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- On 29 Jun 1996, Judy Sullivan wrote:
- NOT A VIRUS... we can't corrupt a DOS that is built into a ROM chip on th=
- e
- drive.
- >
- > I have a problem. Several weeks ago my son and I purchased a Commodore =
- 64
- > at a yard sale. It came with a few programs. We used those programs and
- > began a search for others. I purchased programs from three people in th=
- is
- > newsgroup and a couple from someone locally. In fact, two packages of
- > programs arrived in the mail yesterday. We tried all of them out. A few
- > wouldn't even load or display a menu. Within a couple of hours of
- > receiving the disks, no disk would load. The machine still plays
- > cartridges, however.
- >
- > Any thoughts?
- Try LOAD"$",8 and see if it will load a directory. If the disk drive ligh=
- t
- starts flashing (an error message) then it is likely a drive problem.
- Some disks are copy protected and you can't load a directory from them. I=
- f
- the directory appears to be accessed and the drive stops normally, with n=
- o
- flashing lights then type list (and hit return) if the drive lists a
- directory then the problem may be with the way you tried to run the
- programs. Try load"0:*",8 and if it loads then type RUN (return) to see
- what you have. If that doesn't work try load"0:*",8,1 (return) and it
- should load and run by itself. If it appears to load OK then try typing
- RUN (return). Some programs are written in Machine language, and won't ru=
- n
- without the ml portion being loaded as well.
-
- The disk drive could also be overheated, or out of alignment. The best wa=
- y
- to check this out however is to ensure that you have a good drive on hand.
- Do you know anyone in your immediate area that can help? Maybe a local
- Users group?
-
- Hope this helps.
-
- Phil Porth (aka Phone Man)
-
- From the land of the frozen North, Calgary Alberta Canada
- Home of the Calgary Stampede
- and Calgary Commodore Users Group
-
-
- #! rnews 2108
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!sgigate.sgi.com!newsfeeder.sdsu.e=
- du!newspump.sol.net!news.mindspring.com!usenet
- From: Radioactive Warrior <radwar@orl.mindspring.com>
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: Re: Comm128D to PC
- Date: Wed, 03 Jul 1996 22:14:03 +0000
- Organization: noorgan
- Lines: 36
- Message-ID: <31DAF0AB.5B4F@orl.mindspring.com>
- References: <4rep9i$ovf@camlaw.rutgers.edu>
- Reply-To: noname
- NNTP-Posting-Host: user-168-121-176-117.dialup.mindspring.com
- Mime-Version: 1.0
- Content-Type: text/plain; charset=3Dus-ascii
- Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
- X-Mailer: Mozilla 2.02 (Macintosh; U; PPC)
-
- Mr. Self Destruct wrote:
- >=20
- > Or even easier....
- >=20
- > If you have one phone line:
- > 1. Take it off the hook, wait for it start beeping.
- > Eventually it will stop and the line will go "dead"
- >=20
- > 2. On one term program hit atdt123 or something
- > and on the other do ATA
- >=20
- > Its worked for me so...
- >=20
- > You have to wait for the line to go dead cause if not
- > one of those stupid operator messages comes on and throws you off.
-
- What are you on about??? You don't need the phone company for the two
- modems to connect... I do this all the time... If you are using a
- C=3D 1670 modem, issue an ATD command. At the same time the other modem
- (on your PC term) should be issued an ATA command... Both modems connect=
- ed
- together using the standard two-conductor phone cord but NOT connected
- to dialtone (ie. the house fone...) They should connect right up...
-
- If you have a smarter modem (SUPRA 2400+bps or APROTEK2400, like I
- have) you will need to set the modem to ignore the dialtone before you
- issue the ATD command or it will error out with, NO DIALTONE...
- For the APROTEK MINIMODEM-C24, use ATX3... This goes for your PC modem
- too but only if it is originating (ATD)- when answering, most/all modems
- don't detect the dialtone or lack of. I have only gotten the ATX3 comman=
- d
- to work on the minimodem-C24, all others I have had to play with the=20
- S registers- refer to your modem user book for details...
-
- And you guys have been using X1541 all this time <GRIN>
-
- ok, hope this helps-
- Radioactive Warrior
- #! rnews 1193
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!nntp.primenet.com!winternet.com!n=
- 1ott.istar!ott.istar!istar.net!news.nstn.ca!news.inforamp.net!news
- From: karlh@inforamp.net (Karl Hildon)
- Newsgroups: alt.c64,comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: COMPLETE COMMODORE INNER SPACE ANTHOLOGY
- Date: 4 Jul 1996 02:23:02 GMT
- Organization: iSTAR Internet Inc.
- Lines: 15
- Sender: -Not-Authenticated-[4283]
- Message-ID: <4rf9u6$1o1@news.inforamp.net>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: ts7-14.tor.istar.ca
- X-Posted-From: InterNews 1.1@ts7-14.tor.istar.ca
- Xdisclaimer: No attempt was made to authenticate the sender's name.
- Xref: pravda.aa.msen.com alt.c64:117 comp.sys.cbm:57377
-
- Hello All,
-
- Well, so far I've received 9 e-mail responses regarding copies of my
- book. Only problem is I only have 2 and the only fair thing to do is
- offer them to the first 2 respondents.
-
- I would, however, be willing to investigate the cost of a small run of
- reprints, but I'm reasonably sure that a run of 7 would put the cost
- per piece above $10 each, not to mention the cost of shipping which
- I've already checked out at the post office... around $8.
-
- Please e-mail me at "karlh@inforamp.net" and I'll be back in about a
- week with survey results.
-
- Regards, Karl
- #! rnews 1594
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!news.texas.net!news.kei.com!newsf=
- eed.internetmci.com!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!psgrain!rainrgnews0!hevanet.com!he=
- vanet.com!usenet
- From: _@_.mil
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: Re: ANNOUNCE: C64 Prog Ref Gu
- Date: Wed, 03 Jul 1996 19:12:24 -0700
- Organization: ~
- Lines: 28
- Message-ID: <31DB2888.71F9@_.mil>
- References: <4rc6k6$7c1@nyx10.cs.du.edu>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: st-ppp21.hevanet.com
- Mime-Version: 1.0
- Content-Type: text/plain; charset=3Dus-ascii
- Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
- X-Mailer: Mozilla 3.0b4Gold (Win16; I)
-
- Brett Tabke wrote:
- >=20
- > vm> The Project 64 etext of the Commodore 64 Programmer's
- > vm> Reference Guide, first edition. Converted to etext by
- > vm> Ville Muikkula. ...
- >=20
- > vm> I hope that this massive
- > vm> project shows to the C=3D community that it is in a fact
- > vm> possible for one man to convert a 500 page book to
- > vm> ASCII text. One just have to be dedicated, believe that
- > vm> it can be done and have the PATIENCE for it...
- > vm> of free time. So, who's going to etext Inside Commodore
- > vm> DOS?
- >=20
- > Who has Gerald Nuefeld's email address? I'd like to forward a copy
- > of the above message to him and visacorp.
- >=20
- > Last time I looked there was a copyright notice on the inside
- > of the above mentioned books.
-
- Well I doubt Mr. Neufeld (& his lame side-kick, Mr. Immers) bothered to=20
- pay attention to the copyright notice on the original Commodore 1541=20
- source code document that they copied (modified a bit), and used to fill=20
- the majority of their book!
-
- "etext" away boys... 'them that live by the sword...
-
- Sarg.
- #! rnews 1640
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!spool.mu.edu!sgigate.sgi.com!news.msfc.nasa.gov!=
- newsfeed.internetmci.com!info.ucla.edu!nnrp.info.ucla.edu!news.bc.net!nnt=
- p.portal.ca!van-bc!unixg.ubc.ca!rover.ucs.ualberta.ca!news.ucalgary.ca!sr=
- v1.freenet.calgary.ab.ca!pdporth
- From: Phil Porth <pdporth@freenet.calgary.ab.ca>
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: Re: Where is DAVID JANSEN
- Date: Thu, 4 Jul 1996 01:13:41 -0600
- Organization: Calgary Free-Net
- Lines: 20
- Message-ID: <Pine.A32.3.92.960704011219.16488F-100000@srv1.freenet.calgar=
- y.ab.ca>
- References: <4r3ejd$bjb@nnrp1.news.primenet.com> <Pine.OSF.3.93.960630131=
- 520.10713D-100000@spartacus.hula.net>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: pdporth@srv1.freenet.calgary.ab.ca
- Mime-Version: 1.0
- Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=3DUS-ASCII
- To: Joesph Fenn <jfenn@spartacus.hula.net>
- In-Reply-To: <Pine.OSF.3.93.960630131520.10713D-100000@spartacus.hula.net=
- >
-
- On Sun, 30 Jun 1996, Joesph Fenn wrote:
-
- > David writes stuff for loadstar so send email to Jeff at loadstar email
- > address which is Jeff@Loadstar.com. They will give you info on how
- > to reach David direct. He wrote "Daves Term" which is possibly the
- > most complete term program ever written for the C128. Its even got
- > builtin zip and unzip extensions, and is on a parallel with Dialogue
- > and Desterm in other aspects. His program had to be put on (3) 1581
- > disks it sook up so much room. Think It started with 128 Disk issue
- > # 27.
-
- Too bad it doesn't support the Ramlink, Swiftlink or higher baud rates.
-
- Phil Porth (aka Phone Man)
-
- From the land of the frozen North, Calgary Alberta Canada
- Home of the Calgary Stampede
- and Calgary Commodore Users Group
-
-
- #! rnews 1607
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!sgigate.sgi.com!newsfeeder.sdsu.e=
- du!newspump.sol.net!news.mindspring.com!usenet
- From: Radioactive Warrior <radwar@orl.mindspring.com>
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: Re: Zip Drives
- Date: Wed, 03 Jul 1996 22:33:50 +0000
- Organization: noorgan
- Lines: 23
- Message-ID: <31DAF54E.7655@orl.mindspring.com>
- References: <Pine.SGI.3.93.960702020504.17156A-100000@heart.engr.csulb.ed=
- u> <ZxFNl1X.arca93@delphi.com>
- Reply-To: noname
- NNTP-Posting-Host: user-168-121-176-117.dialup.mindspring.com
- Mime-Version: 1.0
- Content-Type: text/plain; charset=3Dus-ascii
- Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
- X-Mailer: Mozilla 2.02 (Macintosh; U; PPC)
-
- arca93@delphi.com wrote:
-
- > I use one everyday on my 128. The Zip drive requires a SCSI interface a=
- nd
- > so I use the CMD-HD as the interface. With the Zip added to the system,=
- it
- > basically makes my CMD-HD 100 megs larger.
- >=20
- > -Maurice
-
- Do tell... How do you format the disk- any special commands need to be
- issued? What ROM do you have in your CMD hard drive? Is there any
- problems if you switch disks, or will an "I0" command work? Can you
- make the drive write protected on the CMD? (the ZIP disk uses software
- write-protect only...) =20
-
- A friend of mine couldn't get his to talk to the ZIP drive using a CMD
- hard drive interface but he has had many problems with the thing anyway
- - stuff like only being able to use SCSI hard drives that will format
- using 256 bytes per sector (contrast the 512 bytes/sector standard...)
- So it could be his interface (or him...) but I would be very interested
- in the details...
-
- Thanks,
- Radioactive Warrior
- #! rnews 745
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.cais.net!n=
- ews.mathworks.com!hunter.premier.net!news.uoregon.edu!mars.efn.org!garcia=
- .efn.org!dennis
- From: Dennis Brew <dennis@efn.org>
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: CP/M
- Date: Wed, 3 Jul 1996 20:02:18 -0700
- Organization: Oregon Public Networking
- Lines: 9
- Message-ID: <Pine.SUN.3.91.960703195729.4927B-100000@garcia.efn.org>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: garcia.efn.org
- Mime-Version: 1.0
- Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=3DUS-ASCII
-
- I have downloaded some CP/M programs from the ftp sites and cant get them=
- =20
- to run.
-
- I have loaded the CP/M disk for the c128 type in the name at the prompt=20
- A> but it don't seem to find the program, can anyone explain what I am=20
- doing wrong.
-
- dennis@efn.org
-
- #! rnews 880
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!news.texas.net!news.kei.com!newsf=
- eed.internetmci.com!uwm.edu!omnifest.uwm.edu!omnifest.uwm.edu!not-for-mai=
- l
- From: amcinnis@omnifest.uwm.edu (Andrew R. McInnis)
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: archive software?? needed
- Date: 3 Jul 1996 22:23:40 -0500
- Organization: Omnifest
- Lines: 11
- Distribution: na
- Message-ID: <4rfdfs$l3r@omnifest.uwm.edu>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: 129.89.70.58
-
- hi again
- does anyone know of a site where i can download a copy of zip to unzip so=
- me
- files and do i need a 1571 to use zip???
- thanks
- andy
- p.s. thanks to all who responded to what is a .sfx and my other messages =
- which
- have really helped me learn a commodore..
- four months and i havent accidentally erased a disk yet!!!!!!
- i am making a web site that will have a link to all the ftp sites i know =
- very
- soon. i will put the address on here when i am finished
- thanks
- #! rnews 1288
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!sgigate.sgi.com!esiee.fr!jussieu.=
- fr!math.ohio-state.edu!howland.reston.ans.net!spool.mu.edu!munnari.OZ.AU!=
- mel.dit.csiro.au!actcsiro!news.nsw.CSIRO.AU!metro!metro!seagoon.newcastle=
- .edu.au!usenet
- From: "Bruce R. McFarling" <ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au>
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: Re: Multithreading OS for the C64, Erratum
- Date: 4 Jul 1996 03:42:39 GMT
- Organization: Department of Economics, University of Newcastle
- Lines: 16
- Message-ID: <4rfejf$esv@seagoon.newcastle.edu.au>
- References: <4q3u1i$rd7@sun0.urz.uni-heidelberg.de> <Dtvnp8.9p3@inter.NL.=
- net> <Dtxpuo.JD9@undergrad.math.uwaterloo.ca> <4rcqt2$p2u@seagoon.newcast=
- le.edu.au> <4re6d3$8oe@narses.hrz.tu-chemnitz.de>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: econ70.newcastle.edu.au
- Mime-Version: 1.0
- Content-Type: text/plain; charset=3Dus-ascii
- Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
- X-Mailer: Mozilla 1.2N (Windows; I; 16bit)
-
- fachat@physik.tu-chemnitz.de (Andre Fachat) wrote:
- >Bruce R. McFarling (ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au) wrote:
- >> ... (That includes the original 6502, with 64K RAM,
- >> 16K ROM, and 0K < IO < 4K
-
- >You mean C64, don't you?
-
- Can you tell I'm almost done marking final exams?
- Yeah, that should have read "C64" instead of 6502.
-
- Virtually,
-
- Bruce R. McFarling, Newcastle, NSW
- ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au
-
-
- #! rnews 589
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.mathworks.=
- com!udel-eecis!faatcrl.faa.gov!faatcrl.faa.gov!usenet
- From: Paul_Seyler_at_AOS500@admin.tc.faa.gov (Paul Seyler)
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: Instructions for Commodore Music Composer
- Date: Thu, 04 Jul 1996 04:17:03 GMT
- Organization: FAA Technical Center, Pomona, NJ
- Lines: 4
- Message-ID: <4rfgm8INNcoh@faatcrl.faa.gov>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: 155.178.253.80
- X-Newsreader: Forte Free Agent 1.0.82
-
- Can anyone tell me how to enter music and save to disk?
- I bought the cartridge used and it did'nt have instructions.
-
-
- #! rnews 1768
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!sgigate.sgi.com!spool.mu.edu!munn=
- ari.OZ.AU!mel.dit.csiro.au!actcsiro!news.nsw.CSIRO.AU!metro!metro!hpal01.=
- isd4.tafensw.edu.au!mwalters
- From: mwalters@hoasy5.isd4.tafensw.edu.au
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: Apple LaserWriter IINT and GEOS
- Message-ID: <1996Jul4.112400.10765@hpal01.isd4.tafensw.edu.au>
- Date: 4 Jul 96 11:24:00 +1000
- Organization: TAFE NSW Network
- Lines: 26
-
- I'm attempting to hook up an Apple LaserWriter IINT to a C64 via an RS232
- interface to use with GEOS V2. So far it's been quite unsuccessful. Has
- anybody had success with a LW IINT plus GEOS?
-
- The RS232 interface provides the standard 9V+- and uses two RS232 line Dr=
- iver
- and Receiver chips. Works fine with a modem.
- The IINT receives at 9600 baud Xmodem protocol, has full Postscript
- implementation and is compatible with the earlier Apple LaserWriter Plus.
- The GEOS LW drivers are the ones supplied with V2- GeoLaser, and GeoPubLa=
- ser.
- I've also tried Jim Collette's preprocessors.
-
- Using an RS232 tester, it appears that the data is being sent to the prin=
- ter,
- but the printer's "Processing" LED doesn't indicate anything is being don=
- e, and=20
- nothing prints.
- I've tried different 64s in case a CIA is the trouble, tried inverting th=
- e
- output of the interface, to no avail.
-
- Is a LW IINT specific driver needed for GEOS due to some unforseen
- compatability problem? Or should I give up and just hunt around for an or=
- iginal
- Apple LaserWriter? The IINT has no centronics interface so I cannot use a
- parallel cable, just AppleTalk (hah!) or 9600baud RS232.
-
-
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------=
- ------- =20
- "The only certainty is death, yet we live as though we were immortal"-Unk=
- nown.
- marc.walters@tafensw.edu.au
- #! rnews 1406
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!news.texas.net!news.kei.com!newsf=
- eed.internetmci.com!news.sprintlink.net!new-news.sprintlink.net!news.mind=
- spring.com!usenet
- From: Radioactive Warrior <radwar@orl.mindspring.com>
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: More I/O questions... This time, $DD00.
- Date: Thu, 04 Jul 1996 01:26:23 +0000
- Organization: noorgan
- Lines: 23
- Message-ID: <31DB1DBF.B25@orl.mindspring.com>
- Reply-To: noname
- NNTP-Posting-Host: user-168-121-176-117.dialup.mindspring.com
- Mime-Version: 1.0
- Content-Type: text/plain; charset=3Dus-ascii
- Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
- X-Mailer: Mozilla 2.02 (Macintosh; U; PPC)
-
- I am slowly learning the CIA chip and all it's tricks but I am stuck
- at the following routine that is used in many fast loader programs to
- transfer data from the disk drive rappidly. This routine was
- sandwiched in between a timing routine an a store byte/loop if not
- done routine-
-
- LDA #$00
- LDX #$04
- STA $DD00
- [loop] LSR
- LSR
- EOR $DD00
- DEX
- BNE [loop]
-
- I guess it's the "EOR" instruction that I don't understand... Anyway
- I do see it sending two bits at once and looping four times to gather
- a byte in .AR but wouldn't the EOR invert the bits? Well, if you know
- what I am talking about please clue me in as to any other techniques
- used to transfer data rapidly between a 1541 (stock...)
-
- Thanks,
- Radioactive Warrior
- #! rnews 1779
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!nntp.primenet.com!winternet.com!n=
- 1ott.istar!ott.istar!istar.net!van.istar!van-bc!unixg.ubc.ca!rover.ucs.ua=
- lberta.ca!news.ucalgary.ca!srv1.freenet.calgary.ab.ca!pdporth
- From: Phil Porth <pdporth@freenet.calgary.ab.ca>
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: Re: C64 archivers
- Date: Wed, 3 Jul 1996 23:38:39 -0600
- Organization: Calgary Free-Net
- Lines: 27
- Message-ID: <Pine.A32.3.92.960703232947.16488A-100000@srv1.freenet.calgar=
- y.ab.ca>
- References: <4r671a$ah@ousrvr3.oulu.fi>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: pdporth@srv1.freenet.calgary.ab.ca
- Mime-Version: 1.0
- Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=3DUS-ASCII
- To: Jari Karppinen <jakarppi@haapa.oulu.fi>
- In-Reply-To: <4r671a$ah@ousrvr3.oulu.fi>
-
- On 30 Jun 1996, Jari Karppinen wrote:
-
- > them were packed with c64 archives unknown to me...
- >
- > can anyone tell me how to unpack files with extension .SFX ?
- > It is supposed to be somekind of self extracting archive, right --- but
- > how do I get it to extract itself?
- Load and Run,with ,8 if it won't run it wasn't downloaded correctly. Some
- Lynx programs won't recognize .sfx filetypes as being Binary files.
- >
- > Also there were some LHA archives, which contained files with names
- > like: 1!turbo, 2!turbo etc.
- If they are 1!turbo.lha then somone has played around with them as 1!, 2!
- etc. are 64 zipped files and shouldn't be lh'arced download the zip.sda
- prg from any 64/128 FTP site, or most bulletin boards. There should be "4=
- "
- files which when unzipped will create a whole 1541 disk side.anyway....?
- Maybe somebody just renamed the files with the .lha extension without
- really converting them.
- Hope this helps
-
- Phil Porth (aka Phone Man)
-
- From the land of the frozen North, Calgary Alberta Canada
- Home of the Calgary Stampede
- and Calgary Commodore Users Group
-
-
- #! rnews 2512
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.cais.net!v=
- an-bc!unixg.ubc.ca!rover.ucs.ualberta.ca!news.ucalgary.ca!srv1.freenet.ca=
- lgary.ab.ca!pdporth
- From: Phil Porth <pdporth@freenet.calgary.ab.ca>
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: Re: How to connect to internet with a C64?
- Date: Thu, 4 Jul 1996 00:12:23 -0600
- Organization: Calgary Free-Net
- Lines: 40
- Message-ID: <Pine.A32.3.92.960703235318.16488B-100000@srv1.freenet.calgar=
- y.ab.ca>
- References: <31D66083.37BE@ra.nettuno.it>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: pdporth@srv1.freenet.calgary.ab.ca
- Mime-Version: 1.0
- Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=3DUS-ASCII
- To: daniele righini <daniele.righini@ra.nettuno.it>
- In-Reply-To: <31D66083.37BE@ra.nettuno.it>
-
- On Sun, 30 Jun 1996, daniele righini wrote:
-
- > Anyone can say me how is possible to connect a C64 or C128 to inter-
- > net for various services like FTP, E-MAIL, NEWSGROUPS and browsing
- > WWW or GOPHER sites.
- > What I need: programs, hardware etc.
- > Where is possible to find programs ? (in case, also sites where all
- > these programs are downloadly).
- For the 64 or 128 the first thing you need is an internet provider willin=
- g
- to give you a Dos Shell access account, NOT Graphics (PPP or SLIP)
- With the Dos Shell account you can use programs provided by the company,
- they are called Lynx and Pine. These, when properly configured will allow
- you to access Newsgroups, E-Mail WWW and FTP access. The Newsgroups are
- the best place to correspond with "experts" in the Commodore community.
-
-
- On the 64/128 you can usually get by with a C=3D1670 1200 baud modem, but
- with a Swiftlink rs232 adaptor you can run any modem up to 38 k baud.
- For the 64 a good term program is Novaterm 9.5 downloadable from many FTP
- sites. Try the url ftp://ftp.ccnga.uwaterloo.ca/pub/cbm
- For the 128 a good term program (in 80 columns) is Desterm V2.0 also at
- the same FTP site. Both of these programs have VT102 emulation which you
- will need to access the Dos Shell account.
-
- > We need to contact other hardware experts for ideas and information
- > exchange.
-
- Hope this helps your group. Don't be surpised if most of the people on
- here are in the older age bracket. [;) Most kids still think that faster
- is better while us "older users" are still trying to see what we can wrin=
- g
- out of our old machines. I still haven't found anything that I "NEED" to
- do that I can't do with my 128.
-
- Phil Porth (aka Phone Man)
-
- From the land of the frozen North, Calgary Alberta Canada
- Home of the Calgary Stampede
- and Calgary Commodore Users Group
-
-
- #! rnews 1420
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!news.texas.net!news.kei.com!news.=
- mathworks.com!news-res.gsl.net!news.gsl.net!EU.net!Norway.EU.net!nntp.uio=
- .no!news.global-one.no!news1.transpac.net!oden.abc.se!dos.canit.se!uno.ca=
- nit.se!p1.f411.n201!f411.n201!not-for-mail
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- X-Comment-To: Dan Deel
- From: Pontus Berg <Pontus.Berg@p71.anet.canit.se>
- Date: Wed, 03 Jul 96 00:11:06 +0200
- Subject: c64/c128 emu
- Message-ID: <836377866@p71.f411.n201.z2.ftn>
- References: <1856629337@s2.GANet.NET>
- Organization: BoArDgasm, Farsta, Sweden
- X-FTN-AREA: CANIT_COMP_SYS_CBM
- X-FTN-MSGID: 2:201/411.71 31da1d0a
- X-FTN-REPLY: s2.GANet.NET 6ea9ea59
- X-FTN-CHRS: IBMPC 2
- X-FTN-Tearline: Spot 1.3a #676
- X-FTN-Origin: BoArDgasm, Farsta, Sweden (2:201/411.71)
- X-FTN-SEEN-BY: 201/411=20
- X-FTN-PATH: 201/411=20
- X-FTN-PATH: 201/411
- Lines: 16
-
- In a message of 30 Jun 96 Dan Deel wrote to All:
-
- DD> Could someone tell me where I can get a good C64/C128 emu for
- DD> Windows/Windows95?
-
- A great question ... in Comp.EMULATORS.CBM! (The answer is PC64 2.02 but =
- any
- followup to that one is for thementioned group only - here we go for the =
- real
- thing!)
-
- )=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
- =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
- =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D(
- ) o/ Bacchus@FairLight.COM Fido: 2:201/411.71 (
- ) (# HTTP://WWW.Canit.Se/ANet/p71.html (
- )=3D/7=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
- =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
- =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D(
-
- ... MicroSoft, as good as AIDS!
- (Pontus)
- #! rnews 1674
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!news.texas.net!news.kei.com!newsf=
- eed.internetmci.com!news.sprintlink.net!new-news.sprintlink.net!EU.net!No=
- rway.EU.net!nntp.uio.no!news.global-one.no!news1.transpac.net!oden.abc.se=
- !dos.canit.se!uno.canit.se!p1.f411.n201!f411.n201!not-for-mail
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- X-Comment-To: Yogi
- From: Pontus Berg <Pontus.Berg@p71.anet.canit.se>
- Date: Wed, 03 Jul 96 00:16:08 +0200
- Subject: Pirates Codes?
- Message-ID: <836378168@p71.f411.n201.z2.ftn>
- References: <1628272244@news.superlink.net>
- Organization: BoArDgasm, Farsta, Sweden
- X-FTN-AREA: CANIT_COMP_SYS_CBM
- X-FTN-MSGID: 2:201/411.71 31da1e38
- X-FTN-REPLY: news.superlink.net 610d7674
- X-FTN-CHRS: IBMPC 2
- X-FTN-Tearline: Spot 1.3a #676
- X-FTN-Origin: BoArDgasm, Farsta, Sweden (2:201/411.71)
- X-FTN-SEEN-BY: 201/411=20
- X-FTN-PATH: 201/411=20
- X-FTN-PATH: 201/411
- Lines: 19
-
- In a message of 01 Jul 96 Yogi wrote to All:
-
- Y> Besides, no one
- Y> reads emulator newsgroups except people who write the emulators.
-
- So if noone here answer you, will you ask in Comp.sys.Atari (whatever) an=
- d
- follow to "Alt.binaries.picuters.nude.celebreties" (or whatever it's call=
- ed)
- untill you find someone not getting pissed off?
-
- Different newsgroups are for different subjects. It's either OK or OT (fo=
- r OFF
- topic), which means you may and may not aksk the question in that newsgro=
- up!
-
- )=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
- =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
- =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D(
- ) o/ Bacchus@FairLight.COM Fido: 2:201/411.71 (
- ) (# HTTP://WWW.Canit.Se/ANet/p71.html (
- )=3D/7=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
- =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
- =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D(
-
- ... Marx got ONE thing - Religion is an opium for the people
- (Pontus Berg)
- #! rnews 1262
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!news.texas.net!news.kei.com!newsf=
- eed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!winternet.com!n1ott.istar!ott.istar!istar.=
- net!van.istar!van-bc!unixg.ubc.ca!rover.ucs.ualberta.ca!news.ucalgary.ca!=
- srv1.freenet.calgary.ab.ca!pdporth
- From: Phil Porth <pdporth@freenet.calgary.ab.ca>
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm,alt.fun.with.steve
- Subject: Re: Name the most common post to comp.sys.cbm
- Date: Thu, 4 Jul 1996 00:41:07 -0600
- Organization: Calgary Free-Net
- Lines: 13
- Message-ID: <Pine.A32.3.92.960704003913.16488D-100000@srv1.freenet.calgar=
- y.ab.ca>
- References: <4r0962$bcc@ruby.ucc.nau.edu> <31D89073.57EA@maui.netwave.net=
- >
- NNTP-Posting-Host: pdporth@srv1.freenet.calgary.ab.ca
- Mime-Version: 1.0
- Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=3DUS-ASCII
- To: Steve De Rose <peteyone@maui.netwave.net>
- In-Reply-To: <31D89073.57EA@maui.netwave.net>
- Xref: pravda.aa.msen.com comp.sys.cbm:57391 alt.fun.with.steve:585
-
- On Mon, 1 Jul 1996, Steve De Rose wrote:
-
- > I am amazed that no one has suggested =3D
- > 41) How can I {swive (look it up)} my JiffyDOS? !=3DD>
- ^^^^^ Not in my Funk and Wagnalls
-
- Phil Porth (aka Phone Man)
-
- From the land of the frozen North, Calgary Alberta Canada
- Home of the Calgary Stampede
- and Calgary Commodore Users Group
-
-
- #! rnews 1034
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.cais.net!v=
- an-bc!unixg.ubc.ca!rover.ucs.ualberta.ca!news.ucalgary.ca!srv1.freenet.ca=
- lgary.ab.ca!pdporth
- From: Phil Porth <pdporth@freenet.calgary.ab.ca>
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: Re: SuperCPU-64 status?
- Date: Thu, 4 Jul 1996 01:00:00 -0600
- Organization: Calgary Free-Net
- Lines: 13
- Message-ID: <Pine.A32.3.92.960704005809.16488E-100000@srv1.freenet.calgar=
- y.ab.ca>
- References: <DtILJE.6yB@undergrad.math.uwaterloo.ca> <31CF00A7.64A5@softd=
- isk.com> <4raam5$51r@panix.com>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: pdporth@srv1.freenet.calgary.ab.ca
- Mime-Version: 1.0
- Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=3DUS-ASCII
- To: Rich Will Powers <rpowers@panix.com>
- In-Reply-To: <4raam5$51r@panix.com>
-
- On 2 Jul 1996, Rich Will Powers wrote:
-
- > Ok, I'm curious. What is SuperCPU-64?
- >
- the 5 cent explanation ....A plug in 20 meghz. processor for the 64
-
- Phil Porth (aka Phone Man)
-
- From the land of the frozen North, Calgary Alberta Canada
- Home of the Calgary Stampede
- and Calgary Commodore Users Group
-
-
- #! rnews 1457
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!nntp.primenet.com!news.mathworks.=
- com!fu-berlin.de!zib-berlin.de!news.tu-chemnitz.de!fachat
- From: fachat@physik.tu-chemnitz.de (Andre Fachat)
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: Re: Multithreading OS for the C64, Erratum
- Date: 4 Jul 1996 07:18:15 GMT
- Organization: University of Technology Chemnitz, FRG
- Lines: 16
- Message-ID: <4rfr7n$g4a@narses.hrz.tu-chemnitz.de>
- References: <4q3u1i$rd7@sun0.urz.uni-heidelberg.de> <Dtvnp8.9p3@inter.NL.=
- net> <Dtxpuo.JD9@undergrad.math.uwaterloo.ca> <4rcqt2$p2u@seagoon.newcast=
- le.edu.au> <4re6d3$8oe@narses.hrz.tu-chemnitz.de> <4rfejf$esv@seagoon.new=
- castle.edu.au>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: mclane.physik.tu-chemnitz.de
- X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
-
- Bruce R. McFarling (ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au) wrote:
- : fachat@physik.tu-chemnitz.de (Andre Fachat) wrote:
- : >You mean C64, don't you?
-
- : Can you tell I'm almost done marking final exams?
- : Yeah, that should have read "C64" instead of 6502.
- Well at least someone gets my posts.=20
- My articles seem to magically disappear from our news server - after a
- few hours they're gone. How many posts on this subject did you get?
-
- Andre
- --
- Andre Fachat, Tel:++49-371-531-3551|"I do not feel obliged to believe tha=
- t the
- Stadlerstr 17, 09126 Chemnitz, FRG | same God who has endowed us with sen=
- se,
- a.fachat@physik.tu-chemnitz.de | reason, and intellect has intended u=
- s to
- http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/~fachat | forego their use" -- Galileo Galilei
- #! rnews 2069
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!sgigate.sgi.com!news-res.gsl.net!=
- news.gsl.net!EU.net!usenet2.news.uk.psi.net!uknet!usenet1.news.uk.psi.net=
- !uknet!dispatch.news.demon.net!demon!mail2news.demon.co.uk!gate.demon.co.=
- uk
- From: Jason <tmr@cosine.demon.co.uk>
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: Re: What or who is Visacorp?
- Date: Wed, 3 Jul 96 23:00:48 GMT
- Organization: Cosine Systems
- Lines: 27
- Message-ID: <9607032300.AA0047r@cosine.demon.co.uk>
- References: <4reekv$8g1@ruby.ucc.nau.edu>
- X-NNTP-Posting-Host: gate.demon.co.uk
- X-Newsreader: TIN [AMIGA 1.3 950726BETA PL0]
- X-Mail2News-Path: relay-1.mail.demon.net!gate.demon.co.uk
-
- Paul Allen Panks (pap@dana.ucc.nau.edu) wrote:
- : What is Visacorp, and what is AT?Does it tie in with the Commodore=20
- : community? I've been out of touch with the commodore community for abou=
- t=20
- : half a year now until just recently, so I might have missed something b=
- ig=20
- : inbetween.
-
- Viscorp are a nice bunch of people who like Amigas and have the rights to
- sell 'em. The management of the company is mostly made up of ex C=3D
- staff (mainly from CDTV). The company makes set top boxes (for decoding
- cable and so on) and I believe (but may be wrong in saying) that they
- were tied in with Escom when C=3D was brought out to do the very same.
-
- AT is Amiga Technologies. When Escom took over C=3D they split what they
- had. The C=3D label became a PC distributor for Escom's crap machines an=
- d
- Amiga Tech was founded to sell the Amiga.
-
- One thing I missed is who owns the old 8bit C=3D architecture now?
-
- Jason =3D-)
- ____________________________________________________________________=
- ___
- TMR / / / / / / / =
- /\
- / /__/ / / /__/ / / / /__/ Email: tmr@cosine.demon.co.uk =
- / /
- / /\_/ / /__ / / / / __// Cosine Homepage: =
- / /
- / /__/ / / / / / / / / / members.tripocom/~tmr/cosine.html /=
- /
- /_____/_____/_____/___/__/_____/_____________________________________/ =
- /
- \_____\_____\_____\__\__\__\_____\_____________________________________\/
- #! rnews 4190
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!news.texas.net!news.kei.com!news.=
- mathworks.com!fu-berlin.de!news.belwue.de!news.uni-stuttgart.de!uniol!uni=
- -erlangen.de!news.tu-chemnitz.de!fachat
- From: fachat@physik.tu-chemnitz.de (Andre Fachat)
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm,comp.emulators.cbm,comp.sys.apple2,comp.sys.atar=
- i.8bit
- Subject: Re: Multithreading OS for the C64
- Followup-To: comp.sys.cbm,comp.emulators.cbm,comp.sys.apple2,comp.sys.ata=
- ri.8bit
- Date: 4 Jul 1996 07:30:58 GMT
- Organization: University of Technology Chemnitz, FRG
- Lines: 62
- Message-ID: <4rfrvi$g56@narses.hrz.tu-chemnitz.de>
- References: <4q3u1i$rd7@sun0.urz.uni-heidelberg.de> <Dtvnp8.9p3@inter.NL.=
- net> <4rba6u$9uj@peippo.cs.tut.fi> <4rd7o2$5k5@seagoon.newcastle.edu.au>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: mclane.physik.tu-chemnitz.de
- X-Newsreader: TIN [version 1.2 PL2]
- Xref: pravda.aa.msen.com comp.sys.cbm:57395 comp.emulators.cbm:12274 comp=
- .sys.apple2:105159 comp.sys.atari.8bit:38453
-
- [Hi, I found out what was removing the messages: a cancelbot from=20
- alt.comp.hardware.homebuilt! Grrr! So I removed it from the Followup-To-l=
- ine
- and the Newsgroups line and try to summarize my last posts. Please=20
- ignore if you have already read my last posts, but please remove
- alt.comp.hardware.homebuilt from the Newsgroups and Followup-To line
- when replying to the other message. Sorry for the inconvenience. Andre]
-
- --------------------snip-----------------
- : Notice that normally the 6502 address space is full
- : with additional memory (if available) banked in by an external
- : memory management arrangement. So if the 6502 *had* 'boundary
- : errors' it would be pointless -- I believe the Andre's original
- : 6502 box had memory banking on 4K boundaries (is that right?)
- Yes you are right. The upper 4 address bits were taken as index
- into 16 registers each 8 bit wide. So I had 16 chunks of memory,
- each 4kByte in size.
- These could then be mapped to any of 256 chunks within the=20
- extended up to 1MByte memory.
- =20
- --------------------snip-----------------
- In my original design, the memory pages from other processes just couldn'=
- t
- be accessed, as they were not mapped in. (As I explained in another
- post). A process with 8kByte RAM just had access to 8 kByte RAM
- and the rest of the address space would be mapped into some read-only
- regions (well, I used the kernel image...)
- So that the process can just change it's own RAM.
-
- That's even a way to implement paging, i.e. put a process out on disk=20
- if memory is short. Only one thing, as you mentioned, has to be taken
- care of: The 6502 cannot detect memory faults, so that _all_ memory pages
- belonging to the process must be mapped and accessible when it is run.
- (Even if there were some hardware mechanism to detect the fault,
- there is no way to restore the original register values as before the
- trapped memory access - which is essential to correctly re-execute
- the offending opcode after the page has been loaded.
- The capability to restore the register values was one of the few
- improvements of the Motorola 68010 CPU above the 68000.)
-
- --------------------snip-----------------
-
- Well, I'm using the timer interrupt. But then I use the IRQ timer.
- A disadvantage is, that 'nasty' programs can take full control over
- the machine. An advantage is that the system itself cannot be=20
- interrupted when doing critical routines. Well, that could have been
- taken care of with a flag (to immediately return from NMI) but
- I thought it was easier this way.
-
- And as I wanted to run close-to-hardware processes on the machine, I
- wanted a process to be able to protect itself from task switching.
- (for timing critical hardware handling)
- Which is obviously easier when just doing a SEI instead of=20
- calling some StopMultiTasking or RestartMultiTasking (as the Amiga does)
- to access some kernel internal flag - which is not available in the=20
- process memory.
-
- --------------------snip-----------------
-
- --
- Andre Fachat, Tel:++49-371-531-3551|"I do not feel obliged to believe tha=
- t the
- Stadlerstr 17, 09126 Chemnitz, FRG | same God who has endowed us with sen=
- se,
- a.fachat@physik.tu-chemnitz.de | reason, and intellect has intended u=
- s to
- http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/~fachat | forego their use" -- Galileo Galilei
- #! rnews 1780
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!sgigate.sgi.com!spool.mu.edu!munn=
- ari.OZ.AU!metro!metro!seagoon.newcastle.edu.au!usenet
- From: "Bruce R. McFarling" <ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au>
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: Re: How to connect to internet with a C64?
- Date: 4 Jul 1996 08:51:00 GMT
- Organization: Department of Economics, University of Newcastle
- Lines: 28
- Message-ID: <4rg0lk$q7f@seagoon.newcastle.edu.au>
- References: <31D66083.37BE@ra.nettuno.it> <Pine.A32.3.92.960703235318.164=
- 88B-100000@srv1.freenet.calgary.ab.ca>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: econ70.newcastle.edu.au
- Mime-Version: 1.0
- Content-Type: text/plain; charset=3Dus-ascii
- Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
- X-Mailer: Mozilla 1.2N (Windows; I; 16bit)
-
- Phil Porth <pdporth@freenet.calgary.ab.ca> wrote:
-
- > For the 64 or 128 the first thing you need is an internet provider
- > willing to give you a Dos Shell access account, NOT Graphics (PPP
- > or SLIP)
-
- Where did this weird notion that PPP or SLIP are somehow
- intrinsically 'graphical' come from? We saw this last year when
- someone was saying the C64 would 'never' get a SLIP because it
- didn't have the capabilities, and turns out he meant graphic
- capabilities.
-
- Is it a common practice of providers who sell PPP or SLIP
- access to bundle it with a graphical browser as a front end, so
- that people confuse the two? Because Point to Point Protocol or Serial=20
- Link Internet Protocol are both just about shuffing a bytestream around.=20
- A SLIP or PPP point-and-click text ftp browser would be as=20
- 'non-graphical' as VT-100 terminal emulation talking to a shell account.
- And, BTW, would also be a hell of a good idea for an alpha for=20
- the graphical WWW browsers that different people are developing. 8-)#
-
-
- Virtually,
-
- Bruce R. McFarling, Newcastle, NSW
- ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au
-
-
- #! rnews 2274
- Path: pravda.aa.msen.com!news1.best.com!sgigate.sgi.com!spool.mu.edu!howl=
- and.reston.ans.net!newsfeed.internetmci.com!in2.uu.net!gti.gti.net!apollo=
- .gti.net!c128user
- From: "Glenn P.," <c128user@GTI.Net>
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm
- Subject: Re: Implementing a TIME command in adventure games?
- Date: Thu, 4 Jul 1996 05:13:17 -0400
- Organization: GTI -- GlobalNet Telecom Incorporated. For information call=
- 1-(201)-285-9099 or E-Mail <sales@gti.net>.
- Lines: 32
- Distribution: world
- Message-ID: <Pine.SUN.3.93.960702215840.27679D-100000@apollo.gti.net>
- References: <4r7sts$t5r@ruby.ucc.nau.edu>
- Reply-To: "Glenn P.," <c128user@GTI.Net>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: apollo.gti.net
- Mime-Version: 1.0
- Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=3DUS-ASCII
- In-Reply-To: <4r7sts$t5r@ruby.ucc.nau.edu>
- Return-Path: "Glenn P.," <c128user@GTI.Net>
- X-Receipt-To: "Glenn P.," <c128user@GTI.Net>
- Receipt-To: "Glenn P.," <c128user@GTI.Net>
- X-Gibberish: The Elephant says "Tusk, tusk!".
- Contents: Reply To Usenet Post.
- Expiration: 31-Jul-1996
- Precedence: Normal
- Priority: Normal
-
- On 01-Jul-1996, Paul Allen Panks wrote:
-
- > What is the best way of going about doing a TIME function in an adventu=
- re=20
- > game, one that will help determine weather and how the passage of time=20
- > affects the player...?
-
- "Time" in adventure games is measured in *turns*, nothing more. Just set =
- a
- counter, T=3DT+1, at the start of your main command input loop, and branc=
- h to
- the appropriate subroutine when the appropriate number of turns has elaps=
- ed.
-
- --_____
- {~._.~} "There are a hundred ways in which a boy can injure -- if =
- not
- _( Y )_ not indeed kill -- himself. The more advennturous he is and the
- (:_~*~_:) greater his initiative, the more ways he will find. If you prot=
- ect
- (_)-(_) him from each of the hundred, he is sure to find the hundred-an=
- d-
- =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D first. Though most men can look back on their=
- boyhood and tremble
- =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D at the narrowness of some of their escapes, m=
- ost boys do in fact
- W.T.P. survive, more or less intact, and the wise father is the trusti=
- ng
- =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D father."
- =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=
- =3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D=3D
- :: --=3D Glenn P. =3D-- :: --"The Enchanted Places", Chap=
- ter 21,
- :: c128user@GTI.Net :: By: Christopher Robin Milne.