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Functions
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________________________________________________________________________
/ \
| !Fractal : Fractal Function Help |
| |
| September 1996 |
\________________________________________________________________________/
Introduction
============
This help file describes the fractal functions in general. Note: the
3d_Plane, 3d_View, Riemannn and Render options are not fractal functions,
but take a fractal image and perform a 3d transformation. They are described
within this document.
The algorithms where shown usually give only the core maths, omitting things
like the scaling needed to handle zooming.
Most functions have a set of variables which are accessed from the
Image->Data menu option or the Numbers tool icon. Normally the first four
variables are for controlling the zooming and image positioning.
Fractals: A Brief Overview
==========================
Typical characteristics of fractal images are:
a) They are generated by a mathematical formula which is repeated over and
over (called iteration), usually feeding the results of the previous value
into the next cycle, i.e. feedback. The formulae are usually fairly simple.
b) The resulting images are generated by plotting two of the resulting
values like an x/y graph, often using the number of cycles as the colour.
c) The images contain an infinite amount of detail. As you zoom in yet more
details unfolds.
d) Although of infinite detail, the patterns shown are usually very similar
with just minor differences.
The types of plots generated fall into 3 main categories. Functions in the
same category have the similar processing and colouring effects within
Fractal.
Pixel Plots: Imagine your screen as an x/y plot on graph paper with each
little square a single pixel colour of the screen. The function takes the
value of x/y at each pixel and performs the iterative calculation, setting
the pixel colour normally to the number of cycles taken before the result is
greater or smaller than some predefined value. Pixel plot functions
therefore plot each pixel of the screen. With Pixel plots the '3d Details'
Effects panel allows you to plot in 3d or plot directly onto a Riemann
sphere. To speed up plotting Fractal plots in several passes, guessing
intermediate values where possible.
Point Plots: These functions take an initial value of x and y and then
perform a calculation generating new values of x and y. A point is plotted
for each set of x/y values. Colour is introduced by setting the plot style
or by changing the colour after a certain number of plots - see the 'Plot
Options' Effects panel to set these optons.
Line Plots: These functions operate in the same way as Point plots except
that a line is drawn between each point. There are usually less points
plotted than point plots making the use of lines a more feasible option.
Pixel Plot functions: Julia, Lyapunov, Mandelbrot, Newton, Quaternion, Unity,
Manowar.
Point Plot functions: Bifurcate, Henon, IFS, Martin, Popcorn
Line Plot functions: L-System
3d Plot functions: Lorenz, Pickover, Rossler. These are point or line
plotting functions that use 3 values instead of 2. You can dynamically
change the x/y/z axis whilst plotting by moving the cursor keys. Plotting is
resumed by pressing space.
Other: CellFill, Fault, Midpoint, Plasma. All except CellFill can be used as
'Landscape' generators by processing the image via one of the 3d transform
functions such as Render.
3d Transforms
=============
These take a fractal image and transform it. The best images are those of
Mandelbrots using a standard or inverted palette (but feel free to
experiment). Except for Riemann, they do not multitask since they are quite
quick. They offer varying degrees of control.
There is a common menu option which allows you to re-display the source
image, and then store it again as the 3d source. This allows you to do three
things:
a) change the colours of the original image, by using the Effects->Palette
menu. For Render and 3d views this will change the displayed height.
b) Rotate the source image via the tools rotate icon.
c) Use a 3d image as the source of another (or same) 3d transform.
3d View and Riemann provide rotation directly - for the others use the
Rotate rotate tool icon.
Return to function: This menu option takes you directly back to the original
function, displaying the source image to allow zooming to re-commence.
Height Mapping
--------------
The 3d_Plane, 3d_View and Render functions use the pixel colour to determine
the height. Use the Effects->3d Details panel to control this mapping
process, described in the !MainHelp file. When these functions are selected
the min and max pixel colours are automatically calculated. Override these
values to smooth out peaks or clip the image. To reset the values use the
Initial button on the Image->Data panel.
3d Plane
--------
Presents an oblique view of an image, scaled to fit onto the screen. The
height is based on the source colour (0=low, 255=high). The data variables
are:
x Scalar: a value of 1 plots the x axis full size. Use smaller values to
accomodate the shift incurred by the viewing angle.
y Scalar: a value of 1 plots the y axis full size, but 0.6 provides a more
realistic image.
The rotation angle is used as the angle of the y axis, with 90° being the
far right and -90° the far left. Larger angles will tend to lower the
viewpoint and see more to the left or right. You can use the Rotation tool
icon but note that the viewpoint angle is only an indication of the
apparent direction.
3d View
-------
This offers a more realistic 3d image than 3d Plane, and provides two
viewing options - either full rotation or a front end view with perspective
control. The data parameters are:
Distance: when Rotation=0 this parameter controls the vanishing point. A
value of 1 gives the maximum distortion, whilst larger values give more
subtle effects.
Sea Level: colours below sea level are plotted up to the sea level height
but in their original colour, thus smoothing out low values. Useful with the
Landscape palette (set Sea Level=119).
From the 3D_View menu you can set Smooth: when off contour lines are
accentuated, which works well with Mandelbrot images. When on contour lines
run into each other, which works best with landscapes such as Midpoint and
Fault functions.
Render
------
Draws a 3d representation as seen full on, using the colour as the height. A
light source is assumed from the bottom left corner and is used to add a
shadow effect. The shadow effect works best with the default palette.
From Render's menu you can select the elevation viewpoint, or you can use
the Elevation tool icon to control this. Note that only 4 angles are
available.
Riemann
-------
Takes the image and maps it onto a sphere, using a Riemann transformation.
Imagine a sphere placed on top of the image. Draw a line from each point on
the image to the north pole. A point is plotted where this line intersects
the sphere. Thus the centre of the image is mapped onto the south pole
whilst a point can can only be mapped onto the north pole if it is at
infinity. See the article in Fractal Report 16 by Roger Castle-Smith for a
full explanation.
There are two ways to use this function. For the best results turn on
Riemann Plot in the 3d Effects panel which will directly generate a Riemann
sphere for X/Y functions (Lyapunov, Julia, Mandelbrot, Newton, Unity etc).
This method allows all the values to be calculated out to infinity at the
north pole.
The alternative method is to draw the image and then select Riemann. The
image will be transformed onto the Riemann sphere, but obviously values near
the north pole can not be calculated. To overcome this limitation it is
possible to scale up the image size, though this will lead to some
distortion of the image.
The data values are :
Image Scale: the source image size in relation to the sphere size. Larger
values will mean that the source image is stretched up towards the north
pole. Not used when doing a direct Riemann plot.
Globe Scale: the globe size as a fraction of the total image size (0 - 1.0).
Thus 0.5 produces a globe half the total image size. Smaller values help
reduce the distortion introduced by the mapping process when using an image
as the source.
Fill Colour: The colour used to fill in black pixels. Use !Editpal to choose
a colour number for the palette you have selected.
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