (or wherever you would
like to begin printing). When the paper is correctly aligned, select the
Print Align command.

Print Go

Selecting the Print Go command will cause LDW POWER to send the print file
to a buffer in memory. When you select the Go option, it will appear that
nothing is happening. This is not the case. The print file is simply
waiting in the buffer to be printed. When you quit from the Print menu (by
selecting the Print Quit command or by pressing the Esc key), the actual
printing will occur. Note, that a separate buffer file will be created each
time the Go option is selected. Therefore, if you select Go three times,
your document will be printed three times.

Print Quit

Selecting the Print Quit command will cause LDW POWER to move the print
file from the buffer to the printer, close the print file, and return the
worksheet to the READY mode.

Print File

As was mentioned before, printing to the printer and printing to the file
are similar situations. There are some notable points to keep in mind
however, when printing the file.

The Print File command allows you to print a worksheet, or a portion of it,
into an ASCII text file. The ASCII file you create can then be sued by word
processors or other programs that read text files. When you use the Print
File command, each page (including margins, headers, footer, and borders)
will be saved in the ASCII file in the form of text line separated by line
feed or carriage return characters.

When you select the Print File command, a file selector box will appear.
Type in the name of the file you would like saved as an ASCII file (or
select an existing name). If you do not specify an extension, LDW POWER
will automatically add an LDP extension. Confirm the name by clicking on
the OK box or pressing Return.


GRAPHS

LDW POWER provides you with graphic capabilities which make it easy for you
to create graphs from the data in your worksheet. In a few simple steps,
you can have beautifully formatted graphic representations of any numerical
data entered in your worksheet. Some of the important features which LDW
POWER provides include:


 . Five different graphic representations: Line graphs, Bar graphs, XY
graphs, Stacked bar graphs and Pie charts.

 . Multiple data sets: You can display up to six different data sets on a
graph with each set differentiated by color, pattern or symbol.


 . Graph labeling: LDW POWER offers several title options which allow you
to label axes and points on the axes; label data points; and create
legends.


 . Automatic scaling: LDW POWER lets you "fit" your data into any graph by
controlling the numerical distances along the axis.



 . Immediate access: The graphs you create can be viewed instantly from the
READY mode in the worksheet simply by pressing the F10 [graph] key. You can
also update an existing graph simply by clicking on the graph window.


 . Saving with the worksheet: LDW POWER allows you to save your graphs to
the worksheet thus enabling you to create different graphs that can be
compared and enhanced at any time.


 . Graph printing: You can print graphs directly from the worksheet, and do
not need a separate graph printing program.

Although the different types of graphs often require different kinds of
data, there is some information which is essential to every graph. The
following is a brief explanation of the information which is necessary to
create a basic graph:

1. The type of graph you are creating is an essential element. Use the
Graph Type menu to create one of the five graphs available with LDW POWER.

2. The values to be graphed must be specified using a given range in the
worksheet. Use the data range commands from the graph menu to enter the
range(s) of numbers to be used in your graphs. Remember, that the range
specified from the worksheet relates tot he cell addresses and not the
current contents of the cells. Therefore, if you were to change the
contents of the cells in the specified range, the corresponding graph would
change as well.

3. Viewing the graph is done by selecting the Graph View command or by
pressing the F10 [Graph] key while in the ready mode in the worksheet. When
Graph View is selected, a separate window containing the graph will be
displayed on top of the worksheet. To return to the worksheet from a graph,
press any key.

4. You can save a graph with the worksheet in one of two ways. If yuo have
only one graph, it will automatically be saved when you save the worksheet.
If you wish to save more than one graph, you must use the Graph Name Create
command to name each graph. When you save the worksheet, the graphs will be
saved with it.

The final portion of this chapter takes you through the Graph menu and
explains each command in the order that it appears in the menu.

Graph Type

When creating a graph, the most basic decision you must make is deciding
what king of graph you want to display. Different graphs will emphasize
different aspects of your data, so you want to be sure to choose the
appropriate type for your needs. You can use the commands in the Graph Type
menu to select a suitable graph.

When you select Graph Type, a horizontal menu with five commands will
appear. These commands are: Line, Bar, XY, Stacked-Bar, and Pie. Select the
type of graph you would like to create. Remember, that you can switch the
type of graph you are creating at any time by selecting a different Graph
Type command. You must make sure, however, that the data entered must be
appropriate for the type of graph you select.

The Line graph is set as the default graph type and will display each data
item in the specified range as a symbol. A line connects each symbol in the
range. When your graph contains more than one range, each range is
displayed as a different symbol. If you have a color monitor, the lines and
symbols for each range will be displayed in different colors.

The Bar graph displays given values in the specified range as individual
bars on the graph. This type of graph is usually used to compare values at
a given point in time. When more than one data range is specified, the bars
for each range will appear side by side. If you have a color monitor, the
bars will appear in different colors. If you have a monochrome monitor, the
bars will be differentiated with different patterns. There are six
available data ranges in LDW POWER, and each range is assigned a different
pattern.

The XY graph is dependent on two data ranges. Unlike the other four graphic
displays available with LDW POWER, the XY graph needs at least two ranges
specified by the user, a range for the X-axis and a range for the Y-axis,
to determine where the points on the graph will be plotted. In this way, XY
graphs allow you to plot the relationship between two related values. The
X-range, which is the range of values assigned to the bottom or X-axis,
will remain constant in all graphs until it is changed with the X-range
command. The X-axis determines the horizontal position of each point. There
are six available data ranges for the Y-axis. Therefore, you can have up to
six differing data points on any given XY graph. The Y-range determines the
values plotted for the Y-axis or the vertical positions of the points. The
XY graph is displayed in the same manner as a line graph, with different
points (symbols) plotted on the graph connected with a line.

The Stacked-Bar graph displays different data sets as bars that are placed
one on top of the other. Each bar is represented by a different pattern.
The size of the individual stack is dependent of the number and values of
the other bars in the stack. LDW POWER places the bars in alphabetical data
range order. In other words, the A-range will be placed on the bottom,
followed by the B-range, the C-range, etc. If you plot all negative numbers
on a stacked bar graph, the graph will be displayed upside down. You cannot
combine positive and negative numbers in a stacked-bar graph.

The Pie chart displays a round graph which can accommodate only one data
range (the A-range). Pie charts will display all of the values in a given
range as proportional segments of the circle. The top or left most segment
corresponds to the first value in a range and proceeds counter-clockwise
around the circle. A legend, indicating the percentages of each segment,
will automatically be displayed along with the chart. Note, that pie graphs
will not accept negative numbers.

Ranges

The next seven items in the Graph menu are commands which name the ranges
of data to be plotted on the graph. These commands are: X-range, A--range,
B-range, C-range, D-range, E-range, and F-range.

To name a range, select the appropriate command. A message will appear in
the edit line asking you to "enter data range". Select the appropriate
range and press Return. The range of cells you selected will now be
assigned to the appropriate data range. The current cell values will appear
in the graph when you view it. Note, that if you change the values in the
cells, the graph will change as well.

The Graph X-range command has two different purposes, depending on the
graph that you are creating. When you are creating an XY graph, the X-range
is used to represent a series of values which will be plotted along the
horizontal axis, but you can also use the X-range to label graphs. When the
X-range is specified for line, bar, and stacked-bar graphs, it is used to
label the X-axis. When the X-range is used with pie graphs, it is used to
label the segments of the circle. The range entered for the X-range in this
instance may be either values or labels.

The remaining range commands, A-range through F-range, allow you to enter
up to six data sets to be plotted on your graph. Each range corresponds to
a different symbol or pattern to be displayed on your graph.

Graph Reset

The Graph Reset menu contains commands which allow you to reset the current
data ranges. If you are creating numerous graphs with different ranges, it
is a wise idea to save your current graph before using any of the Reset
commands.

There are nine commands under the Reset menu: Graph, X, A, B, C, D, E, F,
and Quit. The Graph command allows you to cancel all of the current data
ranges. The next seven commands: X-range, A-range, B-range, C-range,
D-range, E-range, and F-range, allow you to cancel a specific data range.
Select the appropriate command and the specified data range(s) will be
cancelled.

After you issue a command under Reset, you will remain in the Reset menu.
Select the Quit command to exit to the worksheet.

Graph View

Selecting the Graph View command will display the current graph with all of
the settings you have chosen. To quickly display a graph at any time from
the worksheet, hit the F10 [Graph] key on your keyboard. The graph or pie
chart displaying the current settings will appear.

Graph Save

The Graph Save menu allows you to manipulate the current graph and save it
into a graph file or send it directly to the printer.

GRAPH SAVE METAFILE

Select Metafile to save your graph to a metafile. A metafile is a special
file format in GEM which can save the graph and allow it to be ready by
another application. With the metafile, you can transfer graphs created in
LDW POWER to true graphics applications. You will need to install GDOS into
your operating system as well as the appropriate metafile driver.

GRAPH SAVE PRINTER

You can use Graph Save Printer along with GDOS to print your graphs in a
high-quality graphics mode. This feature is especially important when
you're working with the Atari Laser Printer. Note, that you will need to
install GDOS into your operating system along with the appropriate printer
driver.

GRAPH SAVE DUMP

The Graph Save Dump command can be used to "dump" the graph, exactly as it
looks on the screen, to the printer. The quality of the graphics, in this
case, will be less refined due to the limitations in resolution on the
screen. You can adjust the size of the printed graph by sizing the graph
window on the screen.

GRAPH SAVE X/Y FACTOR

The X and Y Factor can be used to adjust the size of the printed graph in
the high quality Printer mode. When Printer is used to print the graph, the
printed graph will take up the entire page. If you want to shrink its size,
use the X and Y scale factors to reduce the graph accordingly.

GRAPH SAVE QUIT

Use the Graph Save Quit command to return to the Graph menu.

Graph Options

The Graph Options menu contains a number of commands which allow you to
enhance your graphs to make them as visually pleasing and understandable as
possible. The commands are: Legend, Format, Titles, Grid, Scale, Color,
B&W, Data-Labels, and Quit.

GRAPH OPTIONS LEGEND

Legends are used to explain what each range in the graph represents.
Legends can be added to line, bar, stacked-bar, and XY graphs. Pie charts
are the only type of graph for which you cannot create legends, because
they can only have one range. Each legend will match its corresponding data
range in either color, symbol, or pattern.

To create a legend, select the Graph Options Legend menu. When it is
selected, a horizontal menu with the Legend commands will appear. The items
refer directly to the range you are naming and are labeled: A, B, C, D, E,
and F. Once a command is selected, the following message will appear in the
edit line: Enter legend. You can enter the legend name in one of two ways.
Either type in the name directly, or type in a cell reference in order to
use a label already in the worksheet. The cell reference must begin with a
backslash (\) followed immediately by the cell address (i.e., \C4). Note
that you can only use names that are no more than 15 characters long. The
symbol or pattern that corresponds to the range you named will appear in
the legend with the name next to it. You should continue to name all the
ranges in your graph to create a complete legend.

To remove a previously named legend, select the letter that corresponds to
the legend you would like to remove and press the Esc key followed by the
Return key.

GRAPH OPTIONS FORMAT

The Graph Options Format command is used to format the display of Line and
XY graphs. LDW POWER gives you the choice of displaying symbols, lines, or
both on the graph. Therefore, data points can be represented as symbols, as
the intersection of connecting lines, or as both.

To change the format of a Line or XY graph, select the Format command. A
horizontal menu with the format commands will appear.

The Graph option allows you to format all ranges in the graph. If you add
ranges to the graph, they will appear in the format you set with the Graph
command. The A through F options allow you to format a specified range in
the graph. When you select these options, a second horizontal menu with
four more options will appear. These options are: Lines, Symbols, Both, and
Neither.

The Graph Options Format Graph Lines command will display the specified
range(s) as a series of data points connected by lines. The Graph Options
Format Graph Symbols command will display the specified range(s) with a
symbol positioned at each data point of the range. The Graph Options Format
Graph Both command will display a graph of plotted symbols connected by
lines. Finally, the Graph Options Format Graph Neither command is used when
data labels are used in the graph. In this case, the data labels appear at
the data points on the graph. Select the appropriate command to format your
graph. You will then be returned to the previous format commands where you
can select the Quit command to return to the Graph menu.

GRAPH OPTIONS TITLES

The Graph Options Titles menu allows you to add titles to your graph to
help explain what the graph depicts. There are four titles which you can
use: a title at the top of the graph, a sub-title below the title, and
titles to name the X and Y axes.

When you select the Graph Options Titles menu, a horizontal menu containing
four commands will appear. These commands are: First, Second, X-Axis, and
Y-Axis.

The Graph Options Titles First command is used to create the overall graph
title to be placed at the top of the graph. When you select the First
option, a prompt will appear in the edit line asking you to enter the graph
title. You can either type in the title of the graph directly, or type in a
cell reference in order to use a label already in the worksheet. If you use
the latter, you must begin the reference with a backslash (\) immediately
followed by the cell address (i.e., \C4). Note, that in either case, the
title can be no more than 39 characters long.

The Graph Options Title Second command is used to create a sub-title for
your graph. Select the Second option, and enter your sub-title or a cell
reference next to the prompt in the edit line. The sub-title you entered
will appear in the graph directly below the title.

The X-Axis and Y-Axis commands are used to label the X and Y-axes. Select
the appropriate command; enter the label or cell reference; and press
Return. The Graph Options menu will re-appear on the screen. When you view
your graph, the X-axis label will appear under the X-axis, while the Y-axis
label (which can only be 32 characters long) will appear vertically next to
the Y-axis.




GRAPH OPTIONS GRID

The Graph Options Grid menu allows you to create a grid of horizontal
lines, vertical lines, or both across your graph. The Grid menu, a
horizontal menu displaying the Grid options, will appear. Select Horizontal
to create horizontal lines in your graph. Select Vertical to create
vertical lines in your graph. The Both option will create a grid across
your graph. The Clear command will delete any previous grid lines created
in your graph, while the Average command will display average and standard
deviation lines.

GRAPH OPTIONS SCALE

The Graph Options Scale menu is used to format the Y-axis of line, bar, XY,
and stacked-bar graphs. It can also be used to format the X-axis of XY
graphs. When you select this menu, a horizontal menu with three commands
will be displayed. These commands are: Y-Scale, X-Scale, and Skip. The
Y-Scale command allows you to format the Y-axis of all graphs except for
pie charts. The X-Scale command allows you to format the X-axis on XY
graphs.

When you select the X-Scale or Y-Scale commands, a second horizontal menu
appears, displaying: Automatic, Manual, Lower, Upper, Format, Indicator,
and Quit.

The Automatic command is the default and automatically sets the X and Y
scales.

The Manual command corresponds directly with the Lower and Upper commands.
The Manual command turns off the automatic scaling and allows you to set
the upper and lower limits of your Y-axis (or X-axis in the case of XY
graphs). You must first select Manual and then use the Lower and Upper
commands to specify the limits. Once you select Manual, you must select a
lower and upper limit, or your graph may look very strange.

There are a few basic guidelines that should be followed when setting upper
and lower limits. The upper limit should not be smaller than the lower
limit, otherwise the graph may not be displayed accurately. The lower limit
can be a negative number to accommodate for any negative values in the
graph. Both the upper and lower limits can be negative if all the values in
the graph are negative. LDW POWER will use the upper limit you enter as a
guideline and not as a strict limit, and may try to round up in order to
create more even divisions on the Y-axis.

FORMAT

The Graph Options Scale Format menu allows you to format the numbers along
the Y-axis (or X-axis). When you select this menu, a menu similar to the
Range Format menu will appear. Choose the format you would like, enter the
number or decimal places and press Return.

You may notice that when you display your graph, that the numbers along the
X and Y axes have been scaled down. This format is the default display and
is used in order to save room and to make the axes look more uniform.  LDW
POWER will scale the values on the axis based on the highest value on the
Y-axis is 1000, LDW POWER will adjust all the values on the Y-axis using
1000 as the base scale (i.e., 500 would be represented as 0.5). The scale
indicator Thousands would be displayed along the Y-axis to indicate the
scale for that axis.

The Indicator option allows you to turn the scale indicators on or off.
Select the Indicator command, and Select Yes to display the scale indicator
or No to remove it.

Selecting the Quit option from your X and Y Scale commands returns you to
the Graph Options menu.

SKIP

The Skip option is very useful when your graph contains a lot of data
points along the X-axis. When you are labeling the tick marks on the X-axis
using the Graph X command, and you have a lot of data points, the labels
may not fit. The Skip command allows you to label some of the tick marks
while skipping others (in constant increments).

To skip labels, select the Skip command and enter the number of points you
would like to skip between each label. When you view the graph, the labels
will appear spaced with the appropriate number of tick marks between each.

GRAPH OPTIONS COLOR

The Graph Options Color command allows you to display your graphs in color
(if you have a color monitor).

GRAPH OPTIONS B&W

The Graph Options B&W command allows you to display your graphs in black
and white.

GRAPH OPTIONS DATA-LABELS

Data labels are used to identify the data points plotted on a graph. They
appear directly in the graph either on the points they identify or next to
them. The labels which you will use as data labels in your graph should be
entered in a range in your worksheet.

Select the Graph Options Data-Labels menu to define your data labels. From
the menu, select the command (A - F) which corresponds to the range you
would like to label. A prompt will appear asking for the range in the
worksheet containing the data labels you would like to use. Select the
appropriate range and press Return or click OK.

After you select the range of data labels, another menu containing format
choices for those labels will appear. You can use these format commands to
center the labels, align them to the left or right of, or align them above
or below their respective data points. After you select the appropriate
format, you will be returned to the A,...,F commands. you can continue to
format ranges using the above steps, or you may select Quit to return to
the Options menu.

GRAPH OPTIONS QUIT

The Graph Options Quit command will return you to the Graph menu.

Graph Name

LDW POWER allows you to create numerous graphs within a single worksheet,
but only one graph can be active at a time (i.e., you can only open one
graph window at a time). The Name menu contains commands which allow you to
name, save and delete graphs. You can, therefore, access different
pre-designed graphs at any time by making them active. When you invoke the
Name menu, four more commands are displayed. They are: Use, Create, Delete,
and Reset.

The Graph Name Use command allows you to make a previously named graph
active. When you select this command, a menu of all previously named graphs
will appear. Move the cursor to the appropriate name and select it. The
graph you selected will now be the active graph. Remember that once you
make a graph active, any changes you make will affect that graph. You must
save the active graph again to retain any changes that were made, while it
was active. Remember, that if you issue the Use command while working on a
graph that has not been saved, you will lose the graph that is presently
active.

To save a graph, you must use the Graph Name Create command to name it.
When you select this command, a prompt will appear in the edit line asking
you to name the active graph. Enter the name and press Return or select OK.
 The maximum length of the name you can give to your graph is 15
characters. When you save a graph, it is not saved to the disk until you
save the worksheet.

If you would like to remove a saved graph from the worksheet, invoke the
Graph Name Delete command. When you select Delete, a menu with all of the
saved graphs will appear. Select the name of the graph you would like to
delete, and it will be removed from the worksheet.

LDW POWER also provides the Reset command to delete all of the saved graphs
from a worksheet. When you select Reset, all graphs in the worksheet except
the active graph are immediately deleted.


DATABASE MANAGEMENT

Database management is one of the strongest capabilities of LDW POWER and
can make it easy for you to work with data. The first step to understanding
LDW POWER's database management capabilities is to know what a database is.
A database is an organized grouping of information which allows you to
search for, tabulate, compare, and alter pieces of information. The
database in LDW POWER is fully integrated within the the worksheet,
allowing you to recognize all the data contained in the worksheet. You may
organize all types of information; including telephone numbers, important
dates, employee records, sales, etc. LDW POWER's database management
capabilities make it possible to quickly retrieve, manipulate and print out
selected items from your database.

The Basics

Before getting into the specifics of database management with your LDW
POWER Spreadsheet, it is important to understand some basic concepts for
creating databases in your worksheets.


 . A database in your worksheet must contain at least one column and at
least two rows.


 . Each column within the database contains fields. A field is a cell
containing a single unit of information.


 . The first row of your database should contain field names. Field names
can be thought of as column headers which describe the entries contained in
the cells (fields) of the same column.


 . Each row of information (not including the field names) in the database
is called a record.

Each record of your database is made up of a series of associated fields,
arranged consecutively in a single row. These fields all contain data which
pertain to the item described by the record. A typical example is a record
for an employee with fields describing his name, telephone number,
position, and gross sales. Each record occupies a different row, and a
database is arranged with its records placed in consecutive rows.

Database entries are very similar to other entries in LDW POWER, in that
you can enter labels, values, functions and formulas. When you are entering
labels which begin with numbers, you should remember to include the label
prefix. When you are using functions and formulas in your database, there
are a few special rules you must follow. These will be explained later in
the chapter. Manipulating the information in your database is just as
simple as manipulating any worksheet entries. Editing, formatting, copying,
moving and printing the entries in your database are done in the exact same
way as it is with any other entry.

With LDW POWER, you can quickly locate items in your database, create
powerful comparison tables, and much more. The commands to do this are
found in the Data menu. The following section of your manual takes you
through the Data menu, and explains each of these commands.

Data Query

The Data Query menu has a number of commands which allow you to locate,
extract, and delete records which meet certain criteria. There are four
Query commands available: Find, Extract, Unique, and Delete. The Find
command will find all records in the database which match the specified
criteria and highlight these records. The Extract command will copy the
records which meet certain criteria to another portion of the worksheet.
The Unique command will copy records which match the specified criteria,
but will also filter the records to make sure no two records are
duplicated. Finally, the Delete command will delete any records which meet
the specified criteria.

When you select the Data Query menu, a horizontal menu with all of the
available Query commands will appear. The first thing you will need to do
to perform a Query is to specify two to three ranges: the Input range, the
Criterion range, and the optional Output range.

DATA QUERY INPUT

The Input range should include every cell in the database which will be
considered in the Query, including the field names. When you select Input,
a message will appear in the edit line asking you to enter the Input range.

DATA QUERY CRITERION

The Criterion range specifies certain conditions which tell LDW POWER which
records to search for. You must have at least two rows in your Criterion
range. The first row consists of one or more field names, all subsequent
rows will contain the criteria. The field names in your Criterion range ill
tell LDW POWER which fields to look under when testing for the criteria
specified. The Query command will look under the specified fields for items
which match the criteria specified in the subsequent rows of the Criterion
range.

The criterion which you place in the rows below the field name can be a
label, value, formula or blank cell. When you are trying to look for
records which have a specific entry, you will want to use a matching label
or value. LDW POWER will then choose only those records which contain the
same label or value. If, in your criterion range, you specify more than one
field, in the same row, with criteria for each field, a record must satisfy
all criteria to be selected in the Query.

Blank cells are used as open criteria and will match all records. You can
use these open criteria to create "or" conditions in your query to allow
you to search for a record that satisfies at least one of two conditions.
You can have one row of the Criterion range that contains a criterion in
thqz first field and a blank cell in the second field. The next row could
contain a blank cell in the first field and a criterion in the second
field. When LDW POWER performs the Query, it will accept records with one
criterion or the other.

SPECIAL MATCH CHARACTER IN CRITERIA

There are three special match criteria characters which can be used so that
labels need not match exactly to be selected in a Query. These characters
are: ?, *, ~.

The (?) character will match a single character. For example, l?t would
match the words let, lot, and lit. You can use as many (?) characters as
you would like. The letters f??t would match foot, felt, or fast.

The (*) character will match all characters to the end of a label. For
example, pre* would match prefix, present or pretty. In figure below, the
criterion range specified would tell LDW POWER to search in the Name fields
of the input range for all entries that begin with a K or J.

The (~) character tells LDW POWER to accept any label except those that
begin with the letter following the tilde. For example, ~Y will not accept
any labels which start with a Y.

FORMULAS IN CRITERIA

If you wish to set up more complex criteria for your database, you can use
formulas and functions to set more exacting conditional tests. For example,
if you wanted to set a criterion for all employees with salaries over
$20,000, you could use the formula: +E3>20000. You can also compare two
different fields. For example, the formula +E3<F3 could be used to select
only those employee records for employees whose salary exceeded their
expense totals. Functions can be used as well: YEAR(C3)>86. This criterion
can be used to select all records for employees that were hired after 1986.

Using this criterion range, you can select all employees whose total
expenses exceed their salaries and who belong to class A, or all employees
whose total expenses exceed their salaries and have been hired after 1986.

MULTIPLE CRITERIA

LDW POWER allows you to use multiple criteria in performing a query. You
can select records which satisfy all of the specified criteria or just one.
Where you place your criteria, tells LDW POWER how to make the selection.

LDW POWER will allow you to use multiple criteria in two ways. One way
involves checking the records to see if they contain all of the specified
criteria. This is called an AND query. In an AND query, if a record
contains one of the criteria specified but not the others, it is not
selected. The second type of query is called an OR query. In this type of
query, LDW POWER will check to see if any of the criteria is contained in a
record. Any record that contains at least one of the specified criterion is
selected.

The placement of the criteria in the Criterion range will determine if LDW
POWER performs an AND query, an OR query, or both. Criteria which are
placed in the same row of the Criterion range are AND criteria. Criteria
placed in different rows are OR criteria. You can have a combination AND/OR
query by placing two or more criteria in one row and then different
criteria in subsequent rows.

CREATING YOUR CRITERION RANGE

Before performing a query, you will need to create a Criterion range. This
range should be located in cells in the worksheet which are not part of the
database. In other words, the cell addresses of your Criterion range and
your Input range should not overlap.

Select the field names you would like to include in your Criterion range
and enter them into the cells in the opt row of the range you will select.
In the row(s) below the field names enter the criterion you will be using
in the column of the corresponding field name. When all of your criteria
has been entered, issue the Criterion command and enter the prepared range.

OUTPUT RANGE

The final range in the Data Query command is optional, depending on the
type of Query to be performed. The Output range is used only when you
intend to select the Extract or Unique commands for your Query.

The first row of your range should consist of field names for all the
fields in your database which you would like to be copied. If you only have
two field names in your Output range, only two fields of each record will
be copied into the range. These field names must be identical to the field
names in the Input range in order for the Query to function properly. They
can, however, be in any order. You can create the row of field names either
by typing them in or issuing the Copy command. The remaining cells of the
Output range should be blank. This is where the records will be copied to.

When you select the Output option, a message will appear in the edit line
asking you to enter the Output range. There are two ways to specify the
Output range. You can specify only the range of field names, or you can
specify the field names along with a range of blank cells which will hold
the output. The size of the selected range will determine the number of
records that LDW POWER can extract. If you choose the single row of field
names as the range, LDW POWER will be able to extract as many records as
there are rows between those field names and the bottom of the worksheet.
If you choose to specify a range of blank cells along with the field names,
LDW POWER will only be able to extract as many records that can fit within
the range. You must be careful not to have any information in the area of
the Output range which will be deleted when entries are copied into the
Output range.

QUERY OPERATION COMMANDS

After you have created and entered all of the necessary ranges, you are
ready to execute one or more of the Query Operation commands. There are
four commands available: Find, Extract, Unique and Delete.

DATA QUERY FIND

The Data Query Find command allows you to inspect and edit specified
records within your input range. When you select this command, LDW POWER
will look through the records in your Input range and find all records
which match the criteria in your Criterion range and highlight them
sequentially (i.e., the first record in your input range which matches the
criterion will be highlighted first).

When the Data Query Find command is invoked, the worksheet window changes
somewhat. The worksheet will be adjusted such that the input range is
aligned with the upper left corner of the window (i.e., the left-most
column of the input range will be displayed as the left-most column of the
window, and the top row of the input range will be displayed as the
top-most row in the window). The shaded portions of the scroll bars will
not be visible, therefore, you will not be able to scroll to different
parts of the worksheet. The arrows located at the ends of the scroll bars,
as well as the cursor keys, can be used to move the highlight among the
matching fields in the input range. The cell pointer will move directly to
matching records, passing over any records which do not match the criteria.
If the input range is too wide to fit on the screen, the left and right
arrows will also allow you to scroll back and forth across the range.

As soon as you issue the Find command, the mode button will display FIND,
indicating that the worksheet is in the FIND mode. To edit entries in the
FIND mode, click on the mode button to enter the EDIT mode. The mode button
will then display EDIT, and editing can be done in the usual manner. When
you are satisfied with the changes, press Return to return to the FIND
mode. To exit the FIND mode, press Return, Esc or [Ctrl][Undo].

DATA QUERY EXTRACT

The Data Query Extract command is used to copy specified fields from
records in your database into the Output range. The records which will be
copied are those records which match the criteria specified in the
Criterion range. After you have defined the three necessary ranges, select
Extract to issue the command. The records will be copied into your Output
range. You must remember to select an Output range before issuing the
Extract command. If the selected range is not big enough, an error message
will appear on the screen. Only those records which will fit into the given
range will be copied.

Note that when the Extract command copies records which contain formulas or
functions, only the values returned by the formulas or functions will be
copied into the Output range.

DATA QUERY UNIQUE

The Data Query Unique command is very similar to the Extract command. The
difference is that the Unique command will not allow duplicate records to
appear in the Output range. This is helpful for big databases when you have
numerous criteria.

DATA QUERY DELETE

The Data Query Delete command will remove records from the database which
satisfy the criteria specified in the Criterion range. The remaining
records in the database will then be moved up to fill any empty rows
created by the deleted records. Once you delete records from the database,
they are permanently erased. You cannot retrieve the lost records unless
you perform the File Save command prior to issuing the Data Query Delete
command.

When you issue the Data Query Delete command, a message will appear to
ensure that you really want to delete records. Select OK to delete, or
Cancel to return to the menu.

DATA QUERY RESET

LDW POWER will remember all ranges used in the very last Query command.
This means that all ranges which were specified will be remembered until
you change them. The Data Query Reset command will remove from LDW POWER's
memory all information about Data Query ranges and the last command.

THE QUERY [F7] KEY

LDW POWER has a special function key [F7] which allows you to re-issue the
last Data Query command (Find, Extract, Unique or Delete). This can be
helpful when you change entries in your database or change the criteria in
the Criterion range.

DATA QUERY QUIT

Selecting the Quit command in the Query menu will return you to the READY
mode.

NOTES

To summarize the Query command, there are three range commands in the Query
command. The first two, Input and Criterion, are mandatory. The Third
range, Output, is optional.

Input - The range you enter which determines what data the Query will be
performed on (usually the entire database).

Criterion - The range which contains the field names and criteria which
determine the records and fields which are selected by the Query.

Output - The range into which the records containing the specified criteria
will be copied.




There are four commands which determine the type of Query performed by LDW
POWER

Find - Locates records which match the criteria entered in the Criterion
range.

Extract - Locates and copies into the Output range records which match the
criteria entered in the Criterion range.

Unique - Locates records which match the criteria entered in the Criterion
range and copies only those records that have unique data in the specified
fields.

Delete - Removes records from the database which meet the specified
criteria.

Data Fill

The Data Fill command will enter a sequentail series of numbers into a
specified range. You specify the range, sequence, and scope of the fill by
issuing a Start value, a Step value, and a Stop value. This command can be
very useful with many of the other commands available to you with LDW
POWER. This includes preparing values for the X range of a graph, preparing
input values for Data tables, numbering records in a database, and many
others.

When issuing the Data Fill command, you will need to enter three values:
Start, Step, and Stop. The Start value is the number which you would like
LDW POWER to place in the first cell of the range. The Step value is the
number you would like LDW POWER to increment the Start value by in each
consecutive cell of the range. The step value can be positive or negative.
Finally, the Stop value is the limiting value for the fill.

To issue the Fill command, select it from the Data menu. A prompt will
appear in the edit line asking you to enter the Fill range. If there is a
previous fill range in the worksheet, it will appear in the edit line. Move
the cell pointer to select the range you would like to fill (or type in the
range). The prompt Start: will appear in the edit line followed by the
default Start value of 0. Enter your Start value. A second prompt will
appear in the middle of the edit line asking you to enter a Step value. The
default Step value is 1. Enter a Step value. Finally, a third prompt will
appear on the right side of the edit line asking you to enter a Stop value.
The default Stop value is 8191, one number less than the number of rows in
the worksheet. If the Stop value causes less numbers to be issued than the
number of cells in the specified range, the range will only be filled to
the point of the Stop. As soon as you enter the Stop value, LDW POWER will
enter the Fill values into the specified range. Once you issue Start, Step
and Stop values for the Fill command, these become the default values in
the worksheet until they are changed.

Data Table

The Data Table command will perform a "what-if" analysis on a series of
entries in your worksheet and will create a table containing the results.
With the Table command, you can create a table which takes a formula or
several formulas containing a reference to one or two input cells, replaces
this reference(s) with corresponding values from the table range, and
returns a set of the different results. For example, if you wanted to see
how different mortgage rates affected the amount of your monthly house
payment, you could list a series of interest rates, insert a formula for
your monthly payment, and the table would automatically calculate what your
monthly payment would be at each given interest rate. You can see then, how
valuable a table can be in automating your work, when you're dealing with
many possible "what-if" situations.

When you select Table from the Data menu, a horizontal menu will appear
with three choices. Select 1 if you want to create a one variable table.
Select 2 if you want to create a two variable table. Select Reset to cancel
the table ranges which have been set if you have previously created a data
table in your worksheet.

ONE VARIABLE DATA TABLES

To create a one variable data table, you will need to set up two things:
the table range, and the input cell. The table range is the area in which
you will place the formulas to be calculated along with the values to be
tested. The values should be lined up in consecutive cells in the left-most
column of the range, while the formulas should be placed in consecutive
cells along the top row of the range. Notice that the values are lined up
in a column to the left and the set of formulas are positioned one row
above and one column to the right of the column containing values. The
calculated results will appear next to each tested value and under the
formula which was calculated. These formulas can be as simple or as complex
as you choose and can include functions.

The input cell is the cell which contents are temporarily replaced by the
values for the time that the formulas are being calculated. At the end of
the calculations, the contents of the input cell are restored. This cell
can be located anywhere in the worksheet except within the table range. You
may want to label the input cell in order to identify it.

For a one variable table, select 1 from the Table menu. A message will
appear in the edit line asking you to enter the table range. Select the
range, which must contain the column of values and row of formulas. Your
range should contain a number of blank cells to accommodate the results of
the data table calculations. A second message will appear in the edit line
asking you to enter the Input cell. Choose an appropriate cell and enter
its cell address. The cell address you enter should be the same address
which is referred to in the formula(s). As soon as you enter the address,
LDW POWER will complete the data table by calculating the formula with each
value and then placing the result in the cell which is the intersection of
the column containing the formula and the row containing the value. The
ranges and cell addresses you specify will become the defaults for the Data
Table command until you change them.

TWO VARIABLE DATA TABLES

LDW POWER allows you to create data table sin which two variable can be
substituted into a formula. However, unlike one variable data tables, two
variable data tables can only process one formula each time the Data Table
command is issued.

To create a two variable data table, the first thing you must do is set up
your table range. The table range should include the values for Input Cell
1 in the left most column and the values for Input Cell 2 in the top row.
The formula containing references to both Input Cells should be entered
into the upper left cell of the range.

Select 2 from the Data Table menu. A message will appear in the edit line
asking you to enter the table range. Enter the range that begins with the
cell that contains the formula and includes all of the horizontal and
vertical values. LDW POWER will fill in all of the cells of the range when
you issue the Data Table command. When the range has been entered, a second
message will appear in the edit line asking you to enter Input Cell 1. The
Input Cell can be any cell in the worksheet that is not in the Table range.
Enter the cell address for Input Cell 1. You will get another message in
the control panel asking you to enter Input Cell number 2. Enter the
address for Input Cell 2. As soon as the second input address is entered,
the data table will be filled with results of the calculations. The ranges
and cell addresses you specify will become the defaults for the Table
command until you change them.

THE TABLE [F8] KEY

LDW POWER provides a special key which will allow you to recalculate a
pre-defined table with the press of the key. This Table key is the [F8] key
on your keyboard. When you press this key, LDW POWER will automatically
recalculate the last range and input cell(s) which were defined. You may
change the value(s) and formula(s) in the range and quickly create a new
table with the press of the [F8] key. The Table key will work for both one
and two variable data tables.

SUMMING UP DATA TABLES

To create one variable table: - Choose the input cell outside of the table
range.
 - Set up the column of values on the left side of the table range.
 - Set up the row of formulas/functions one row up and one column over
 from the column of values.
 - After selecting Data Table, specify the table range and Input Cell.

To create two variable table: - Choose the input cells for both the first
and second value set outside of the table range.
 - Place the formula/function in the upper left corner of the table  range.
 - Set up the first value set in the left-most column of the table  range
below the formula.
 - After selecting Data Table, specify the table range and Input Cells.

Data Sort

The commands in the Data Sort menu allow you to sort the information in
your database to fit your particular needs. With these commands, you can
arrange and re-arrange your database according to category, name, date,
value, or any other field. The commands will work with both text and
numbers and can make it easier to locate or compare entries based on a
particular subject. LDW POWER will let you sort items in either ascending
or descending order.

When you select Data Sort, a horizontal menu of the Sort commands will
appear. The first thing you must do when issuing the Sort command is to
specify the sort range. This is done by issuing Data-Range from the menu.
When you select Data-Range, a message will appear in the edit line asking
you to enter the Data-Range. The range you enter should include all the
data which you want sorted but should exclude all record or field names.

After you have entered the range, you must tell LDW POWER what criteria to
sort the database by. The field on which you will be sorting the records is
called the key field. LDW POWER provides you with both a Primary-Key
command and Secondary-Key command. The Primary-Key is the field you will
specify which you would like to base the sort on. For example, if you have
a database of employee records, and you would like to display employee
names in alphabetical order, the Name field would be the primary key for
the sort. The Secondary-Key is a command which will allow you to sort
duplicate items in the Primary-Key based on a second field. For example, if
you have employees with the same name in your primary sort, you can use a
secondary sort to place these employees in an order dependent on the date
they were hired.

Once a data range has been entered, select Primary-Key. A message will
appear in the edit line asking you to enter the Primary sort key. Select
any cell from the column which contains the field you wish to use as your
key. When the sort key is entered, a second message will appear in the edit
line asking you to enter the sort order (A or D). Choosing A will sort in
ascending order (smallest to largest). You then have the option of entering
a Secondary-Key using the same method as entering a Primary-Key. To set the
order of placement of characters in the sort (numbers or letters first),
use the Worksheet Global Default Other Sort menu (see Worksheet Menu).

When you have entered the Primary-Key and Secondary-Key (if desired), you
are ready to execute the Sort. Select Go from the menu and the sort will be
executed.

Once you have defined the range, keys, and sort order for a sort, LDW POWER
will remember them. If you alter entries in the database, you can quickly
re-sort them by selecting Go from the Data menu. If you don't want LDW
POWER to automatically select the previously defined Sort formats, you can
issue the Reset command to clear the previous settings from LDW POWER's
memory.

Note that a space before or after entries in your database may affect the
way in which LDW POWER sorts them.

SUMMING UP THE DATA SORT COMMAND:

 - Enter a data range. This range should include the data to be sorted  but
exclude the field names.
 - Select a field for the Primary-Key to base the sort on and choose the
order of the sort.
 - Select a field for a Secondary-Key. This is an optional selection
 dependent on whether you want LDW POWER to run a secondary sort.
 - Select Go to run the sort.

Data Distribution

The Data Distribution command will compute a frequency distribution for a
given set of values. A frequency distribution is a table which shows how
may values from a given group fall within a certain range. For example, you
can use a frequency distribution to determine how many employees are
between the ages of 40 and 65; how many are between the ages of 35 and 40;
how many are under the ages of 35; and so on.

The first thing you must do before issuing the Distribution command, is
enter the range of values you want to group in the frequency distribution
into a single column of the worksheet. In our example above, this would be
the ages of all employees. This is called the Values range. You then need
to enter a range of entries in ascending order which will tell LDW POWER
what frequency range to use for grouping the Values range. In our example
above, this would be the age divisions: 35, 40, 60. This range is called
the Bin range and must contain values listed in ascending order. The values
you enter in the Bin range are the points at which you would like LDW POWER
to divide the values in the Values range. In other words, all employee ages
less than or equal to 35 will constitute one group. Note that neither of
these ranges may contain labels.

The frequency distribution table created with the Data Distribution command
will contain a listing of how many values in the Values range lie between
the distribution points of the Bin range. All values below the lowest value
in the Bin range will constitute one distribution range, and all values
above the highest value will also constitute one distribution range.

When you select the Distribution command, a message will appear in the edit
line asking you to enter the Values range. Select the range from your
worksheet which contains the values you want to group. When this range is
entered, a second message will appear asking you to enter the Bin range. As
soon as the range is entered, the distribution table will be calculated and
placed in the cells adjacent to the bin range.

Data Parse

The Data Parse command lets you break up long labels into a series of small
labels or values. This command can be extremely helpful when you use the
File Import Text command to bring along labels into your worksheet (see
section in the File management chapter on the File Import command).

When you select Parse from the Data menu, a horizontal menu of the Parse
commands will appear. The first three of these commands will organize how
you would like the divided set of labels displayed and where you would like
them placed. The next command will Reset the three previous commands. The
Go command will run the Parse, and the Quit command will return you to the
READY mode.

DATA PARSE FORMAT-LINE

The Data Parse Format-Line command is used to tell LDW POWER how to break
up the labels. When you are parsing, you will need to create different
format lines for each label that contains different types of information.
The Format-Line command will tell LDW POWER where to break up the label and
the format with which the new entries should appear in their respective
cells.

To create the format line, position the cell pointer in the cell that
contains the label you will be parsing, and the select the Data Parse
Format-Line Create command. A new row with a format line will be inserted
directly above the label. The format line will be exactly as long as the
label you are parsing. It is divided into sections which are comprised of a
variety of characters. These characters tell LDW POWER where to break up
the label and the format for each new entry. The following is a table of
each character and what it means.



 êSymbol Meaning

 L Beginning of a label V Beginning of a value D Beginning of a date T
Beginning of a time S Beginning of a skip > Character symbol  * Blank space

The first four of these symbols will mark the beginning of a label. The >
and * are the most common symbols and will be used to fill up the spaces
where characters and blank spaces go. The S symbol is the skip symbol and
tells LDW POWER to eliminate the characters in the long label which are
positioned where the S is positioned in the format line.

When you first issue the Create command, LDW POWER will guess where you
would like the breaks, the kind of entry you are creating, and where spaces
should be inserted. Most of the time, LDW POWER's guess will be correct.
 However, in case it is incorrect, you can use the Data Parse Format-Line
Edit command to change the format line in order to break up your labels
exactly as you would like them.

To edit your format line, position the cell pointer on the cell which
contains the format line and select the Edit command. If you try to select
Edit and the cell pointer is not positioned on the cell containing the
format line, and error message will appear.

When Edit is selected, the Edit box will overlay the control panel and part
of the worksheet window. Inside the Edit box, the format line, the actual
label, and the cell address of the label are displayed. In the lower right
corner of the Edit box you will see an ESC button, an OK button, an Up
arrow and a Down arrow.

Editing is done within the Edit box in the same manner as it is done in
your worksheet. When you first enter the Edit box, the cursor will be
positioned over the first symbol of the format line. You can use the left
and right arrow keys on the keyboard, or the mouse, to move the cursor
across the format line. The Backspace and Delete can be used to remove
characters. When you enter the Edit box, it will be in overwrite mode, so
any symbols you type in will overwrite existing symbols. You can use the
Insert key to turn the overwrite mode off and on. If you try to enter any
characters which are not format symbols, the worksheet will beep. You can
use the Up and Down arrows in the Edit box or the cursor keys, to move up
and down over all labels to be parsed. When you are finished editing your
format line, click on the OK button to enter the changes. If you do not
want to enter the changes, click the ESC button or press the Esc key.

INPUT-COLUMN

After you have finished creating and editing your format line, you will
need to tell LDW POWER which labels you would like to parse. This is done
with the Data Parse Input-Column command. Select the range which contains
the format line and labels (in the same column as the format line) you want
to parse.



OUTPUT-RANGE

The Data Parse Output-Range command tells LDW POWER where in the worksheet
to put the divided labels. Select the command and specify the upper left
corner of a blank range to accept the parsed data.

RUNNING THE PARSE: GO

You are now ready to parse your label. This is done by selecting the Data
Parse Go command.

RESET

LDW POWER will remember the last Input-Column and Output-Range addresses
that were entered. The Reset command will erase these addresses from LDW
POWER's memory so that you can easily designate new addresses to fit your
next parse.

QUIT

The Quit option will return you to the READY mode.

Database Statistical Functions

LDW POWER provides you with special database statistical functions which
allow you to perform statistical calculations within your database. These
functions are designed specifically to use entries in your database as
their arguments. There are seven such functions, and their form is very
similar to the other functions available with LDW POWER.

The seven database statistical functions are: DCOUNT, DSUM, DAVG, DVAR,
DSTD, DMAX, and DMIN. Each of these functions have the same form:

 Function name( Input Range, Offset Column, Criterion Range)

The first argument, Input Range, is exactly the same type of range as used
in the Data Query commands. The second argument, Offset Column, tells LDW
POWER which column of data in the database to use for calculation. Begin
counting at zero for the column in the farthest left area of the input
range. The final argument, Criterion, is exactly the same type of range as
used in the Data Query commands, and it specifies which records are to be
selected. For example, function DSUM in the figure below will sum E3 and
E5 (E is 3rd column in B..E range) and return 418,790.

DCOUNT - The DCOUNT function counts the cells in the Offset Column that
are non-blank and match the criteria specified in the Criterion Range.

DSUM - The DSUM function calculates the sum of the values in the Offset
Column that match the criteria specified in the Criterion Range.

DAVG - The DAVG function computes the average of the entries in the
Offset Column that match the criteria specified in the Criterion Range.

DVAR - The DVAR function calculates the variance of the entries in the
Offset Column that match the criteria specified in the Criterion Range.

DSTD - The DSTD function computes the standard deviation of the entries
in the Offset Column that match the criteria specified in the Criterion
Range.

DMAX - The DMAX function returns the maximum or largest value in the
Offset Column that match the criteria specified in the Criterion Range.

DMIN - The DMIN function returns the minimum or smallest value in the
Offset Column that match the criteria specified in the Criterion Range.

SUMMARY NOTES

Database commands in LDW POWER Spreadsheet allow you to keep large amounts
of information in an orderly manner in your worksheets. You can then use
the commands available to manipulate the entries in your worksheets.

Data Fill - The Data Fill command will enter a group of numbers, which are
spaced sequentially, into a specified range of the worksheet. You must set
the Start, Step, and Stop values to use this command.

Data Table - The Data Table command will substitute values into a given
formula or formulas and create a table of the returned values. There are
two types of Data Tables available with LDW POWER: one variable and two
variable. One variable tables allow you to use one variable on as many
formulas as you choose. Two variable tables require two variables to be
entered which can be used on a single formula.

Data Sort - The Data Sort command will sort the information in the database
in ascending or descending order using any field you choose.

Data Query - The Data Query command will located information in the
database using criteria entered by the user. The Data Query menu contains
four commands which determine what is done with the records retrieved by
the Query: Find, Extract, Unique, and Delete. The Find command will locate
the records. The Extract command will copy the records into a specified
portion of the worksheet. The Unique command will copy the records and also
screen them to make sure no duplicates occur. The Delete command will
delete the records.

Data Distribution - The Data Distribution command will compute a frequency
distribution for a set of values.

Data Parse - The Data Parse command will break up long labels into smaller
cell entries which are formatted to the specifications of the user. These
smaller entries are then placed in a range of the worksheet.

Database Statistical Functions - LDW POWER provides you with seven
statistical functions created for use within your database. These functions
allow you to perform calculations within your database.


MACROS

Macros are powerful and convenient tools which help to automate some of the
operations within your worksheet. A macro can be thought of as a miniature
program which instructs LDW POWER to execute a pre-determined series of
keystrokes. The instructions of this "program" are the actual keystrokes
themselves. For example, if you wanted to format every cell in the
worksheet with a two digit fixed decimal display, you would type in the
following macro:

 /wgff2~

If you look at it closely, you will see that this macro is nothing more
than a collection of the actual keystrokes that would be used to format the
worksheet manually. If you were formatting the worksheet manually, you
would press the slash (/) key first in order to access the command menu.
Then, you'd press the (w) key to open the Worksheet menu and then the (g)
key to open the Worksheet Global menu. Once in the Worksheet Global menu,
you would press the (f) key for Worksheet Global Format and then (f) again
to choose the Fixed command. Finally, you'd enter the number 2 in order to
display 2 fixed decimal places and would then hit Return which is
represented by the tilde (~) in a macro. These are the exact keystrokes
contained in the macro above. The only difference is, that the macro can be
saved in the worksheet and executed automatically at any time, while the
manual method would require that you enter each keystroke by hand every
time you wanted to perform the operation. The power of macros then, is
obvious especially when you're dealing with repetitive operations which
require many keystrokes.

LDW POWER offers a macro language compatible with LOTUS 1-2-3 version 1.1
that allows you to define macros and call them up any time with just a
keystroke. LDW POWER also features a macro recorder which actually records
your keystrokes as you enter them, thus freeing you from having to deal
with the complexities of macro definition syntax. A series of /x macro
commands is included to offer more advanced macro capabilities. The number
of macros is limited only by the amount of available memory.

Whether you use the macro language or the macro recorder to create a macro,
you must assign it a name (up to 15 characters long) in order to run it.
All macro names must be preceded by a backslash (\). You can create a macro
name using the Range Name Create command or using the macro recorder which
adds the backslash automatically. To call up the macro from the keyboard,
you would press the Alt key simultaneously with the first letter in the
name of the macro. If more than one macro name starts with the same letter,
LDW POWER will only call up the macro that was defined first. You will have
to use the mAcro Play command to call up any others.

The following section of the chapter will describe how to define, store,
and name a macro. Because differences exist between the two methods, the
macro language and macro recorder will be explained separately.

Creating a Macro

USING THE MACRO RECORDER

Creating macros with the macro recorder is simply a matter of turning the
recorder on, and typing the desired keystrokes. You may use both the
keyboard and mouse to enter various keystroke commands. For example, both
may be used to select a range of the worksheet. Because the macro recorder
"records" every keystroke, you can enter the special keys (such as Return
or Esc) directly from the keyboard.

To turn the recorder on, select the Macro Record command or press
[Alt][F3]. The MREC indicator will appear on the control panel to indicate
that a macro is being recorded. Then, just type in the keystrokes as if you
were manually issuing the commands. If, at any time during the macro
definition, you wish to cancel the macro, select the mAcro Abort command or
press [Alt][F6]. When you are finished defining the macro, select the mAcro
End command or press [Alt][F4] to turn off the recorder. The MREC indicator
will disappear from the control panel.

When you end a macro definition, a prompt will appear on the edit line
asking for the cell in which the macro is to be stored. Enter an
appropriate cell and press Return. Another prompt will appear asking for
the macro name. Enter a name for the macro (no more than 14 characters) and
press Return. The macro recorder will add the backslash (\) automatically.
The macro is now defined and can be called up by its name.

USING MACRO LANGUAGE

A macro must be entered into the worksheet as a label and cannot contain
cells with values. You can place the entire macro (up to 240 characters)
into a single cell, but the more keystrokes you have in one cell, the
harder it is to read and debug the macro. Therefore, if your macro is long,
you might be better off splitting it up into a series of smaller labels.
LDW POWER will look in the first cell of the macro and execute all the
keystrokes contained in it and will then move down to the cell immediately
below to see if there are any keystrokes to be found. If there are, those
instructions will be carried out, and LDW POWER will move down to the next
cell. This process will continue until LDW POWER comes across an empty cell
or the special quit command (/XQ), or encounters an error. The macros,
therefore, must be arranged in consecutive cells of a column in order to
work properly.

It's important to remember to always include a label prefix when entering a
macro. If you try to enter the slash (/) character at the beginning of a
macro without first entering a label prefix, you will automatically access
the command menu (LDW POWER interprets the slash as a manual command to
open the command menu). If the slash is preceded by a label prefix (', "",
or ^), however, it will simply be treated as a label. The label prefix is
ignored during macro execution.

You must create a macro in the active worksheet in order to run it. LDW
POWER allows you to transfer macros from one worksheet to another by means
of the File Combine command. Refer to the chapter on the File menu for more
information.

Macros use a set of symbols which function as the "special keys" such as
Esc, Return, or F5[Goto] which cannot be inserted into a label. The
following is a list of the symbols used in macros and the keys they
represent.

 êKey Symbol êKey Symbol

 down arrow {Down} Del {Delete} or {Del} up arrow {Up} Ins  {Insert} left
arrow {Left} Return ~ right arrow {Right}  [Edit] F2 {Edit} Home {Home}
[Name] F3 {Name} Home+Shift  {End} [Abs] F4 {Abs} up arrow+Shift {PgUp}
[Goto] F5 {Goto} dn arrow+Shift {PgDn} [Notes] F6 {Notes} Tab+Shift
{BigLeft} or {BTab} [Query] F7 {Query} Tab {BigRight} or {Tab} [Table] F8
{Table} Esc  {Escape} or {Esc} [Calc] F9 {Calc} Backspace {BackSpace} or
{BS} [Graph] F10 {Graph} Undo {ScrLock} Undo+Control {Break}

Note, that the braces "{" and "}" should be included in the symbols shown
above.

Naming Macros

In order to run a macro, you must first name it. The name will tell LDW
POWER where to find the macro in the worksheet, so the macro must always be
named at the first cell which contains it. Macro names should be preceded
by a backslash (\). When assigning a name to a macro, select the first cell
of the macro and issue the Range Name Create command. Enter the name
(preceded by a backslash) you would like to give the macro and press
Return.

Because the name is so important to macro operation, it might be a good
idea to include the name of the macro on the worksheet. You can use the
Range Name Label Right command to name macros using labels adjacent to
those macros. That way, the labels would serve as reminders as to the names
of the particular macros. See the chapter on the Range commands for more
information.

Aside from these macros, every worksheet can contain one macro name \0
(zero). This is the auto-execute macro, which is automatically run every
time the worksheet is loaded. Note, that the \0 macro will only be run when
the worksheet is loaded and that you cannot call it up at any other time.
If you would like to be able to execute it at other times in the worksheet,
you can simply assign it a second macro name and use this second name to
play it.

LDW POWER allows you to create macros that can call up other macros by
means of macro subroutines. The macros contained in these subroutines do
not have to be named, because they are referred to by their cell locations.
 See the /XC command for more details.

Running Macros

To run a macro, use the mAcro Play command or simply press the Alt key
simultaneously with the first letter of the appropriate macro name.

When you select the mAcro Play command, a menu of all defined macro names
will be displayed. Select the appropriate macro name, and the chosen macro
will run.

Once you begin execution of a macro, the screen will reveal that the
worksheet is quickly executing all of the commands and keystrokes in the
macro. The PLAY indicator in the control panel will be displayed to
indicate that a macro is running. Once the macro has finished, the PLAY
indicator will disappear.

Stopping Macros

A macro will stop its execution under any one of the four following
conditions:

1. LDW POWER runs across a blank cell. If you want the macro to run
 without interruption, you should go back and eliminate the blank cell.

2. An error exists in the macro. In this case, LDW POWER will beep, and an
 error message will appear on screen.

3. The macro contains the special quit command (/XQ).

4. The [Control] and [Undo] keys are pressed during macro execution.
 Pressing [Control][Undo] will not undo the effects of the macro. It
 merely stops if from executing any further.

You can pause a macro in the middle of execution by pressing [Alt][F1] or
[Alt][F2]. To restart the macro, press either combination of second time.

The Step Mode

The main purpose of macros is to quickly execute a series of commands or
keystrokes to save you time and effort. For this reason, macros normally
execute with great speed. There may be times, however, when you need to see
the operations of a macro, one step at a time (especially when you are
trying to debug a macro). LDW POWER allows you to slow the macro using the
step mode. To enter the step mode, press either [Alt][F1] or [Alt][F2]
before you run the macro or during macro execution. When you are in the
step mode, the STEP indicator is on, and you can press any key to execute
each step of the macro. To exit the step mode and resume normal execution
of the macro, press either [Alt][F1] or [Alt][F2].

Errors in Macros

If a macro is not entered into the worksheet correctly, an error results.
There are numerous types of errors which can be made. However, most errors
are caused by one of three common mistakes: omission of the proper
characters, an invalid response to a prompt, or the misspelling or
incorrect form of one of the LDW POWER special commands.

Usually, when any of these errors occur, LDW POWER will beep, and the macro
will stop executing. A message will appear on the screen telling you that
an error has occurred. Click OK or press Return. The worksheet will
re-appear. The macro will have been executed up until the point where the
error was detected. You must now go back over the macro to determine what
error occurred. Editing macros is identical to editing any other label in
the worksheet.

Interactive Macros

LDW POWER provides you with a special symbol {?} to allow for interaction
with the user during execution of a macro. When a macro is running and
comes across a {?} symbol, the macro will pause for input from the user.
You can enter as much information (including keystrokes and commands) as
necessary and the worksheet will process the information in the normal
worksheet fashion. When you are ready to resume running the macro, press
Return, and the macro will continue where it left off. Because the Return
is not considered part of the macro and will only start the macro running
again, you will often want to include a tilde (~) after {?} to press Return
in the macro. The following macro command sequences are often used to
resume execution of the macro when using the {?}:

 {?}~ {?}{Right} {?}{PgDn}




/X Commands

LDW POWER provides you with a special set of /X commands which allow you to
perform operations from within the macro that are more complex than basic
worksheet commands and involve more that just a mere keystroke. One very
important thing to remember when using /X commands is that since they
create "programs" within the worksheet, bugs are often the result when an
unanticipated reaction is made to one of the commands.

Below is a summary of the LDW POWER /X commands. The summary lists all /X
commands available and a brief description of what each command does.
Directly following the summary is a more detailed description of each of
these commands and how they work.

Summary of the LDW POWER /X commands:

êCommand Function

/XI(Condition)~ Results in an if-then comparison.

/XG(Location)~ Goes to a location for remaining keystrokes.

/XC(Location)~ Calls a subroutine.

/XR Returns from a subroutine.

/XQ Quits macro execution.

/XM(Location)~ Displays and processes a user-defined menu.

/XL(Message)~(Location)~ Displays a message in the control panel,  accepts
a label entry from the keyboard, and places this entry in a cell.

/XN(Message)~(Location)~ Displays a message in the control panel,  accepts
a number entry from the keyboard, and places this entry in a cell.

/XWF Freezes the worksheet window during macro execution.

/XWN Cancels the /XWF command.

/XPF Freezes the control panel during macro execution.

/XPN Cancels the /XPF command.











/XI(Condition)~

The /XI(Condition)~ command is a programming command which tests a
condition and determines if it is TRUE (has a non-zero value) or FALSE (has
a zero value). If the condition is TRUE, the macro will execute the
remaining keystrokes and commands in the cell. If the condition is FALSE,
the macro will move on to the next cell and execute the keystrokes and
commands which begin there. You must always remember to include the tilde
(~) at the end of the command.

/XG(Location)~

The /XG(Location)~ command causes the macro to go to the cell(s) specified
by (Location) and continue reading the keystrokes and commands from that
cell (or the upper left corner of the range). The (Location) specified can
be a cell address, a range or a range name. You must always remember to
include the tilde (~) at the end of the command.

/XC(Location)~

The /XC(Location)~ command causes the macro to call a specified subroutine
in a specific (Location). The (Location) specified can be a cell address, a
range address, or a range name. Note, that you only need to specify a
location in order to run the macro subroutine. Therefore, you do not need
to name the macros in your subroutines in order to run them. To return from
the subroutine to the macro, see /XR command below. It is essential to
remember to include the tilde (~) at the end of the command.

/XR

The /XR command causes the macro to return from a subroutine to the
original cells in the macro, directly following the /XC(Location)~ command,
and continue execution of the macro. If an /XR command is encountered and
no /XC(Location)~ command was issued, an error results. LDW POWER allows
you to nest subroutines up to 32 levels.

/XQ

The /XQ command stops macro execution at the point where it is encountered
and returns the worksheet to READY mode.

/XM(Location)~

The /XM(Location)~ command allows you to create your own custom menus in
the control panel of the worksheet window. These menus are displayed
exactly like the command menus for the worksheet except for the fact that
they contain commands that have been customized by you.

The (Location) specified in the macro refers to the range in which you will
set up the menu. This range must be set up properly in order for the macro
to work. The first row of the range should contain the names of the
commands to appear in your menu. The second row should contain descriptions
of the commands in the first row. For example, if the command in the first
row is Clear, the description in the second row should be something like:
Clears a range of cells. This type of descriptive phrase is found
throughout the standard command menu in LDW POWER. The third row should
contain the actual part of the macro which will be executed when you choose
the command specified in the first row. In the case of the example above,
the third row would contain keystrokes which would clear a specified range
of cells.

When the macro is run, and you choose a command from your customized menu,
LDW POWER will go to the range in which you defined the menu and look in
the cells directly below the chosen command to get instructions to execute.
Therefore, the command name, the command description, and the keystroke
instructions should all be placed in consecutive cells of the same column.

Once you have a menu created in any range of the worksheet, you are ready
to use the /XM(Location)~ command. The argument (Location) included in this
command must refer to the upper leftmost cell of the range which contains
the menu. You must also be sure to include the closing tilde (~) in order
to make the command perform.

When the macro comes across the /XM command, your menu will appear in the
control panel. When the menu first appears on the screen, the first option
will always be highlighted. You can then use the mouse or the arrow keys to
move the highlighting to the appropriate command. When you select one of
the commands, the macro will proceed to process the instructions specified
for that command.

When using the /XM(Location)~ command, there are a few rules which must be
followed. The commands must be placed in adjacent cells of the first row in
the range. If the cells contain values or have blank cells between the
entries, LDW POWER will beep, and an error message will appear on the
screen. The descriptions in the second row must either be labels, or the
second row can contain blank cells.

Menus created with the /XM command can contain up to eight commands. Any
commands created beyond that number will ignored by LDW POWER. When the
commands are displayed in the control panel, LDW POWER will automatically
leave one space between each command. If the combined total of the
characters in the commands and these spaces add up to more than 72
characters, LDW POWER will beep, and an error message will appear.

You can stop the execution of any of your customized commands by pressing
the Esc key. When you press Esc, your custom menu will disappear from the
control panel, and you will exit the /XM(Location)~ instruction. If there
are any further keystroke instructions which follow the /XM(Location)~ in
the macro, LDW POWER will process them.

/XL(Message)~(Location)~ and /XN(Message)~(Location)~

The /XL(Message)~(Location)~ command and the /XN(message)~(Location)~
command are very similar in that they both allow you to ask for and receive
input from the user during execution of a macro. The only difference
between these two commands is the type of input they will accept. The /XL
command will only accept labels, while the /XN command will only accept
numeric input.

The /XL or /XN comes first in the sequence and is followed by the
(Message)~ prompt which tells the user the type of input desired. The
(Location)~ argument then tells LDW POWER where to store the input from the
user. The message argument must be a string and can be no more than 72
characters long. If the message contains a semicolon, a colon, a comma, or
a closing brace, these characters must be enclosed in quotation marks. The
(Location) argument can be a cell address, a range address, or a range
name. You must always remember to include both tildes (~) in these commands
for them to work properly.

These commands function by first displaying a message in the edit line. LDW
POWER will pause and wait for the user input. Depending on the command, the
user must then enter a label or a value. LDW POWER will store the entry in
the cell specified by the (Location) argument. If a range was entered as
the location, the entry will be stored in the upper left cell of the range.

In the case of the /XN command, the entry made by the user may be a literal
value or a formula or function that returns a value result. If anything
else is entered, LDW POWER will beep, and an error message will appear.

When using the /XL command, the label entered may not be more than 240
characters long. If the entry is longer than that limit, LDW POWER will
beep and return an error message. Also, if you enter a value with the /XL
command, LDW POWER will convert it to a label before it enters the label
into the location cell.

/XWF

The /XWF command allows you to freeze the worksheet window. Freezing the
worksheet window is useful both for increasing the speed of macro execution
and for suppressing the bothersome flickering that occurs during macro
execution. The worksheet will remain frozen until one of two things happen:
the macro ends or the macro encounters a /XWN command (see below).

/XWN

The /XWN command will reverse the effects of the /XWF command and will
unfreeze the worksheet window.

/WPF

The /XPF command will freeze the control panel which will remain frozen
until one of two things happens: the macro ends or the macro encounters a
/XPN command (see below).

/XPN

The /XPN command will reverse the effects of the /XPF command and will
unfreeze the control panel.


Saving and Retrieving Macros

Macros can be saved in two ways. Whenever you save a worksheet, the macros
contained within that worksheet are automatically saved. When you call up a
worksheet, all macros that were included in that worksheet are retrieved as
well.

Macros can also be saved independently from the worksheet by way of the
File eXtract command. When the dialog box appears, enter the file name and
select OK or press Return. Enter the range which contains the macro you
would like to save.

To retrieve a macro that has been saved with the File eXtract command, you
can use the File Combine command. Refer to the chapter on File management
for further information.

Additional Notes on Macros

1. If the first character in your macro is the slash (/), remember to
precede it with a label prefix or else LDW POWER will interpret it as a
direct command to access the command menu.

2. You must remember to include Return character (~) in your macros.

3. You must always name the first cell (upper left corner of a range) in a
macro. The name must include a (\) character followed by a name. If you try
to run a macro which has not been named, LDW POWER will beep and an error
message will appear.

4. The macro will start by executing the keystrokes contained in the first
cell, and will then go to the cell directly below looking for the next set
of instructions. As soon as a macro encounters a blank cell, it will stop.

5. When entering a numeric label in a macro, you must enter two label
prefixes, because LDW POWER will ignore the first prefix.

6. When revising an existing macro, you don't need to rename it.


EXITING LDW POWER

To exit LDW POWER, select Quit from the command menu. If the worksheet has
been altered in any way, an alert will appear on the screen to give you a
chance to save the worksheet. Directly below this message will be displayed
three buttons: Save, OK, and Cancel.

SAVE

Selecting the Save button will save your current worksheet before the
program is ended. When you select the Save button, a file selector will
appear displaying a list of the filenames of currently saved files. You can
select an appropriate file to overwrite, or you can enter a new file name
under which to save the worksheet. Press the Return key to save the
worksheet under the chosen filename.

OK

Clicking on the OK button will cause you to exit the program without saving
the worksheet. Select this button when you have already performed a final
save using the File Save command or when you do not want to save the
current worksheet.

CANCEL

Clicking on the Cancel button will remove the Quit message box from the
screen and return you to the current worksheet. The Cancel button is
provided in the event that you accidentally select the Quit command or you
change your mind about exiting the program. The Cancel button has a dark
outline to indicate that it is the default button and is, therefore,
automatically selected when you press the Return key.



 FUNCTIONS


THE FORM OF FUNCTIONS

The LDW POWER Spreadsheet provides over 80 built-in functions which allow
you to do everything from calculating depreciation expense to determining
the length of a label. A function can be thought of as a compact,
specialized tool that can be used to perform an operation that would
otherwise be cumbersome or impossible to do with the keyboard. This chapter
contains a listing of all those available functions along with a
description and example of each.

A function operates by using an argument or arguments in order to return a
result. For example, the function SUM(A1,A2,A3) uses the cells A1, A2, and
A3 as its arguments in order to sum the values contained in those three
cells. Such arguments are similarly used in string functions. For example,
LEFT("Test",2) uses the string "Test" and the number 2 in order to extract
the first two characters ("Te") from the string.

There are some functions though, that do not use arguments. For example,
the function ERR simply returns the value ERR. Functions like this are
most commonly used in other, more complex function or simply to mark a
cell.

Every function, however, begins with the () sign and usually follows the
form:

 Function Name( argument 1, argument 2,..., argument n)

The function name can be entered in lower or upper case or a combination of
the two, but the () symbol must always be the first character. The
argument(s) must always be enclosed by parentheses, and individual
arguments should be separated with commas (unless the punctuation settings
have been changed with the Worksheet Global Default Other International
Punctuation commands).

As mentioned before, the argument defines what the function evaluates. Some
functions require a specific number of arguments, while others allow a
variable number of arguments. Arguments may take the form of a cell or
range reference, a range name, a literal value or string, a formula or a
function. You may incorporate any combination of these alternatives in a
given function. For example, the function SUM(2,F4,Sales,MAX(C1..C5))
will sum the value 2, and value contained in cell F4, the values in the
range named Sales, and the largest value found in the range C1..C5.
References, formulas, and functions can all be used as arguments as long as
they return appropriate results. For example, a cell reference used as a
string argument should refer to a cell containing a label, and a formula
used as a mathematical argument should return a value of some sort. In the
case of string arguments, they must be enclosed in quotation marks in order
for the function to perform properly.

SUMMARY OF FUNCTIONS

The following is an example of each function available in the LDW POWER
Spreadsheet. The summary is divided into six general categories to make it
easier to locate a given function. A more detailed description will follow
in the Alphabetical Function Reference.

Mathematical Functions

ABS(x) absolute valueACOS(x) arc cosineASIN(x) arc sineATAN(x)
2-quadrant arc tangentATAN2(x,y) 4-quadrant arc tangentCOS(x)
cosineEXP(x) exponentialINT(x) integer portionLN(x) log base eLOG(x)
log base 10MOD(x,y) x mod yPI the constant pi (3.1416...)RAND random
number between 0 and 1ROUND(num,decimal) rounds a number to specified
number of decimal  placesSIN(x) sineSQRT(x) square rootTAN(x)  tangent


String Functions

CHAR(ASCII code) converts an ASCII code to its corresponding
 characterCODE(string) converts the first character in the string into
ASCII codeCLEAN(string) strips special control characters from a
specified stringEXACT(string1,string2)  compares one string to
anotherFIND(substring,string,x) locates a substring within another
stringLEFT(string,# of chars) extracts a substring from another string
starting at the beginning of the stringLENGTH(string) returns the number
of characters in the  stringLOWER(string) converts all characters to
lowercaseMID(string,starting point,# of characters) extracts a string
from anywhere within another stringN(range) the number in the upper left
cell of the rangePROPER(string) capitalizes the first letter in separate
words in a stringREPEAT(string, # of repeats) repeats a specified
stringREPLACE(string1,starting point, # of characters,string2) replaces
one group of characters with anotherRIGHT(string,# of characters)
extracts a substring from another string at the end of the stringS(range)
the label in the upper left cell of the rangeSTRING(value,decimals)
converts the value into a number stringTRIM(string) trims leading and
trailing blanks from a stringUPPER(string) converts all characters to
uppercaseVALUE(number string) converts the number string into a value



Logical Functions

FALSE the value 0 (FALSE)IF(condition,t,f) the argument t if condition
is TRUE; the argument f if condition is FALSEISERR(x) the value 1 (TRUE)
if argument x has the value  ERRISNA(x) the value 1 (TRUE) if argument x
has the value NA (Not Available)ISNUMBER(x) the value 1 (TRUE) if
argument x is a number; the value 0 (FALSE) if x is not a
numberISSTRING(x) the value 1 (TRUE) if argument x is a label;  the value
0 (FALSE) if x is not a labelTRUE the value 1 (TRUE)


Special Functions

(cell) indirect cell referenceCELL(code,cell) information about a
cellCELLPOINTER(code) information about the active
cellCHOOSE(z,I0,I1,I2...In) zth argument in the list returned
COLS(range) the number of columns in a rangeERR the value ERR
(error)EXTERNAL(filename,range) contents of a cell in another
worksheetHLOOKUP(lookupvalue,range,column) horizontal table
lookupINDEX(range,column,row) two dimensional table lookupNA the value
NA (Not Available)ROWS(range) the number of rows in a
rangeVLOOKUP(lookupvalue,range,row) vertical table lookup


Financial Functions

CTERM(interest rate,final amount,initial amount) number of periods
required to compound an investmentDDB(initial cost,scrap
value,lifespan,current period) double declining balance
depreciationFV(pmt,int,term) Future valueIRR(guess,range)  internal
rate of returnNPV(rate,range) net present valuePMT(pmt,int,term)
paymentPV(pmt,int,term) present valueRATE(final amount,starting
amount,term) interest rate required to compound an investmentSLN(initial
cost,scrap value,lifespan) straight line depreciationSYD(initial
cost,scrap value,lifespan,current period) sum of the years' digits
depreciationTERM(payment amount,interest rate,final amount) number of
periods required to compound a series of equal payments to a final amount



Date and Time Functions

DATE(year,month,day) returns serial value of date (e.g.,
1=01-Jan-1900)DATEVALUE(date string) converts date label into serial date
valueDAY(date) the day from a serial date valueHOUR(time value) the
hours from a serial time valueMINUTE(time value) the minutes from a
serial time valueMONTH(date) the month from a serial data valueNOW the
current serial date and serial time valuesSECOND(time value) the seconds
from a serial time valueTIME(hours,minutes,seconds) serial time
valueTIMEVALUE(time label)  converts a time label into a serial time
valueTODAY today's serial date valueYEAR(date) the year from a serial
date value


Statistical Functions

AVG(range) average of all numeric items in a rangeCOUNT(range)  count
of all non-blank items in a rangeMAX(range) maximum of all numeric items
in a rangeMIN(range) minimum of all numeric items in a rangeSTD(range)
standard deviation of all numeric items in a  rangeSUM(range) sum of all
numeric items in a rangeVAR(range) variance of all numeric items in a
range



ALPHABETICAL FUNCTION REFERENCE

(cell)The  function can be used to indirectly reference a cell or
range. The cell argument must be a cell address or name of a cell which
contains the address or name of another cell.
Example: (C3) = 'Expenses (where cell C3 contains the label D1, and  and
cell D1 contains the label 'Expenses)

ABS(x)The ABS function returns the absolute value of the argument ( x).
Examples: ABS(-75) = 75 ABS(B3) = 22 (where cell B3 contains the value
22)

ACOS(x)The ACOS function returns the arc cosine of the value argument (
 x). The arc cosine is the angle in radians whose cosine is the argument.
The value of the argument must be between -1 and +1, or a value of ERR is
returned. The value of the ACOS function will always be between 0 and pi.
Examples: ACOS(.5) = 1.047198 ACOS(C6) = 1.266104 (where the value in
cell C6 is 0.3)

ASIN(x)The ASIN function returns the arc sine of the value argument (
 x). The arc sine is the angle in radians whose sine is the argument. The
value of the argument must be between -1 and +1, or a value of ERR is
returned. The value of the ASIN function will always be a number between
-pi/2 and +pi/2.
Examples: ASIN(1) = 1.570796 ASIN(B2) = -1.57080 (where the value in cell
B2 is -1)

ATAN(x)The ATAN function returns the arc tangent of the value argument.
The arc tangent is the angle in radians whose tangent is the argument. The
value of the ATAN function will always be a number between -pi/2 and pi/2.
Examples: ATAN(.5) = 0.463648 ATAN(D7) = 0.785398 (where the value in
cell D7 is 1)

ATAN2(x,y) The ATAN2 function calculates a four-quadrant arctangent. The
function returns the arc tangent of the argument ( y) divided by the
argument ( x). The arc tangent is the angle in radians whose tangent is
y/x. The main difference from the ATAN function is that the ATAN2
function looks at x and y separately, so it returns the value for all 4
quadrants from -pi to pi. A value of ERR is return if x=0 and y=0.
Examples: ATAN2(2,-2) = -0.78540 ATAN2(B5,F7) = 0.785398 (where the value
in cell B5 is 3, and the value in F7 is 3)

AVG(range)The AVG function calculates the average of a group of values
specified in the range. The average is the sum of a group of values divided
by the number of values in the group. if all cells in the range are empty,
a value of ERR is returned. However, cells containing labels are evaluated
as the value 0 and are included in the calculation.
Examples: AVG(B3..B6) = 8 (where B3 = 15, B4 = 10, B5 = 7, B6 = 'the)

CELL(code,cell)The CELL function return information regarding the cell
specified by the cell argument. Although the function will only return
information regarding one cell, the cell argument will be displayed as a
range address. If you use range coordinates or a range name, the function
will return information concerning the upper left cell in that range. The
 code argument is a special string that will tell the function what type of
information to return. Below is a list of the available codes:

 êCode Type of information returned

 "address" the absolute address of the cell "col" the column letter of the
cell "contents" the contents of the cell "format" the format code of the
cell "prefix" the label prefix of the cell "protect" the protection status
of the cell "row" the row number of the cell "type"  the kind of entry in
the cell "width" the width of the cell

Note, that the code must be enclosed in quotation marks.
Example: CELL("row",A1) = 1

CELLPOINTER(code)The CELLPOINTER function returns information concerning
the currently active cell (the cell in which the cell pointer is located)
at the time that the function is calculated. The code argument is exactly
the same as that listed for the CELL function. Refer to the CELL function
for details.
Example: CELLPOINTER("contents") = "test" (where the current cell contains
the string "test")

CHAR(ASCII code)The CHAR function returns the character that corresponds
to the ASCII code argument.
Example: CHAR(40) = "("

CHOOSE(z,item 0, item 1, item 2,...,item n)The CHOOSE function will
evaluate the first argument, z, and convert it into an integer, x, and will
return the item which occupies the xth position in the argument list. If z
is not between 0 and n, a value of ERR is returned.
 The arguments (item 0,....,item n) are the label or values that will be
returned depending on the value of z. This list may be as large or as small
as you choose, but there must be at least two arguments entered.
Example: CHOOSE(2,6,B9,"Income",A3) = "Income"

CLEAN(string)The CLEAN function deletes any special control characters
that may be present with the string.
Example: CLEAN(B5) will strip away any special control characters that
 may be present in cell B5.

COLS(range)The COLS function returns the number of columns contained
within the specified range.
Examples: COLS(A1..F10) = 6 COLS(net Income) = 5 (where the range name
Net Income contains 5 columns)

COS(x)The COS function returns the cosine of the value argument. The
cosine is the angle of the argument in radians.
Examples: COS(2) = -0.41615 COS(C2) = 0.877583 (where the value of cell
C2 is .5)

CODE(string)The CODE function returns the ASCII code for the first
character in the string.
Examples: CODE("Z") = 90 CODE("7") = 52

COUNT(range)The COUNT function returns the number of non-blank cells in
the specified range. If the range contains only empty cells, COUNT will
return a 0.
Example: COUNT(B1...B5) = 5 (where all cells contain entries)

CTERM(interest rate,final amount,initial amount)The CTERM function
calculates the number of periods it would take to compound an initial
investment amount to some final amount given a fixed interest rate.
Example: CTERM(F1,F2,F3) = 17.65494 (where cell F1 = .20; F2 = 2500; F3 =
100)In this example, the number of periods required to compound a $100
investment into $2500 at 20% is 17.65 periods.

DATE(year,month,day) The DATE function returns a serial value for the
date specified by the arguments. The arguments must relate to actual day
and month values, i.e., December would have the value of 12. The year
arguments must have a value between 0 (standing for 1900) and 199 (standing
for 2099). If improper arguments are entered, a value of ERR is returned.
Examples: DATE(87,12,25) = 32136 DATE(0,1,1) = 1You can use the Format
Date commands to display these serial values in a more familiar form.

DATEVALUE(date string)The DATEVALUE function converts a date string into
a serial date value. The date string argument must be in the form of one of
the LDW POWER date formats.
Example: DATEVALUE(D4) = 23919 (where cell D4 contains the date label
'26-Jun-65)

DAY(date)The DAY function returns the day of the month from the given
date. The value returned from this function will always be a number between
1 and 31. The argument must be a number between 1 (the serial number for
January 1, 1900) and 73050 (the serial number for December 31, 2099).
Examples: DAY(7000) = 1 DAY(7050) = 20

DDB(initial cost,scrap value,lifespan,current period) The DDB function
calculates the depreciation expense of an asset using the accelerated
depreciation method of double declining balance. That is, the depreciation
expense charged to the asset will be higher in earlier periods of its
lifespan and will decrease as the asset grows older. The first three
arguments are exactly the same as those for the SLN function. The current
period argument specifies which period the function should calculate the
depreciation expense for.
Example: DDB(G1,G2,G3,G4) = 1114.286 (where G1 = 7800; G2 = 560; G3 = 14;
and G4 = 1)In this example, the depreciation expense during the first
period for an asset with an initial cost of $7800; a scrap value of %560;
and a lifespan of 14 years is $1114.29.

ERRThe ERR function is often used with the IF function in a conditional
test and returns the result ERR in the worksheet depending on the result of
the test. The ERR function does not use an argument.
Example: ERR=ERR IF(D5<6.75,ERR,A10)

EXP(x) The EXP function returns the value of e raised to the power of
the argument ( x). A value of ERR is returned if the argument is greater
than 87.
Examples: EXP(10) = 22026.47 EXP(D5) = 5.18E+21 (where the value in cell
D5 is 50)

EXACT(first string,second string)The EXACT function compares two strings
in an effort to find an exact match. If the two strings match exactly, the
function returns a 1 (true). If there is not an exact match, the function
returns a 0 (false).

Examples: EXACT("xyz",B10) = 1 (where cell B10 contains "xyz")
 EXACT("ABC","ABc") = 0 EXACT("XYZ",D1)=ERR (where cell D1 is empty or
contains a value) EXTERNAL(filename,range)The EXTERNAL function can be
used to link two different worksheets by allowing you to reference a cell
or range from another worksheet in order to return a value or string. The
filename argument must include the appropriate extension (and directory, if
the directory is different from that of the active worksheet) and must be
specified in quotes. The range argument may be either a cell address or a
range name, but must be enclosed in quotes. In the case of a range name,
the value in the upper left corner cell will be returned.
Examples: EXTERNAL("Finance.LDW","C5) = "Sales"
 EXTERNAL("B:\Expenses.LDW","payables") = 1500

FALSEThe FALSE function returns the value of 0. This function accepts no
argument.
Example: FALSE=0 IF(B4=N8,TRUE,FALSE)

FIND(substring,string,x)The FIND function will return the location of a
substring within another string. The substring argument specifies the
substring that LDW POWER should look for, while the string argument
specifies the string in which LDW POWER should look. The x argument tells
LDW POWER where to begin looking within the string. If you specify 0 as the
x argument, LDW POWER will begin its search at the beginning of the string.
Example: FIND("win",D5,0) = 7 (where D5 contains "The brown cow")

FV(payment,interest,term)The FV function calculates the future value of
an investment. The arguments for this function are the payment per period,
the interest rate, and the term or number of periods that the investment
will run. The formula used to calculate the value returned by FV is:

 FV = payment * ê (1+interest)
termê interestExamples: FV(5000,.15,12) = 145008.337  FV(D1,D2,D3) =
145008.337 (where D1 contains 5000; D2 contains .15; and D3 contains 12)

HLOOKUP(lookup value,range,row) The HLOOKUP function performs a
horizontal table lookup by comparing the lookup value against the key
values in the first row of the range in order to locate a specific result
in that range. If the key values are numbers, they should be arranged in
ascending order with no duplicates. In order to locate a specific result in
that range.
 The first argument, lookup value, is used as a comparison value against
the key values in the range. The second argument, range, determines the
range of values that will be searched. The third argument,  row, tells the
function in which row of the range to get the return value. Note, that the
first row in the range is assigned the number 0, the second is assigned 1,
and so on.
 The function begins by comparing the lookup value (numeric or string) with
each value in the key value row. If the lookup value is numeric, the
function will look until it finds a key value greater than the lookup
value. It then, looks in the column immediately preceding this key value
and in the appropriate row for the result.
 If the lookup value is a string, the function will look until it finds a
key value that matches the lookup value and will look in the same column
for the result. If there is no corresponding string in the key value row,
the function will return the value ERR.
Example: HLOOKUP("Atari",B1..D4,2) = 23 (where is the lookup value; B1..D4
is the range; and 23 was found in the 2nd row

HOUR(time value)The HOUR function returns the hour from the decimal
portion of the argument.
Example: HOUR(.208345) = 5 (the value .208345 is equal to the time
5:00:01)

IF(conditional test,true,false)The IF function uses the first argument,
 conditional test, to determine if the return value will be the second
argument, true, or the third argument, false. LDW POWER allows you to use
either values or labels as the true and false values that are returned by
the conditional test.
Examples: IF(B1>E4,A1*.9,A1/9) IF(C10=C11,TRUE,FALSE)

INDEX(range,column,row)The INDEX function returns the contents of a cell
within a range based on the column and row offsets in the range. The  range
argument specifies the range of cells in which the function should look.
The column argument specifies which column in the range the function should
look, while the row argument specifies which row in the range the function
should look. The desired cell is derived from the intersection of the row
and column.
Example: INDEX(B2..D4,2,1) = 2,1 (where B2..D4 is the range; 2 is the
column; 1 is the row; where 2,1 was found.

INT(x)The INT function returns the integer value of the argument ( x).
Examples: INT(17.345) = 17 INT(C3) = -7 (where cell C3 contains the value
-7.68)

IRR(guess,range)The IRR function calculates an approximate internal rate
of return for an investment. The internal rate of return is defined as that
rate which makes the present value of cash inflows equal to the cash
outflow at the start. In other words, the rate which makes the net present
value of cash flows equal to zero. The IRR function uses the first
argument, which is your approximation of the return percentage and the
second argument, which is the range of cash flows for the investment being
analyzed, and performs a series of iterations to return a value. The return
value is a percentage which will be an approximation of the internal rate
of return for the investment entered.
 The first value in the range must be negative in order to represent the
initial cash outflow. The rest of the values should represent the cash
inflows that follow the initial investment. If the guess argument is a
number so far from the actual rate of return that more than 20 iterations
are required to return a value, an ERR message will be displayed. Also,
there are some cases where the internal rate of return may have more than
one value. In this case, different initial guesses will yield different
return values.
Example: IRR(B2,C2..C6) = 18.27% (where B2 is 10%; and range C1 = -400, C2
= 100, C3 = 100, C4 = 150, C5 = 300)

ISERR(x)The ISERR function returns the value 1 (true) if the argument
being tested returns the value ERR. The value 0 (false) is returned if the
argument does not return ERR. If the argument entered is not a formula or a
function, the value ERR is returned.
Examples: ISERR(7/1) = 0 ISERR(7/0) = 1

ISNA(x)The ISNA function returns the value 1 (true) if the value of the
argument is NA. The value 0 (false) is returned for all other arguments.
(See NA function.)Example: ISNA(A1) = 1 if the value of cell A1 is NA; 0
if the value of cell A1 is not NA

ISNUMBER(x)The ISNUMBER function tests its argument ( x) to see whether
( x) returns a value. If a value is found, the function returns the value 1
(true), otherwise it returns a 0 (false). If a blank cell is tested, the
function will return a 1.
Example: ISNUMBER(B9) = 1 (if cell B9 contains a value)

ISSTRING(x)The ISSTRING function tests its argument ( x) to see whether
( x) contains or returns a label. If a label or empty string is found, the
function returns the value 1 (true), otherwise it returns a 0 (false). If
an empty cell is tested, the function will return a 0.
Example: ISSTRING(G2) = 1 (where the cell G2 contains a label)

LEFT(string,number of characters)The LEFT function extracts a specified
number of characters from a given string. The function will begin at the
left edge of the string. If the number of characters specified is greater
than the total number of characters in the string, the function will return
the entire string.
Example:  LEFT(A4,4) = "comp" (where cell A4 contains "computer")

LENGTH(string)The LENGTH function returns the total number of characters
(including blank spaces) in the string argument.
Examples: LENGTH("power") = 5 LENGTH(G2) = 5 (where cell G2 contains the
string "power")

LN(x)The LN function returns the natural (base e) logarithm of the
argument. A value of ERR is returned if the argument is zero or a negative
number.
Examples: LN(10) = 2.302585 LN(C1) = 1.609438 (where the value of cell C1
is 5)

LOG(x)The LOG function returns the base 10 logarithm if the argument. A
value of ERR is returned if the argument is zero or negative.

Examples: LOG(10) = 1 LOG(B4) = 0 (where the value of cell B4 is 1)

LOWER(string)The LOWER function converts the string argument to
lowercase.
Examples: LOWER("David") = "david" LOWER(H9) = "ldw power" (where cell H9
contains the string "LDW POWER")

MAX(range)The MAX function returns the largest value from the argument
 range. The argument may be a selected range or a list of cell addresses.
Empty cells ar ignored, however, if the range only contains empty cells, a
value of ERR is returned.
Examples: MAX(2,5,1) = 5 MAX(B3..B10,-2) = -2 (where the range B3..B10
contains only empty cells)

MID(string,starting point,number of characters)The MID function extracts
a substring from a specified string beginning from any point in the string.
The starting point argument tells LDW POWER at what position to start
extracting the substring, while the number of characters argument tells LDW
POWER how many characters to extract. Note, that the first character in the
string occupies position 0, the second character occupies position 1, and
so on.
Example: MID("automobile",2,3) = "tom"

MIN(range)The MIN function returns the lowest value in the argument
range. The argument may be a selected range or list of cell addresses.
Empty cells are ignored, however, if the range only contains empty cells, a
value of ERR is returned.
Examples: MIN(45,74,15) = 15 MIN(C3..D5,2) = 2 (where range C3..D5
contains only empty cells) MIN(Sales) = 15

MINUTE(time value)The MINUTE function returns the minutes from the
decimal portion of an argument.
Examples: MINUTE(D4) = 23 (where the cell D4 contains .015972)
 MINUTE(.521354) = 30

MOD(dividend,divisor)The MOD function returns the modulus (remainder) of
the division of one value by another. The formula for the value returned by
MOD is: dividend - (divisor*INT(dividend/divisor))The value of ERR is
returned if the divisor is given a value of 0.
Examples: MOD(67,3) = 1 MOD(B2,5) = 2 (where the value in cell B2 = 12)

MONTH(date)The MONTH function returns a number for the month in a given
date. The date argument must be entered as a serial value, otherwise an
error will result.
Examples: MONTH(1000) = 9 MONTH(B3) = 5 (where cell B3 contains the date
value 32274 which stands for 5/22/88)N(range)The N function returns the
contents of the upper-left cell of the specified range. If that cell
contains a value or anything that returns a value, the function will return
that value. If the cell is blank or contains a label or anything that
returns a label, the function will return the value 0.
Example: N(C5..E10) = 4 (where cell C5 contains the value 4)

NAThe NA function returns the value NA (Not Available). Any functions or
formulas that refer to a cell containing the NA value will also return the
value NA. The NA function does not accept an argument.
Examples: NA=NA IF(F9/F8<E1,NA,C12)

NOWThe NOW function returns the current TOS date and time as a serial
value. The integers represent the date, while the decimals represent the
time. You can use the date and time format commands to display it in a more
familiar form.
Example: NOW = 31371.04 (where the current date is Nov. 20 1985 and
 current time is 12:56:50 AM)

NPV(rate,range)The NPV function returns the net present value of a
series of future cash flows. These cash flows must occur at constant
intervals (i.e., once very month) but do not have to be the same amount
every time. The first argument entered, rate, is the periodic rate of
interest. The second argument, range, is the range of cash flows which will
be used in calculating the present value. The values entered in the range
may be even or uneven, but must lie in a single column or row.
 The NPV unction returns a value with the assumption that the first cash
flow is returned one period from the current date, subsequent cash flows
are made at the end of their respective periods.
Example: Assume you are to receive five payments of $500 each (stored in
range A1..A5). With an interest rate of 13.5%: NPV(13.5%,A1..A5) =
1737.371

PIThe PI function returns the value of the constant (pi) to fourteen
decimal places.
Example: PI = 3.14159265358979

PMT(principal,interest,term)The PMT function calculates the periodic
payment that must be made to pay off a loan. The formula use is:  interest
PMT = principal * ----------------- 1-(1+interest)
term

Example: PMT(20000,13%,3) = $8,470.44In this example, $8,470.44 must be
paid in each of three periods in order to pay off a loan of $20,000 at 13%
interest.

PROPER(string)The PROPER function capitalizes the first letter in the
specified string and the first letter after each space in the string. All
other letters are converted to lowercase.
Example: PROPER("george h. jones") = "George H. Jones"

PV(payment,interest,term)The PV function calculates the present value of
a series of equal cash flows made at constant intervals. You must supply
the arguments: payment per period, interest rate per payment period, and
the number of periods. The formula used to calculate present value is:
 1-(1+interest)
-term PV = payment * -------------------- interest

Example: PV($200,15%,24) = $1,286.75In this example, the present value of
a fixed payment of $200 made for 24 periods at a rate of 15% is $1,286.75.

RANDThe RAND function returns a random number between 0 and 1. It
requires no argument. When using the RAND function, keep in mind that a
recalculation of the worksheet will change the random value. To keep the
value from changing, you can use the Range Value command to "lock in" the
random value.
Example: RAND = .178810

RATE(final amount,starting amount,term)The RATE function calculates the
interest rate per period needed to compound a starting amount to a final
amount over a given number of periods.
Example: Suppose you start with $100, and want to know how much interest is
needed to increase that $100 to $150 in 2 years.
 RATE(150,100,2) = .224745 The rate needed would be roughly 22.5%.

REPEAT(string,# of times to repeat)The REPEAT function duplicates the
 string argument the number of times specified under the second argument.
Note, that the string must be enclosed in quotation marks.
Example: REPEAT("LDW POWER ",3) = "LDW POWER LDW POWER LDW POWER"

REPLACE(string1,starting point,# of characters,string2)The REPLACE
function replaces a specific number of characters within string 1 with
 string 2.
Examples: REPLACE("John Smith",5,5,"Lee") = "John Lee" REPLACE("John
Smth",7,0,"i") = "John Smith"

RIGHT(string,# of characters)The RIGHT function extracts a specific
number of characters from the string starting at the end of the string.
Example: RIGHT("Salesperson",6) = "person"

ROUND(number,decimal places)The ROUND function returns the value of the
first argument, number, rounded to the number of decimal places specified
by the second argument, decimal places. The second argument must be a
number between -15 and 15, inclusive. If decimal places is a value of 0,
the number will be rounded to an integer. If decimal places is 1, the
number is rounded to the nearest tenth. A value of -1 will round the number
to the nearest multiple of 10.
Examples: ROUND(C1,2) = 12.33 (where the value returned by cell C1 is
12.33456) ROUND(100/3,-1) = 30


ROWS(range)The ROWS function returns the number of rows within the
specified range.
Example: ROW(C4..C10) = 7

S(range)The S function will return the contents of the upper left corner
cell in the specified range. If that cell contains a value, the function
will return an empty string.
Example: S(J3..M25) = "SALES" (where the cell J3 contains the label
"SALES")

SECOND(time value)The SECOND function returns the seconds from the
decimal portion of an argument.
Example: SECOND(TIME(17,33,35)) = 35

SIN(x)The SIN function returns the sine of ( x). The sine is the angle
of the argument in radians.
Example: SIN(1.5) = .997495

SLN(initial cost,scrap value,lifespan)The SLN function calculates
straight line depreciation for an asset. Straight line depreciation is an
accounting concept int which the value of an asset is depreciated at a
constant rate over a fixed period of time. The initial cost argument
specifies the initial purchase price of the asset. The scrap value
specifies the expected value at which the asset can be sold at the end of
its lifespan. The lifespan specifies the number of periods that the asset
will be in use before being sold.
Example: SLN(5000,450,10) = 455In this example, an asset with an initial
cost of $5000 and a scrap value of $450 and a lifespan of 10 years will
depreciate $455 for every year of its lifespan.

SQRT(x)The SQRT function returns the square root of the argument. If (
 x) is assigned a negative number, a value of ERR is returned.
Example: SQRT(5) = 2.236068

STD(range)The STD function calculates the standard deviation of the
values entered in the argument range. The standard deviation is calculated
by taking the square root of VAR(range). If there are no entries in the
given range, a value of ERR is returned. The STD function ignores blank
cells.
Example: STD(D5..D10) = 2.785678

STRING(value,decimals(The STRING function converts a value into a
string. you can use the decimals argument to specify the number of decimals
to be included in the numeric string.
Example: STRING(C9,4) = "214.9878" (If cell C9 contains the value
214.987765

SUM(range)The SUM function returns the sum of the values in the
specified range. The argument may be a range, a list of separate cell
locations separated y commas, or a combination of both. Blank cells and
labels in the argument are ignored.
Example: SUM(D3..D15) = 400

SYD(initial cost,scrap value,lifespan,current period)The SYD function
calculates the depreciation of an asset using an accelerated depreciation
method called sum of the years' digits. That is, the depreciation expense
charged to the asset will be higher in earlier periods of its lifespan and
will decrease as the asset grows older. The first three arguments are
exactly the same as those for the SLN function. The current period
argument specifies which period the function should calculate the
depreciation expense for.
Example: SYD(R1,R2,R3,R4) = 653.8462 (Where R1 = 4500; R2 = 250; R3 = 12;
R4 = 1)In this example, the depreciation expense during the first period
for an asset with an initial cost of $4500, a scrap value of $250, and a
lifespan of 12 periods is $653.85.

TAN(x)The TAN function returns the tangent of the argument x. The
tangent is expressed as the angle of the argument in radians.
Example: TAN(1) = 1.557408

TERM(payment amount,interest rate,final amount)The TERM function
calculates the number of periods that are needed to compound a series of
equal and evenly timed payments to a final amount. The payment amount
argument specifies the amount that is invested in each period. The
 interest rate argument specifies the periodic rate of interest, and the
 final amount argument is the future accumulated amount that results from
the periodic payments.
Example: Let's say that you'd like to find out how many periods it would
take to reach a final amount of $10,000 given periodic payments of $500 and
a constant interest rate of 15%: TERM(500,15%,10000) = 9.918968909It would
take almost 10 years for periodic payments of $500 to compound to $10,000

TIME(hours,minutes,seconds)The TIME function enters a time value (in
serial form) as specified by the hours, minutes, and seconds arguments into
the worksheet. The hours argument should follow a 24 hour time format. That
is, 6:00 AM would be 6, while 6:00 PM would be 18. Both the minutes and
seconds arguments should specify a number between 0 and 59. If any of the
arguments fall outside the acceptable bounds, the function returns the
value ERR. Since the time will be expressed as a serial value in the
worksheet, you can use the Range Format Date Time command to display it in
a more familiar form.
Example: TIME(22,30,45) = .938021

TIMEVALUE(time label)The TIMEVALUE function converts a time label into
an actual time value (serial value). The time label argument must be in the
form on one of the LDW POWER time formats.
Example: TIMEVALUE(A7) = .514155 (if A7 contains 12:20:23 PM)

TODAYThe TODAY function returns today's date (as a serial value) as its
result. You can use one of the Format Date options to display it in a more
familiar form.
Example: TODAY = 32502

TRIM(string)The TRIM function trims leading and trailing blank spaces
from a specified string.
Example: TRIM(C5) = "San Jose" (where cell C5 contains the string " San
Jose ")

TRUEThe TRUE function returns a value of 1. The TRUE function takes no
argument.
Example: TRUE = 1

UPPER(string)The UPPER function returns an argument converted to
uppercase.
Example: UPPER(B10) = "DESIGN" (where cell B10 contains the string
"design"

VAR(range)the VAR function returns the variance of the values entered in
the argument range. The variance is the square of the standard deviation of
the entered values. Empty cells are ignored, however, if the range only
contains empty cells, a value of ERR is returned.
Example: VAR(3,4,5) = .816497

VALUE(string)The VALUE function converts a numeric string (a string that
looks like a number) in a value. The string argument must contain only the
value characters.
Example: VALUE(F8) = $456.78 (where cell F8 contains the string "$456.78")

VLOOKUP(lookup value,range,column)The VLOOKUP function performs vertical
table lookup by comparing the lookup value against the key values int he
first column of the range in order to locate a specific result in that
range. If the key values are numbers, they should be arranged in ascending
order with no duplicates. The first argument, lookup value, is used as a
comparison value against the key values in the range. The second argument,
 range, determines the range of values that will be searched. The third
argument, column, tells the function in which column of the range to get
the return value. Note, that the first column int he range is assigned the
number 0, the second is assigned 1, and so on.
 The function begins by comparing the lookup value (numeric or string) with
each value in the key value column. If the lookup value is numeric, the
function will look until it find a key value grater than the lookup value.
It then, looks in the row immediately preceding this key value and in the
appropriate column for the result.
 If the lookup value is a string, the function will look until it find a
key value that matches the lookup value and will look in the same row for
the result. If there is no corresponding string in the key value column,
the function will return the value ERR.
Example: VLOOKUP(13,B1..D4,2) VLOOKUP("bb",B1,D4,2)

YEAR(date)The YEAR function returns the year for the date argument. The
argument must be expressed as a serial value. To get the serial number, you
may use the DATE or TODAY function.
Example: YEAR(32502) = 88; (32502=DATE(88,12,25)); YEAR(TODAY) = year


 APPENDIXES

EXCHANGING FILES BETWEEN LDW POWER AND 1-2-3

Exchanging worksheet files between LDW POWER and Lotus 1-2-3 is a
relatively simple task. LDW POWER can directly read 1-2-3 files and will
save them under the LDW format. Conversely, you can use the conversion
program LDWCNVRT.PRG included with LDW POWER to convert LDW POWER's files
to 1-2-3's WK1 files.

If you wish to read WK1 files from 1-2-3, you can do so in one of two ways.
You can connect the 5 1/4" drive from your IBM to your ST or MEGA and read
the file from the 5 1/4" diskette, or if the IBM PC has a 3 1/2" drive, you
can simply insert the 3 1/2" diskette in your Atari drive and read the file
from it. LDW POWER will read the WK1 file and will automatically convert it
to the proper LDW format.

If you want to transfer files from LDW POWER to Lotus 1-2-3, you can use
the conversion program LDWCNVRT.PRG found ont he Utilities disk. In order
to access this program, you will have to quit from LDWPOWER.PRG. When
LDWCNVRT.PRG is loaded, a file selector box will appear with the heading
INPUT FILE. The browser will display the worksheet files for the given
directory path (displayed near the top of the file selector box). Select
the file that you want to convert. You will be asked to name the converted
file.

When the conversion is complete, the file can be directly read by Lotus
1-2-3 when transferred to an IBM computer.

Once the converted file is saved, you will be prompted to convert another
file. Repeat the above procedures to convert another file or click on the
Cancel box to exit the program.


SIDEWAYS PRINTING

The sideways printing program included with LDW POWER allows you to print
your worksheets (or any ASCII files) at a 90-degree angle so that you can
fit wider print files on standard 8 1/2" by 11" paper. To print a worksheet
sideways, you must first print the worksheet to a file using the Print File
commands (see the chapter ont he Print commands). Once the worksheet is
printed to the file (and given an LDP extension), you'll have to exit LDW
POWER and load the sideways program, LDWSIDEW.PRG.

When LDWSIDEW.PRG is loaded, an options window will appear on screen. The
options displayed allow you to adjust the margins of the printed document,
the vertical and horizontal dimensions, the print pitch, the character and
line spacing and the print quality. To change one of the settings for
margins or form size, simply click on the appropriate box, backspace over
the existing numbers and type in the desired setting. To change the
settings for the print pitch or character or line spacing, click on the
left arrow to decrease the setting or on the right arrow to increase. The
print quality option can simply be selected with the mouse cursor.

Once you have adjusted the settings to your satisfaction, you might find
that you want to save them for future use. If so, select the File menu from
the menu bar and choose Save Settings. Enter the name under which you want
to save the settings and press Return. Any time you'd like to use those
settings again, you can select Load Settings from the File menu and enter
the filename of the desired settings. If there are some settings that you
use often, you can designate them as the default by selecting Save Defaults
from the File menu. The default settings will automatically be called up
each time the LDWSIDEW.PRG program is loaded. Before you print the
document, you should also make sure that you tell the program what printer
you are using. Click on Select Printer, and a list of printers will appear.
Select the appropriate one and click on OK.

When you're finally ready to print the file, select Print from the File
menu. Select the appropriate file and click OK. Select the page to start
printing from and click on Print. The file will be printed.

If, along the way, you're unsure about any of the steps, you can consult
the help screen by selecting Help from the menu bar.


















ERROR MESSAGES

Whenever you give an instruction or a response that LDW POWER cannot
recognize, the computer will beep, and you will be given an error message.
The type of message will depend on the type of error made and should
therefore give you a clue as to where you went wrong. While the error
message remains on screen, you will not be able to perform any operations
on the worksheet whatsoever. To remove the error message, you can either
click on the "error" box or press the Return key. Depending on the command
level at which the error occurred, you may or may not be returned to the
READY mode. You can return to the READY mode from any nested command menu
by pressing the Esc key until you are back in READY mode.

The following is an alphabetical listing of the main error messages.

At least on worksheet window must be open You have tried to close the only
open worksheet window.

A macro is already being played The PLAY command has been issued during the
execution of a macro.

Bad File Format The file that you tried to retrieve or combine is not a
valid worksheet file.

Bad password The password given does not match the password assigned to the
worksheet that you are trying to retrieve.

Calculations too complicated LDW POWER cannot proceed in calculating the
current graph.

Cannot create file You are probably trying to store too many files on your
disk, or the disk is write-protected.

Cannot delete file You are probably trying to delete a file that does not
exist, or the disk is write-protected.

Cannot find help file LDW POWER is unable to find the LDW.HLP file.

Cannot hide all columns When using the Worksheet Column Hide command, you
cannot hide every column. At least one column must be displayed.

Cannot load 123-file with password LDW POWER cannot load the
password-protected 1-2-3 file.

Cannot open workstation GDOS cannot find the necessary device driver, or
your computer does not have enough memory for the device driver to operate
properly.

Cannot work in low resolution LDW POWER can only be used in medium
resolution (color monitor).

Combine range too big The combine range exceeds the boundaries of the
active worksheet due to an improper starting position.

Configuration file "LDW.CNF" corrupted The default settings file "LDW.CNF"
cannot be read by LDW POWER.

Directory does not exist The specified directory cannot be found.

Drive not ready The disk drive is not responding. Make sure that there's a
disk in the drive.

File cannot be found The specified file does not exist. You can use one of
the File commands to view the existing files.

For line and XY graphs more than one point must be defined At least two
points are required in order to plot a line in XY and line graphs.

Graph name does not exist The graph name specified has not been defined.

Illegal bottom margin The number specified for the bottom margin must be
between 0 and 32.

Illegal cell or range address The cell address or range coordinates entered
cannot be interpreted by LDW POWER. A correct cell address begins with the
column letter followed by the row number (i.e., A20). In the case of a
range, the address for both the anchor cell and free cell must be included.
This message will also appear if you specify a range name that does not
exist.

Illegal copy command The TO and FROM range specified for the Copy command
overlap.

Illegal iteration count Iteration count must fall between 0 and 50
inclusive.

Illegal left margin The number specified for the left margin must be
between 0 and 240.

Illegal page length The number specified for the page length must be
between 10 and 100.

Illegal range name The specified range name does not follow the standard
convention for range names (see chapter on Range Names).

Illegal range name(s) The specified range name (created by the Range Name
Label command) does not follow the standard convention for range names (see
chapter on Range Names).


Illegal right margin The number specified for the right margin must be
between 0 and 240.

Illegal top margin The number specified for the top margin must be between
0 and 32.

Incorrect user menu in macro The menu defined with the /XM macro command
specifies more than eight items, has too many characters, or fails to
specify any item.

Input cell cannot be within the table range The input cell must be outside
of the defined table range.

Insufficient memory for worksheet recalculation There is not enough memory
in RAM to recalculate the worksheet. You can try to save memory by reducing
the size of the data in the worksheet; try to condense the data into as
small a rectangle as possible.

Invalid field name in the Criterion range The entry in the criterion range
must follow the following form: Top line: Field Name All subsequent lines:
Criteria

Invalid format line The format line does not follow the standard form. Only
certain characters can be included in the format line (see chapter of Data
Parse).

Invalid number of decimal places The number of decimal places specified is
greater than 15.

Justify range full or line too long The specified range cannot hold all the
justified labels (not enough room). Try to specify a larger range and issue
the Range Justify command again.

Key column outside of sort range The key column (column in which primary
and secondary keys are specified) must be within the sort range.

Line(s) truncated A line imported into the active worksheet exceeds 240
characters and must be truncated.

Macro buffer full There is not enough memory to record all macro
keystrokes.

Macro return without macro call The /XR command without a corresponding /XC
command was encountered during macro execution.

Margin and column border equal or exceed page width Margins, header, footer
and row border equal or exceed page length.

No DATA QUERY command has been issued yet You have attempted to run a data
query (using the F7 key) without specifying any parameters for the query.

No DATA TABLE command has been issued yet You have attempted to calculate a
data table (using the F8 key) without specifying any parameters for the
table.

No files found You have issued the File List command, but no files exist.

No macro is being recorded now You have selected the Macro End command,
although no macro is being recorded.

No macros are defined yet You have attempted to execute a macro, but no
macros exist.

No memory The space in your computer's memory used to store worksheet data
is full.

No print range specified A print range must always be specified before the
worksheet can be printed.

No record matches criteria LDW POWER was unable to find a record in
specified data range that matched the criteria.

No such range found The range name specified during a File Combine command
does not exist in the desired worksheet file.

No unprotected cells in input range An input range must contain unprotected
cells in order to work properly.

No visible column in Input range The specified input range contains only
hidden columns.

Not enough room in output range The specified output range for the Data
Query eXtract or Data Query Unique command is too small for the amount of
data that is being extracted. Select a larger range.

Passwords do not match You made an error when verifying your password.

Path not found The specified path cannot be located during I/O operation.

Protected cell(s) The active cell is protected and cannot be altered in any
way.

Range contains protected cells You have tried to import or combine a range
of cells into a protected area of the active worksheet.

Range name does not exist You have tried to delete a range name that does
not exist.

Read error on help file LDW POWER encountered an error while it was trying
to read the help file (LDW.HLP).

The cell in current cursor position does not contain a label You have
issued the Data Parse Format-Line Create command without positioning the
cell pointer over a cell containing a label.

The "Values" range and the "Bin" range may not overlap You have issued the
Data Distribution command and have specified a value range and bin range
that overlap.

Too many data points. You must change range definition or resize window
 You have specified too many data points for the given data range.

Too many nesting levels in macro calls You have specified more than 32
nested macro calls.

Too many open windows. Close an open window to open another window You have
tried to open more than the maximum number of windows allowed by GEM. This
error can only occur if you have an accessory window(s) open during the
operation of the spreadsheet.

Unable to save the current settings Cannot save the "default settings" file
(LDW.CNF).

Undefined macro You have tried to play a macro that does not exist.

Worksheet full You have attempted to "push" a non-blank cell off the edge
of the worksheet.

Write error LDW POWER encountered an error while writing information from
the worksheet to the disk.

Wrong margins or column width The specified borders for your printed
worksheet are too wide to fit the current page settings. You can try to
shrink the borders by changing their column widths.

You can open only four worksheet windows You have tried to open more than
four worksheet windows.

You must specify a Data range and a Primary sort key A sort can only be
done when a Data range and Primary sort key is specified.

You should define A-range In order to view a graph, you must define at
least the A-data range to be used as graphing points.

You should define X-range for XY-graph The XY-graph needs an X-range in
order to plot horizontal coordinates.



LDW POWER SPECIAL KEYS

LDW POWER allows you to perform a number of operations in your worksheet
with the press of a single key (or a combination of two keys). Although
each special key is described in detail in the appropriate chapter of your
manual, the following gives you a summary of each key and the function it
performs.

[Esc] The [Esc] key can be sued to cancel any command or to delete an entry
from the edit line. It can also be used in the command menus to back up,
one menu or command at a time until you reach the READY mode.

[Help] The [Help] key allows you to access the LDW POWER help  feature. It
has the same effect as clicking on the HELP button in the control panel.

[Undo] The [Undo] key can be used to put the worksheet into SCRL  mode.
When the SCRL mode is activated, the arrow keys can be used to scroll the
worksheet window one row or column at a time.

[Tab] The [Tab] key will move the cell pointer the first column of the next
"page" of the worksheet and will adjust the window to display the next
"page".

[Shift][Tab] The [Shift][Tab] combination will move the cell pointer  back
to the previous "page" of the worksheet and will adjust the window to
display that "page".

[Shift][arrow] The [Shift][arrow] combination will move the cell point  one
"page" in the direction of the arrow and will adjust the window to display
that "page".

[Delete] The [Delete] key is used to remove characters at the cursor. You
can also use the [Delete] key to erase entries from the edit line.

[Insert] The [Insert] key will toggle the overwrite mode on and off. When
the worksheet is in overwrite mode, characters you type in will replace
existing characters. When LDW POWER is not in overwrite mode, characters
will be shifted over one space to the right as new characters are entered.

[Home] The [Home] key can be used to move the cell pointer directly to the
first cell in the worksheet (A1) from any point in the worksheet.

[Shift][Home] The [Shift][Home] combination allows you to move the cell
 pointer directly to the last consecutive cell in the row or column that
contains an entry. This key combination has the exact same result as
clicking on the END button in the control panel. See the END button for
more information.

[Control][Undo][Control][Esc] These two keystroke combinations can be used
to stop a macro during execution. Refer to the chapter on macros  for more
information.

[F1] The [F1] key can be used to call up the Help screen.

[F2] The [F2] key will put the worksheet into EDIT mode. When you press
[F2], the mode indicator will change to EDIT to allow you to edit the
contents of the active cell.

[F3] The [F3] key can be used to call up a listing of all the  available
range names in a worksheet. You can use this key when there is a prompt in
the edit line asking you for a range. Press [F3] and select the range you
want out of the given listing.

[F4] The [F4] key can be used to change any formula reference in the
worksheet to an absolute reference. Type in or point to an entry and press
the [F4] key.

[F5] The [F5] key allows you to move the cell pointer to any cell location
in the worksheet in a single move. When you press the [F5] key, a message
will appear in the edit line asking you to enter the cell address you want
to go to. Enter an address and the window will adjust to show the new cell
location with the cell pointer positioned in it.

[F6] The [F6] key calls up the note window for the active cell. You can
enter, edit or remove any notes contained in this window.

[F7] The [F7] key will process the last Query command issued. If no Query
command has been defined, no action will be processed. See the Query
command in the chapter on data base management for more information.

[F8] The [F8] key will process a Data Table command. If no Data Table
command has been defined, no action will be taken. See the Table command in
the Database management chapter for more information.

[F9] The [F9] key will recalculate the worksheet.

[F10] The [F10] key displays the active graph updated with the  latest
changes you have entered. You can press the [F10] while in the graph menu
or when the worksheet is in the READY mode.

[Alt][F1] [Alt][F2] The [Alt][F1] or [Alt][F2] combination can be used as a
toggle to get in and out of the Step mode during macro  execution. Refer to
the chapter on macros for more information.

[Alt][F3] The [Alt][F3] combination invokes the macro recorder.

[Alt][F4] The [Alt][F4] combination ends a macro recording and places the
macro in a specified cell in the worksheet.

[Alt][F5] The [Alt][F5] combination starts the execution of a macro.

[Alt][F6] The [Alt][F6] combination aborts the macro recording.




GLOSSARY

Absolute reference. A fixed cell reference that is independent of the
location of the formula. A formula that makes an absolute reference to a
cell will always refer to that specific cell no matter where the formula is
moved or copied to in the worksheet. An absolute reference takes the
following form: $A$1.

Active cell. The cell in which the cell pointer is located. A cell is
usually made active in order to make an entry into that cell or to edit an
entry already existing in the cell. The cell address, format codes, and
contents of the active cell are displayed on the status line.

Active window. The current window in which you are working. If more than
one window is open, you can make a window active by selecting it with the
mouse cursor. The active window will be characterized by a border that is
"filled in".

Address. The coordinates of a cell within the worksheet. The address is
made up of the letter or pair of letters of the intersecting column
followed by the number of the intersecting row (i.e., V4, AB100).

Alignment. The relative position of an entry (label or value) within a
cell. An entry can be aligned to the left, right, or center of the cell.

Argument. A value or string that is used by a function in order to return a
result. An argument can be a literal value or string, a cell or range
reference, a range name, or a formula or function.

Cell. The most basic unit of the worksheet. A cell is defined by the
intersection of a column and row and is identified by the name of the
column paired with the number of the row.

Cell Pointer. The highlighted bar displayed in the worksheet that indicates
the active cell. You can use either the mouse or the keyboard to move the
cell pointer to select different cells or ranges of cells.

Character. Any symbol that can be typed in from the keyboard. These include
numbers, letters, punctuation marks, and special symbols.

Circular reference. A reference made by a formula or function which
directly or indirectly refers to the cell in which the formula or function
is located.

Column width. The number of characters that can fit within a given cell.
The initial default setting with LDW POWER is a column width of 9, which
means that each cell can fit nine characters. Column width can be changed
for the entire worksheet using the Worksheet Global Column-Width command or
for a selected range using the Worksheet Column-Width command. The width of
a single column can be changed by dragging the right edge of the column
heading.

Command. One of the special set of instructions which can be used to tell
LDW POWER to perform a given task. The commands are located in the menu bar
at the top of the control panel and can be accessed by using the mouse, the
slash (/) key, or the CMD button.

Control Panel. The portion of the screen above the worksheet window. The
control panel contains the menu bar, the buttons and indicators, the status
line, and the input line.

Criteria. A set of conditions which LDW POWER applies to other entries in a
given range in order to select some record(s) in a database.

Criteria range. The cell or group of cells which contain the criteria for
the given database command. LDW POWER looks in this range to determine the
criteria for the current database operation.

Database. An organized grouping of information that is usually made up of a
series of records. Each record, in turn, is comprised of a collection of
fields, with each field containing a single piece of information.

Default. The setting which LDW POWER will automatically use unless some
other setting is specified. Default settings can be created using the
Worksheet Global Default commands.

Edit mode. The mode of the worksheet used to change or correct a cell
entry. You may enter the EDIT mode by pressing the F2 key, by clicking on
the mode button, or by double clicking on the cell. If LDW POWER finds an
error in an entry, the worksheet will automatically be placed in EDIT mode.
Editing can be accomplished using the same cursor keys and mouse movements
that are used in inputting.

Field. A single unit of information in a database. Several associated
fields in the same row make up a record.

Format. The settings which determine the way in which a number is displayed
in the cell and printed. A number can be displayed in scientific notation,
displayed as currency, displayed as a date, etc. The format for the entire
worksheet can be set with the Worksheet Global Format commands, while
formats for specific ranges can be set with the Range Format commands.

Formula. A cell entry which uses literal values or labels or refers to
other cells that contain values or labels in order to return a result.
Formulas usually use one or more operators (e.g., +,-,/,*) to manipulate
the values or labels and return a result based on the given operation.

Function. A built-in formulas which will perform a given operation on an
argument or set of arguments. The SUM(x,y,z) function, for example, will
sum the values x, y, and z. The arguments for functions can be literal
values or strings, cell or range references, formulas, or other functions.

Global. Pertaining to the entire worksheet. When a global setting is
defined, it affects each and every cell in the worksheet. The Global
commands are located under the Worksheet Global menu.

Input Cell. An area in the worksheet used for "substituting" different
variables from a data table into different formulas.


Iterations. A series of repeated calculation. Iterations are used to solve
some types of circular references in which multiple calculations are
needed. The maximum number of iterations allowed is 50.

Label. A text or non-value entry. Any entry that begins with one of the
label prefixes.

Macro. A pre-recorded series of keystrokes or instructions that can be
called up to automatically perform a task. The difference between a macro
and a command is that the user may define the macro. Macros save the user
from having to re-type the keystrokes every time he wants to perform a
given task. Macros can be defined using the Macro Record command and can be
executed using the Macro Play command.

Menu. A listing of the available commands in LDW POWER. The command menu
can be accessed by using the mouse, by using the slash (/) key or by
clicking on the CMD button in the control panel.

Mixed reference. A cell or range reference that is partially absolute and
partially relative. The reference may have an absolute column reference and
relative row reference or a relative column reference and absolute row
reference.

Mode button. The mode button indicates which mode of operation the
worksheet is in at any given time. The possible modes are: READY can make
cell entries or issue commands.
 EDIT can edit cell entries.
 FIND Data Query Find command has been invoked.
 INPUT Range Input command has been invoked.
 POINT currently pointing out a cell or range of cells.
 VALUE the entry being made into the active cell is a value.
 LABEL the entry being made into the active cell is a label.

Named range. A range that has been named through the Range Name command.
Such a range can be referred to solely by its name (no need to use the
range coordinates). Therefore, instead of this formula: SUM(A1..A10), you
could have this: SUM(SALES) (where SALES = A1..A10).

Prefix. The first character of a label that determines how the label will
be displayed in the cell. The label prefix can align the entry to the left,
right, or center of the cell.

Protection feature. A feature used to inhibit any changes, deletions, or
entries to a cell or group of cells. When you protect a cell, it prevents
you from inadvertently corrupting the information contained in that cell.
You can use the Worksheet Global Protection command to protect the entire
worksheet and the Range Unprotect command to unprotect certain cells that
you wish to change.

Query. A database operation in which you may search for and manipulate
certain records according to specified criteria.

Range. A cell or rectangular block of cells. In the case of a single cell,
the range is defined by the cell address. In the case of a group of cells,
the range is defined by the address of its anchor cell and free cell. A
range can be selected by dragging the mouse over the desired cells, by
typing in the range coordinates, or by pointing with the keyboard cursor
keys.

Recalculation. A process in which all relevant formulas or functions
affected by a change or new entry in the worksheet are updated in order to
reflect the most recent changes.

Record. A series of associated database fields in the same row.

Reference. A cell address used in a function or formula that "refers" to a
cell.

Relative reference. A reference that is dependent on the location of the
formula or function that contains the reference. A relative reference is to
"fixed" but relative to the position of the function or formula.

Scrolling. The process of moving the worksheet window around the worksheet.
You can scroll by using the scroll bars, the SCRL button, the scroll
arrows, or the cursor keys. LDW POWER allows you to scroll as little as one
row or column at a time or as much as a page at a time.

Serial number. A number used to represent a date or time. Dates are
displayed as numbers form 1 (representing Jan. 1, 1900) to 73050
(representing Dec. 31, 2099). Times are represented as decimals starting
from 0 (for midnight) to close to 1 (for 11:59:59 PM). Both dates and times
can be displayed in a more recognizable form by using the Date and Time
format commands.

Setup String. A series of characters used to send special instructions to
the printer. The setup string can be used to print the worksheet entries
with special printing effects.

Sort key. A column of labels or values on which the records of a database
are sorted. You can perform a primary sort and a secondary sort to arrange
duplicates.

Style. One of the LDW POWER display formats. You can display an entry in
bold or underlined style or both.

Table. An area of the worksheet that is used for "what if" analysis. Using
a data table, you can test a formula or series of formulas with different
sets of variables in order to see the possible alternatives. For example,
you can test several interest rates to see how each will affect your
monthly mortgage payment. The data table allows you to perform your
analysis quickly and easily.

Value. A number or formula entered into the worksheet. A value must begin
with one of the following characters: 0-9, +, -, ., (, , #, $.

Worksheet. LDW POWER's electronic columnar pad. The worksheet is divided
into 256 columns and 8,192 rows.