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This is Info file elisp, produced by Makeinfo-1.47 from the input file elisp.texi. This file documents GNU Emacs Lisp. This is edition 1.03 of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, for Emacs Version 18. Published by the Free Software Foundation, 675 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA Copyright (C) 1990 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Foundation. File: elisp, Node: Output Functions, Prev: Output Streams, Up: Streams Output Functions ---------------- This section describes the Lisp functions and variables that pertain to printing. Some of the Emacs printing functions add quoting characters to the output when necessary so that it can be read properly. The quoting characters used are `\' and `"'; they are used to distinguish strings from symbols, and to prevent punctuation characters in strings and symbols from being taken as delimiters. *Note Printed Representation::, for full details. You specify quoting or no quoting by the choice of printing function. If the text is to be read back into Lisp, then it is best to print with quoting characters to avoid ambiguity. Likewise, if the purpose is to describe a Lisp object clearly for a Lisp programmer. However, if the purpose of the output is to look nice for humans, then it is better to print without quoting. In the functions below, STREAM stands for an output stream. (See the previous section for a description of output streams.) If STREAM is `nil' or omitted, it defaults to the value of `standard-output'. -- Function: print OBJECT &optional STREAM The `print' is a convenient way of printing. It outputs the printed representation of OBJECT to STREAM, printing in addition one newline before OBJECT and another after it. Quoting characters are used. `print' returns OBJECT. For example: (progn (print 'The\ cat\ in) (print "the hat") (print " came back")) -| -| The\ cat\ in -| -| "the hat" -| -| " came back" -| => " came back" -- Function: prin1 OBJECT &optional STREAM This function outputs the printed representation of OBJECT to STREAM. It does not print any spaces or newlines to separate output as `print' does, but it does use quoting characters just like `print'. It returns OBJECT. (progn (prin1 'The\ cat\ in) (prin1 "the hat") (prin1 " came back")) -| The\ cat\ in"the hat"" came back" => " came back" -- Function: prin1-to-string OBJECT This function returns a string containing the text that `prin1' would have printed for the same argument. (prin1-to-string 'foo) => "foo" (prin1-to-string (mark-marker)) => "#<marker at 2773 in strings.texi>" See `format', in *Note String Conversion::, for other ways to obtain the printed representation of a Lisp object as a string. -- Function: princ OBJECT &optional STREAM This function outputs the printed representation of OBJECT to STREAM. It returns OBJECT. This function is intended to produce output that is readable by people, not by `read', so quoting characters are not used and double-quotes are not printed around the contents of strings. It does not add any spacing between calls. (progn (princ 'The\ cat) (princ " in the \"hat\"")) -| The cat in the "hat" => " in the \"hat\"" -- Function: terpri &optional STREAM This function outputs a newline to STREAM. The name stands for "terminate print". -- Variable: standard-output The value of this variable is the default output stream, used when the STREAM argument is omitted or `nil'. -- Variable: print-escape-newlines If this variable is non-`nil', then newline characters in strings are printed as `\n'. Normally they are printed as actual newlines. This variable affects the print functions `prin1' and `print'; it does not affect `princ' in Emacs 18, but this may be changed. Here is an example using `prin1': (prin1 "a\nb") -| "a -| b" => "a => b" (let ((print-escape-newlines t)) (prin1 "a\nb")) -| "a\nb" => "a => b" In the second expression, the local binding of `print-escape-newlines' is in effect during the call to `prin1', but not during the printing of the result. -- Variable: print-length The value of this variable is the maximum number of elements of a list that will be printed. If the list being printed has more than this many elements, then it is abbreviated with an ellipsis. If the value is `nil' (the default), then there is no limit. (setq print-length 2) => 2 (print '(1 2 3 4 5)) -| (1 2 ...) => (1 2 ...) -- Function: write-char CHARACTER &optional STREAM This function outputs CHARACTER to STREAM. It returns CHARACTER. File: elisp, Node: Minibuffers, Next: Command Loop, Prev: Streams, Up: Top Minibuffers *********** A "minibuffer" is a special buffer used by Emacs commands to read arguments more complicated than the single numeric prefix argument. These arguments include file names, buffer names, and command names (as in `M-x'). The minibuffer is displayed on the bottom line of the screen, in the same place as the echo area, but only while it is in use for reading an argument. * Menu: * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. File: elisp, Node: Intro to Minibuffers, Next: Text from Minibuffer, Prev: Minibuffers, Up: Minibuffers Introduction to Minibuffers =========================== In most ways, a minibuffer is a normal Emacs buffer. Most operations *within* a buffer, such as editing commands, work normally in a minibuffer. However, many operations for managing buffers do not apply to minibuffers. The name of a minibuffer always has the form ` *Minibuf-NUMBER', and it cannot be changed. There is a special window used only for minibuffers, and minibuffers cannot be displayed in any other window. This window is normally the single line at the bottom of the screen; it can be resized temporarily with the window sizing commands, but reverts to its normal size when the minibuffer is exited. A "recursive minibuffer" may be created when there is an active minibuffer and a command is invoked that requires input from a minibuffer. The first minibuffer is named ` *Minibuf-0*'. Recursive minibuffers are named by incrementing the number at the end of the name. (The names begin with a space so that they won't show up in normal buffer lists.) Of several recursive minibuffers, the innermost (or most recently entered) is the active minibuffer, and is the only one that is displayed in a window. We usually call this "the" minibuffer. Recursive minibuffers may be allowed or disallowed by setting the variable `enable-recursive-minibuffers'. Like other buffers, a minibuffer may use any of several local keymaps (*note Keymaps::.); these contain various exit commands and in some cases completion commands. *Note Completion::. * `minibuffer-local-map' is for ordinary input (no completion). * `minibuffer-local-ns-map' is similar, except that SPC exits just like RET. This is used mainly for Mocklisp compatibility. * `minibuffer-local-completion-map' is for permissive completion. * `minibuffer-local-must-match-map' is for strict completion and for cautious completion. * `repeat-complex-command-map' is for use in `C-x ESC'. File: elisp, Node: Text from Minibuffer, Next: Object from Minibuffer, Prev: Intro to Minibuffers, Up: Minibuffers Reading Text Strings with the Minibuffer ======================================== The minibuffer is usually used to read text which is returned as a string, but can also be used to read a Lisp object in textual form. The most basic primitive for minibuffer input is `read-from-minibuffer'. -- Function: read-from-minibuffer PROMPT-STRING &optional INITIAL KEYMAP READ This function is the most general way to get input through the minibuffer. By default, it accepts arbitrary text and returns it as a string; however, if READ is non-`nil', then it uses `read' to convert the text into a Lisp object (*note Input Functions::.). The first thing this function does is to activate a minibuffer and display it with PROMPT-STRING as the prompt. This value must be a string. Then, if INITIAL is non-`nil', it must be a string; its contents are inserted into the minibuffer as initial contents. The text thus inserted is treated as if the user had inserted it; the user can alter it with Emacs editing commands. If KEYMAP is non-`nil', that keymap is the local keymap to use while reading. If KEYMAP is omitted or `nil', the value of `minibuffer-local-map' is used as the keymap. Specifying a keymap is the most important way to customize minibuffer input for various applications including completion. When the user types a command to exit the minibuffer, the current minibuffer contents are usually made into a string which is the value of `read-from-minibuffer'. However, if READ is non-`nil', Emacs converts the result to a Lisp object and `read-from-minibuffer' returns that object, unevaluated. Suppose, for example, you are writing a search command and want to record the last search string and provide it as a default for the next search. Suppose that the previous search string is stored in the variable `last-search-string'. Here is how you can read a search string while providing the previous string as initial input to be edited: (read-from-minibuffer "Find string: " last-search-string) Assuming the value of `last-search-string' is `No', and the user wants to search for `Nope', the interaction looks like this: (setq last-search-string "No") (read-from-minibuffer "Find string: " last-search-string) ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- Find string: No-!- ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- ;; The user now types `pe RET': => "Nope" -- Function: read-string PROMPT &optional INITIAL This function reads a string from the minibuffer and returns it. The arguments PROMPT and INITIAL are used as in `read-from-minibuffer'. This function is a simplified interface to `read-from-minibuffer': (read-string PROMPT INITIAL) == (read-from-minibuffer PROMPT INITIAL nil nil) -- Variable: minibuffer-local-map This is the default local keymap for reading from the minibuffer. It is the keymap used by the minibuffer for local bindings in the function `read-string'. By default, it makes the following bindings: LFD `exit-minibuffer' RET `exit-minibuffer' `C-g' `abort-recursive-edit' -- Function: read-no-blanks-input PROMPT INITIAL This function reads a string from the minibuffer, but does not allow whitespace characters as part of the input: instead, those characters terminate the input. The arguments PROMPT and INITIAL are used as in `read-from-minibuffer'. This function is a simplified interface to `read-from-minibuffer', and passes the value of `minibuffer-local-ns-map' as the KEYMAP argument for that function. Since the keymap `minibuffer-local-ns-map' does not rebind `C-q', it *is* possible to put a space into the string, by quoting it. (read-no-blanks-input PROMPT INITIAL) == (read-from-minibuffer PROMPT INITIAL minibuffer-local-ns-map) -- Variable: minibuffer-local-ns-map This built-in variable is the keymap used as the minibuffer local keymap in the function `read-no-blanks-input'. By default, it makes the following bindings: `LFD' `exit-minibuffer' `SPC' `exit-minibuffer' `TAB' `exit-minibuffer' `RET' `exit-minibuffer' `C-g' `abort-recursive-edit' `?' `self-insert-and-exit' File: elisp, Node: Object from Minibuffer, Next: Completion, Prev: Text from Minibuffer, Up: Minibuffers Reading Lisp Objects with the Minibuffer ======================================== This section describes functions for reading Lisp objects with the minibuffer. -- Function: read-minibuffer PROMPT &optional INITIAL This function reads a Lisp object in the minibuffer and returns it, unevaluated. The arguments PROMPT and INITIAL are used as in `read-from-minibuffer'; in particular, INITIAL must be a string or `nil'. This function is a simplified interface to `read-from-minibuffer': (read-minibuffer PROMPT INITIAL) == (read-from-minibuffer PROMPT INITIAL nil t) Here is an example in which we supply the string `"(testing)"' as initial input: (read-minibuffer "Enter an expression: " (format "%s" '(testing))) ;; Here is how the minibuffer is displayed: ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- Enter an expression: (testing)-!- ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- The user can type RET immediately to use the initial input as a default, or can edit the input. -- Function: eval-minibuffer PROMPT &optional INITIAL This function reads a Lisp expression in the minibuffer, evaluates it, then returns the result. The arguments PROMPT and INITIAL are used as in `read-from-minibuffer'. This function simply evaluates the result of a call to `read-minibuffer': (eval-minibuffer PROMPT INITIAL) == (eval (read-minibuffer PROMPT INITIAL)) -- Function: edit-and-eval-command PROMPT FORM This function reads a Lisp expression in the minibuffer, and then evaluates it. The difference between this command and `eval-minibuffer' is that here the initial FORM is not optional and it is treated as a Lisp object to be converted to printed representation rather than as a string of text. It is printed with `prin1', so if it is a string, double-quote characters (`"') will appear in the initial text. *Note Output Functions::. The first thing `edit-and-eval-command' does is to activate the minibuffer with PROMPT as the prompt. The printed representation of FORM is then inserted in the minibuffer, and the user is allowed to edit. When the user exits the minibuffer, the edited text is read with `read' and then evaluated. The resulting value becomes the value of `edit-and-eval-command'. In the following example, we offer the user an expression with initial text which is a valid form already: (edit-and-eval-command "Please edit: " '(forward-word 1)) ;; After evaluating the preceding expression, ;; the following appears in the minibuffer: ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- Please edit: (forward-word 1)-!- ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- Typing RET right away would exit the minibuffer and evaluate the expression, thus moving point forward one word. `edit-and-eval-command' returns `nil' in this example. File: elisp, Node: Completion, Next: Yes-or-No Queries, Prev: Object from Minibuffer, Up: Minibuffers Completion ========== "Completion" is a feature that fills in the rest of a name starting from an abbreviation for it. Completion works by comparing the user's input against a list of valid names and determining how much of the name is determined uniquely by what the user has typed. For example, when you type `C-x b' (`switch-to-buffer') and then type the first few letters of the name of the buffer to which you wish to switch, and then type TAB (`minibuffer-complete'), Emacs extends the name as far as it can. Standard Emacs commands offer completion for names of symbols, files, buffers, and processes; with the functions in this section, you can implement completion for other kinds of names. The `try-completion' function is the basic primitive for completion: it returns the longest determined completion of a given initial string, with a given set of strings to match against. The function `completing-read' provides a higher-level interface for completion. A call to `completing-read' specifies how to determine the list of valid names. The function then activates the minibuffer with a local keymap that binds a few keys to commands useful for completion. Other functions provide convenient simple interfaces for reading certain kinds of names with completion. * Menu: * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion (reading buffer name, file name, etc.) * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names. * Lisp Symbol Completion:: Completing the name of a symbol. File: elisp, Node: Basic Completion, Next: Programmed Completion, Prev: Completion, Up: Completion Basic Completion Functions -------------------------- -- Function: try-completion STRING ALIST-OR-OBARRAY &optional PREDICATE This function returns the longest common substring of all possible completions of STRING in ALIST-OR-OBARRAY. If ALIST-OR-OBARRAY is an association list (*note Association Lists::.), the CAR of each cons cell in it is compared against STRING; if the beginning of the CAR equals STRING, the cons cell matches. If no cons cells match, `try-completion' returns `nil'. If only one cons cell matches, and the match is exact, then `try-completion' returns `t'. Otherwise, all matching strings are compared, and the longest initial sequence common to them is returned as a string. If ALIST-OR-OBARRAY is an obarray (*note Creating Symbols::.), the names of all symbols in the obarray form the space of possible names. They are tested and used just like the CARs of the elements of an association list. (The global variable `obarray' holds an obarray containing the names of all interned Lisp symbols.) If the argument PREDICATE is non-`nil', then it must be a function of one argument. It is used to test each possible match, and the match is accepted only if PREDICATE returns non-`nil'. The argument given to PREDICATE is either a cons cell from the alist (the CAR of which is a string) or else it is a symbol (*not* a symbol name) from the obarray. It is also possible to use a function as ALIST-OR-OBARRAY. Then the function is solely responsible for performing completion; `try-completion' returns whatever this function returns. The function is called with three arguments: STRING, PREDICATE and `nil'. (The reason for the third argument is so that the same function can be used in `all-completions' and do the appropriate thing in either case.) *Note Programmed Completion::. In the first of the following examples, the string `foo' is matched by three of the alist CARs. All of the matches begin with the characters `fooba', so that is the result. In the second example, there is only one possible match, and it is exact, so the value is `t'. (try-completion "foo" '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4))) => "fooba" (try-completion "foo" '(("barfoo" 2) ("foo" 3))) => t In the following example, numerous symbols begin with the characters `forw', and all of them begin with the word `forward'. In most of the symbols, this is followed with a `-', but not in all, so no more than `forward' can be completed. (try-completion "forw" obarray) => "forward" Finally, in the following example, only two of the three possible matches pass the predicate `test' (the string `foobaz' is too short). Both of those begin with the string `foobar'. (defun test (s) (> (length (car s)) 6)) => test (try-completion "foo" '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4)) 'test) => "foobar" -- Function: all-completions STRING ALIST-OR-OBARRAY &optional PREDICATE This function returns a list of all possible completions, instead of the longest substring they share. The parameters to this function are the same as to `try-completion'. If ALIST-OR-OBARRAY is a function, it is called with three arguments: STRING, PREDICATE and `t', and `all-completions' returns whatever the function returns. *Note Programmed Completion::. Here is an example, using the same function `test' used in the example for `try-completion': (defun test (s) (> (length (car s)) 6)) => test (all-completions "foo" '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4)) (function test)) => ("foobar1" "foobar2") -- Variable: completion-ignore-case If the value of this variable is non-`nil', Emacs does not consider case significant in completion. The two functions `try-completion' and `all-completions' have nothing in themselves to do with minibuffers. However, completion is most often used there, which is why it is described in this chapter. File: elisp, Node: Programmed Completion, Next: Minibuffer Completion, Prev: Basic Completion, Up: Completion Programmed Completion --------------------- Sometimes it is not possible to create an alist or an obarray containing all the intended possible completions. In such a case, you can supply your own function to compute the completion of a given string. This is called "programmed completion". To use this feature, pass the function as the ALIST-OR-OBARRAY argument to `completing-read'. This command will arrange to pass the function along to `try-completion' and `all-completions', which will then let your function do all the work. The completion function should accept three arguments: * The string to be completed. * The predicate function to filter possible matches, or `nil' if none. Your function should call the predicale for each possible match and ignore the possible match if the predicate returns `nil'. * A flag specifying the type of operation. There are three flag values for three operations: * `nil' specifies `try-completion'. The completion function should return the completion of the specified string, or `t' if the string is an exact match already, or `nil' if the string matches no possibility. * `t' specifies `all-completions'. The completion function should return a list of all possible completions of the specified string. * `lambda' specifies a test for an exact match. The completion function should return `t' if the specified string is an exact match for some possibility; `nil' otherwise. Emacs uses programmed completion when completing file names. *Note File Name Completion::. File: elisp, Node: Minibuffer Completion, Next: Completion Commands, Prev: Programmed Completion, Up: Completion Completion and the Minibuffer ----------------------------- This section describes the basic interface for reading from the minibuffer with completion. -- Function: completing-read PROMPT ALIST-OR-OBARRAY &optional PREDICATE REQUIRE-MATCH INITIAL This function reads a string in the minibuffer, assisting the user by providing completion. It activates the minibuffer with prompt PROMPT, which must be a string. If INITIAL is non-`nil', `completing-read' inserts it into the minibuffer as part of the input. Then it allows the user to edit the input, providing several commands to attempt completion. The actual completion is done by passing ALIST-OR-OBARRAY and PREDICATE to the function `try-completion'. This happens in certain commands bound in the local keymaps used for completion. If REQUIRE-MATCH is `t', the user will not be allowed to exit unless the input completes to an element of ALIST-OR-OBARRAY. If REQUIRE-MATCH is neither `nil' nor `t', then `completing-read' does not exit unless the input typed is itself an element of ALIST-OR-OBARRAY. To accomplish this, `completing-read' calls `read-minibuffer' with the keymap `minibuffer-local-completion-map' if REQUIRE-MATCH is `nil', or else with the keymap `minibuffer-local-must-match-map', if REQUIRE-MATCH is non-`nil'. Case is ignored when comparing the input against the possible matches if the built-in variable `completion-ignore-case' is non-`nil'. *Note Basic Completion::. For example: (completing-read "Complete a foo: " '(("foobar1" 1) ("barfoo" 2) ("foobaz" 3) ("foobar2" 4)) nil t "fo") ;; After evaluating the preceding expression, ;; the following appears in the minibuffer: ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- Complete a foo: fo-!- ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- If the user then types `DEL DEL b RET', `completing-read' returns `barfoo'. The `completing-read' function binds three variables to pass information to the commands which actually do completion. Here they are: `minibuffer-completion-table' This variable is bound to ALIST-OR-OBARRAY argument. It is passed to the `try-completion' function. `minibuffer-completion-predicate' This variable is bound to the PREDICATE argument. It is passed to the `try-completion' function. `minibuffer-completion-confirm' This variable is bound to the REQUIRE-MATCH argument. It is used in the `minibuffer-complete-and-exit' function. File: elisp, Node: Completion Commands, Next: High-Level Completion, Prev: Minibuffer Completion, Up: Completion Minibuffer Commands That Do Completion -------------------------------------- This section describes the keymaps, commands and user options used in the minibuffer to do completion. -- Variable: minibuffer-local-completion-map `completing-read' uses this value as the local keymap when an exact match of one of the completions is not required. By default, this keymap makes the following bindings: `?' `minibuffer-completion-help' `SPC' `minibuffer-complete-word' `TAB' `minibuffer-complete' `LFD' `exit-minibuffer' `RET' `exit-minibuffer' `C-g' `abort-recursive-edit' -- Variable: minibuffer-local-must-match-map `completing-read' uses this value as the local keymap when an exact match of one of the completions is required. Therefore, no keys are bound to `exit-minibuffer', the command which exits the minibuffer unconditionally. By default, this keymap makes the following bindings: `?' `minibuffer-completion-help' `SPC' `minibuffer-complete-word' `TAB' `minibuffer-complete' `LFD' `minibuffer-complete-and-exit' `RET' `minibuffer-complete-and-exit' `C-g' `abort-recursive-edit' -- Variable: minibuffer-completion-table The value of this variable is the alist or obarray used for completion in the minibuffer. This is the global variable that contains what `completing-read' passes to `try-completion'. It is used by all the minibuffer completion functions, such as `minibuffer-complete-word'. -- Variable: minibuffer-completion-predicate The value of this variable is the predicate that `completing-read' passes to `try-completion'. The variable is also used by the other minibuffer completion functions. -- Command: minibuffer-complete-word This function completes the minibuffer contents by at most a single word. Even if the minibuffer contents has only one completion, `minibuffer-complete-word' will not add any characters beyond the first character that is not a word constituent. *Note Syntax Tables::. -- Command: minibuffer-complete This function completes the minibuffer contents as far as possible. -- Command: minibuffer-complete-and-exit This function completes the minibuffer contents, and exits if confirmation is not required, i.e., if `minibuffer-completion-confirm' is non-`nil'. If confirmation *is* required, it is given by repeating this command immediately. -- Variable: minibuffer-completion-confirm When the value of this variable is non-`nil', Emacs asks for confirmation of a completion before exiting the minibuffer. The function `minibuffer-complete-and-exit' checks the value of this variable before it exits. -- Command: minibuffer-completion-help This function creates a list of the possible completions of the current minibuffer contents. It works by calling `all-completions'; the values of `minibuffer-completion-table' and `minibuffer-completion-predicate' are used as arguments. The list of completions is displayed as text in a buffer named `*Completions*'. -- Function: display-completion-list COMPLETIONS This function displays COMPLETIONS to the stream `standard-output' (usually a buffer). (*Note Streams::, for more information about streams.) The argument COMPLETIONS is normally a list of completions just returned by `all-completions', but it does not have to be. Each element may be a symbol or a string, either of which is simply printed, or a list of two strings, which is printed as if the strings were concatenated. This function is called by `minibuffer-completion-help'. -- User Option: completion-auto-help If this variable is non-`nil', the completion commands automatically display a list of possible completions whenever nothing can be completed because the next character is not uniquely determined. File: elisp, Node: High-Level Completion, Next: Reading File Names, Prev: Completion Commands, Up: Completion High-Level Completion Functions -------------------------------- This section describes the higher-level convenient functions for reading certain sorts of names with completion. -- Function: read-buffer PROMPT &optional DEFAULT EXISTING This function reads the name of a buffer and returns it as a string. The argument DEFAULT is the default name to use, the value to return if the user exits with an empty minibuffer. If non-`nil', it should be a string. It is mentioned in the prompt, but is not inserted in the minibuffer as initial input. If EXISTING is non-`nil', then the name specified must be that of an existing buffer. The usual commands to exit the minibuffer will not exit if the text is not valid, and RET will do completion to attempt to find a valid name. (However, DEFAULT is not checked for this; it is returned, whatever it is, if the user exits with the minibuffer empty.) In the following example, the user enters `minibuffer.t', and then types RET. The argument EXISTING is `t', and the only buffer name starting with the given input is `minibuffer.texi', so that name is the value. (read-buffer "Buffer name? " "foo" t) ;; After evaluating the preceding expression, ;; the following prompt appears, with an empty minibuffer: ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- Buffer name? (default foo) -!- ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- ;; The user types `minibuffer.t RET'. => "minibuffer.texi" -- Function: read-command PROMPT This function reads the name of a command and returns it as a Lisp symbol. The argument PROMPT is used as in `read-from-minibuffer'. Recall that a command is anything for which `commandp' returns `t', and a command name is a symbol for which `commandp' returns `t'. *Note Interactive Call::. (read-command "Command name? ") ;; After evaluating the preceding expression, ;; the following appears in the minibuffer: ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- Command name? ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- If the user types `forward-c RET', then this function returns `forward-char'. The `read-command' function is a simplified interface to `completing-read'. It uses the `commandp' predicate to allow only commands to be entered, and it uses the variable `obarray' so as to be able to complete all extant Lisp symbols: (read-command PROMPT) == (intern (completing-read PROMPT obarray 'commandp t nil)) -- Function: read-variable PROMPT This function reads the name of a user variable and returns it as a symbol. (read-variable "Variable name? ") ;; After evaluating the preceding expression, ;; the following prompt appears with an empty minibuffer: ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- Variable name? -!- ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- If the user then types `fill-p RET', `read-variable' will return `fill-prefix'. This function is similar to `read-command', but uses the predicate `user-variable-p' instead of `commandp': (read-variable PROMPT) == (intern (completing-read PROMPT obarray 'user-variable-p t nil)) File: elisp, Node: Reading File Names, Next: Lisp Symbol Completion, Prev: High-Level Completion, Up: Completion Reading File Names ------------------ Here is another high-level completion function, designed for reading a file name. It provides special features including automatic insertion of the default directory. -- Function: read-file-name PROMPT &optional DIRECTORY DEFAULT EXISTING This function reads a file name in the minibuffer, prompting with PROMPT and providing completion. If DEFAULT is non-`nil', then the value of DEFAULT will be returned by the function if the user just types RET. If EXISTING is non-`nil', then the name must refer to an existing file; then RET performs completion to make the name valid if possible, and then refuses to exit if it is not valid. If the value of EXISTING is neither `nil' nor `t', then RET also requires confirmation after completion. The argument DIRECTORY specifies the directory to use for completion of relative file names. Usually it is inserted in the minibuffer as initial input as well. It defaults to the current buffer's default directory. Here is an example: (read-file-name "The file is ") ;; After evaluating the preceding expression, ;; the following appears in the minibuffer: ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- The file is /gp/gnu/elisp/-!- ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- Typing `manual TAB' results in the following: ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- The file is /gp/gnu/elisp/manual.texi-!- ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- If the user types RET, `read-file-name' returns `"/gp/gnu/elisp/manual.texi"'. -- User Option: insert-default-directory This variable is used by `read-file-name'. The value of this variable controls whether `read-file-name' starts by placing the name of the default directory in the minibuffer. If the value of this variable is `nil', then `read-file-name' does not place any initial input in the minibuffer. In that case, the default directory is still used for completion of relative file names, but is not displayed. For example: ;; Here the minibuffer starts out containing the default directory. (let ((insert-default-directory t)) (read-file-name "The file is ")) ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- The file is ~lewis/manual/-!- ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- ;; Here the minibuffer is empty and only the prompt appears on its line. (let ((insert-default-directory nil)) (read-file-name "The file is ")) ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- The file is -!- ---------- Buffer: Minibuffer ---------- File: elisp, Node: Lisp Symbol Completion, Prev: Reading File Names, Up: Completion Lisp Symbol Completion ---------------------- If you type a part of a symbol, and then type `M-TAB' (`lisp-complete-symbol'), it will attempt to fill in as much more of the symbol name as it can. Not only does this save typing, but it can help you with the name of a symbol that you have partially forgotten. -- Command: lisp-complete-symbol This function performs completion on the symbol name preceding point. The name is completed against the symbols in the global variable `obarray', and characters from the completion are inserted into the buffer, making the name longer. If there is more than one completion, a list of all possible completions is placed in the `*Help*' buffer. The bell rings if there is no possible completion in `obarray'. If an open parenthesis immediately precedes the name, only symbols with function definitions are considered. (By reducing the number of alternatives, this may succeed in completing more characters.) Otherwise, symbols with either a function definition, a value, or at least one property are considered. `lisp-complete-symbol' returns `t' if the symbol had an exact, and unique, match; otherwise, it returns `nil'. In the following example, the user has already inserted `(forwa' into the buffer `foo.el'. The command `lisp-complete-symbol' then completes the name to `(forward-'. ---------- Buffer: foo.el ---------- (forwa-!- ---------- Buffer: foo.el ---------- (lisp-complete-symbol) => nil ---------- Buffer: foo.el ---------- (forward--!- ---------- Buffer: foo.el ---------- File: elisp, Node: Yes-or-No Queries, Next: Minibuffer Misc, Prev: Completion, Up: Minibuffers Yes-or-No Queries ================= This section describes functions used to ask the user a yes-or-no question. The function `y-or-n-p' can be answered with a single character; it is useful for questions where an inadvertent wrong answer will not have serious consequences. `yes-or-no-p' is suitable for more momentous questions, since it requires three or four characters to answer. Strictly speaking, `yes-or-no-p' uses the minibuffer and `y-or-n-p' does not; but it seems best to describe them together. -- Function: y-or-n-p PROMPT This function asks the user a question, expecting input in the echo area. It returns `t' if the user types `y', `nil' if the user types `n'. This function also accepts SPC to mean yes and DEL to mean no. The answer is a single character, with no RET needed to terminate it. Upper and lower case are equivalent. "Asking the question" means printing PROMPT in the echo area, followed by the string `(y or n) '. If the input is not one of the expected answers (`y', `n', `SPC', or `DEL'), the function responds `Please answer y or n.', and repeats the request. This function does not actually use the minibuffer, since it does not allow editing of the answer. It actually uses the echo area (*note The Echo Area::.), which uses the same screen space as the minibuffer. The cursor moves to the echo area while the question is being asked. In the following example, the user first types `q', which is invalid. At the next prompt the user types `n'. (y-or-n-p "Do you need a lift? ") ;; After evaluating the preceding expression, ;; the following prompt appears in the echo area: ---------- Echo area ---------- Do you need a lift? (y or n) ---------- Echo area ---------- ;; If the user then types `q', the following appears: ---------- Echo area ---------- Please answer y or n. Do you need a lift? (y or n) ---------- Echo area ---------- ;; When the user types a valid answer, it is displayed after the question: ---------- Echo area ---------- Do you need a lift? (y or n) y ---------- Echo area ---------- Note that we show successive lines of echo area messages here. Only one will appear on the screen at a time. -- Function: yes-or-no-p PROMPT This function asks the user a question, expecting input in minibuffer. It returns `t' if the user enters `yes', `nil' if the user types `no'. The user must type RET to finalize the response. Upper and lower case are equivalent. `yes-or-no-p' starts by displaying PROMPT in the echo area, followed by `(yes or no) '. The user must type one of the expected responses; otherwise, the function responds `Please answer yes or no.', waits about two seconds and repeats the request. `yes-or-no-p' requires more work from the user than `y-or-n-p' and is appropriate for more crucial decisions. Here is an example: (yes-or-no-p "Do you really want to remove your entire directory? ") ;; After evaluating the preceding expression, ;; the following prompt appears with an empty minibuffer: ---------- Buffer: minibuffer ---------- Do you really want to remove your entire directory? (yes or no) ---------- Buffer: minibuffer ---------- If the user first types `y RET', which is invalid because this function demands the entire word `yes', it responds by displaying these prompts, with a brief pause between them: ---------- Buffer: minibuffer ---------- Please answer yes or no. Do you really want to remove your entire directory? (yes or no) ---------- Buffer: minibuffer ---------- File: elisp, Node: Minibuffer Misc, Prev: Yes-or-No Queries, Up: Minibuffers Minibuffer Miscellany ===================== Some basic minibuffer functions and variables are described in this section. -- Command: exit-minibuffer This function exits the active minibuffer. It is normally bound to keys in minibuffer local keymaps. -- Command: self-insert-and-exit This function exits the active minibuffer after inserting the last character typed on the keyboard (found in `last-command-char'; *note Command Loop Info::.). -- Variable: minibuffer-help-form The current value of this variable is used to rebind `help-form' locally inside the minibuffer (*note Help Functions::.). -- Function: minibuffer-window This function returns the window that is used for the minibuffer. There is one and only one minibuffer window in Emacs 18; this window always exists and cannot be deleted. -- Variable: minibuffer-scroll-window If the value of this variable is non-`nil', it should be a window object. When the function `scroll-other-window' is called in the minibuffer, it will scroll the `minibuffer-scroll-window' window. Finally, some functions and variables deal with recursive minibuffers (*note Recursive Editing::.): -- Function: minibuffer-depth This function returns the current depth of activations of the minibuffer, a nonnegative integer. If no minibuffers are active, it returns zero. -- User Option: enable-recursive-minibuffers If this variable is non-`nil', you can invoke commands (such as `find-file') which use minibuffers even while in the minibuffer window. Such invocation produces a recursive editing level for a new minibuffer. The outer-level minibuffer is invisible while you are editing the inner one. This variable only affects invoking the minibuffer while the minibuffer window is selected. If you switch windows while in the minibuffer, you can always invoke minibuffer commands while some other window is selected. File: elisp, Node: Command Loop, Next: Keymaps, Prev: Minibuffers, Up: Top Command Loop ************ When you run Emacs, it enters the "editor command loop" almost immediately. This loop reads key sequences, executes their definitions, and displays the results. In this chapter, we describe how these things are done, and the subroutines that allow Lisp programs to do them. * Menu: * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. * Keyboard Input:: How your program can read characters from the keyboard. * Quitting:: How `C-g' works. How to catch or defer quitting. * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, and why you usually shouldn't. * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. File: elisp, Node: Command Overview, Next: Defining Commands, Prev: Command Loop, Up: Command Loop Command Loop Overview ===================== The first thing the command loop must do is read a key sequence, which is a sequence of characters that translates into a command. It does this by calling the function `read-key-sequence'. Your Lisp code can also call this function (*note Keyboard Input::.). Lisp programs can also do input at a lower level with `read-char' or discard pending input with `discard-input'. The key sequence is translated into a command through the keymaps of the current buffer. *Note Keymaps::, for information on how this is done. The result should be a keyboard macro or an interactively callable function. If the key is `M-x', then it reads the name of another command, which is used instead. This is done by the command `execute-extended-command' (*note Interactive Call::.). Once the command is read, it must be executed, which includes reading arguments to be given to it. This is done by calling `command-execute' (*note Interactive Call::.). For commands written in Lisp, the `interactive' specification says how to read the arguments. This may use the prefix argument (*note Prefix Command Arguments::.) or may read with prompting in the minibuffer (*note Minibuffers::.). For example, the command `find-file' has an `interactive' specification which says to read a file name using the minibuffer. The command's function body does not use the minibuffer; if you call this command from Lisp code as a function, you must supply the file name string as an ordinary Lisp function argument. If the command is a string (i.e., a keyboard macro) then the function `execute-kbd-macro' is used to execute it. You can call this function yourself (*note Keyboard Macros::.). If a command runs away, typing `C-g' will terminate its execution immediately. This is called "quitting" (*note Quitting::.). File: elisp, Node: Defining Commands, Next: Interactive Call, Prev: Command Overview, Up: Command Loop Defining Commands ================= A Lisp function becomes a command when its body contains, at top level, a form which calls the special form `interactive'. This form does nothing when actually executed, but its presence serves as a flag to indicate that interactive calling is permitted. Its argument controls the reading of arguments for an interactive call. * Menu: * Using Interactive:: General rules for `interactive'. * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments in various ways. * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments.