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- -- - --- --- ------------------------------------------------------------------
- <f1><c000> EXTENDED ST FEATURES <f0>
- by Paranoid / Paranoia
- report by guest speaker from Alive! magazine
- --------------------------------------------------------- - -------- ----------
-
- Once again, it's time for a guest speaker in this issue of Chosneck magazine
- and as you might have guessed, once again, it's Paranoid. Last issue I had a
- closer look at the sense or nonsense of using advanced features in Falcon demos
- such as 14Mb, FPU, accelerators and <link=g28.scr>such</l>.
-
- With a preceding discussion on the DHS BBS about old-school vs. new-school and
- the vivid discussion about whether to use extended ST features in ST demos
- currently going on the DHS BBS, Grey, the man, suggested to me to write about
- this topic.
-
- Of course, there's a very basic question to ask first. We all know the way how
- to tune up a Falcon, but what options exist to power up a standard ST ? What
- can be considered a standard addition - like an FPU or 14Mb for a Falcon which
- it was prepared for - and what is a configuration that is rather unique ?
-
- -> Memory
- The easiest upgrade for almost any ST was a memory upgrade. Any ST could
- work with up to 4Mb easily. But only the Mega ST series had room for 4Mb
- in its banks. In the 520 or 1040, preferred methods were to exchange the
- chips on board, to solder additional chips piggy-back or to add an
- additional memory card, sometimes also directly soldered to the CPU.
- Powering up a 520 or 1040 ST to 4Mb was and is rather uncommon though since
- the board-layout and case is not really good for that. If you want to go
- beyond 4Mb, it's getting a lot harder. The 68000 in the ST has an
- address-bus of 24 bits and can in theory access 16Mb, but the MMU in the ST
- is only suitable for 4Mb. Hence, to go beyond 4Mb you need a few tricks to
- fool the MMU and that means an intelligent RAM-card. It has been achieved
- though but usually, it doesn't offer continuous RAM, resulting in something
- like 4+8Mb.
-
- -> CPU speeders
- When the ST came out, 8 MHz were extremely fast, but pretty soon. 3rd party
- developers found out that it's easy to double the clock.Several accelerators
- offered a 16 MHz CPU and if they were any good, they also offered 16 MHz CPU
- + cache. The reasons are simple. A 16 MHz 68000 is massively slowed down in
- all its operations if it has to wait for the 8 MHz bus in every memory
- access. A cache (16Kb usually) running at 16 MHz can reduce bus-access
- tremendously. The most popular speeder of that kind might have been the
- HBS-series from H&N that, in its final version, was even available in a
- small design suitable for 520 and 1040. Bigger variants often sported an
- FPU 68881 slot as well. There was even a 24 MHz speeder of this kind. If an
- 68000 didn't yield enough power, you could also implant a so called PAK
- (Processor Replacement Kit), bearing an 68020 or an 68030. Some PAKs even
- offered a 2nd level cache and clockrates of 12, 16 or even 25MHz were
- available. Usually, they did not fit in a 1040 case though.
-
- -> FPU
- The ST could be equipped with an FPU, too, the MegaSTE even had a socket for
- an FPU. However, all the original Atari FPU-cards (16 MHz 68881) and several
- 3rd party cards required the MegaBus of the MegaST to connect to. Besides
- that, since the 68000 does not allow direct operation of an FPU, it relies
- on a rather complicated FPU-protocol that required quite some additional
- programming effort. The amount of ST software to use an FPU if present is
- rather small and the documentation of the FPU protocol not very well spread.
-
- -> Graphics
- Naturally, there has to be made a separation between resolution enhancers
- and graphic cards. Most resolution enhancers, like the famous OverScan, did
- not boost the resolution massively but rather gave a little more space on
- the desktop. Resolutions like 384 x 240 in 16 colours were already
- considered maximum values that were achieved by externally triggering and
- timing the Shifter. Problems were of course compatibility and games and
- demos usually couldn't handle these "extended way" of timing on the Shifter.
- Graphic cards were for the pros. They cost a lot and usually required a
- MegaBus interface. But they also allowed resolutions far beyond 640x480 and
- even did up to 24 bit resolution. Of course, even early GEM software failed
- on that and users of graphic cards badly relied on decent drivers and
- cleanly written GEM software.
-
- Funny as it sounds, the MegaSTE is kind of a compromise between all this.It has
- a 16MHz CPU and a 16 Kb 2nd level cache, just like the HBS-series from H&N had.
- The major difference was that the HBS accelerator either couldn't be switched
- down to 8 MHz at all (it only offered a "cache off") or did this hardware-wise
- with a switch while the MegaSTE can be software controlled. It does have an
- FPU-slot, but the hardware-implementation of this is just like in the FPU-cards
- for the MegaST series. Unfortunately, it had neither MegaBus not extended
- resolutions, but VME graphic-cards for the TT could be used with different
- driver software. But then again, the Mega STE did not sell very well and was
- therefore not very well supported with specialized MegaSTE software.
-
- Most Demos on the ST require 1Mb of RAM, a double-density, double-sided
- disk-drive, a colour monitor and the standard CPU. But the ST was also sold as
- a 4Mb machine and accelerators like the HBS-series doubled the CPU-power and
- were easy to install. Why do demos not use these extended features the ST
- offered?
-
- The real question is, don't they already do that ?
- The HBS-series (or the MegaSTE) means a 16MHz CPU plus a cache. This has
- advantages like the gain in processing speed and disadvantages like the loss of
- 100% hardware compatibility with the 520 and 1040 ST as they were sold. Many
- old-school effects rely purely on clockcycle-counting. Meaning, every
- instruction takes a certain nuMber of clockcycles of the processor, a
- rasterline on screen has 512 clockcycles (on the standard 8MHz ST),a screen has
- 312 rasterlines, hence it was possible to completely synchronise everything
- happening during a demo on the execution times of the instructions you use.
- Especially overscan effects work this way. Unfortunately, a 16MHz CPU with a
- cache works differently. Of course, every instruction on a 16MHz 68000 takes
- the same nuMber of clockcycles to perform as on an 8MHz 68000. But, if the
- cache contains all instructions and data to be processed, no bus-access is
- needed and the 16MHz 68000 will be twice as fast as the 8 MHz 68000 - Since the
- screen is still being drawn with a horizontal rate of 15KHz, the 16MHz 68000
- can't achieve the same effects with the same timing on screen than the 8MHz
- 68000 can. However, if the cache needs to be updated, the 16MHz 68000 gets a
- "bus busy"- signal and will halt until this signal is terminated. During this
- time, (part of) the cache is being written to memory and another part is loaded
- again, which takes a - not necessarily a predictable - amount of time.
-
- New-school demos however usually don't rely on clockcycle-counting anymore.
- Tunnels, floor- and ceiling-effects, rotozoomers and 3D effects don't rely on
- synchronisation but intelligent optimisation of the algorithms and code. For
- these effects there's a general rule: The faster the CPU, the better. Usually,
- all these demos on the ST run well on tuned up STs. 16MHz CPU, cache or even
- bigger accelerators - as long as a basic compatibility is given, demos like
- "...do things", "Tut!", "Rumpelkammer" or "Sweety" work fine on an extended ST.
- Basically, any ST demo that works on a Falcon also works on a tuned ST.
-
- Will more memory do any good to achieve even better effects on the ST? Just
- like in the discussion about Falcon demos, the general answer to this is: Not
- really.A screen-buffer on the ST takes 32Kb and if you also need several chunky
- buffers, an 8-bit chunky buffer of 160 x 100 pixels size needs 16Kb. The ST
- usually also plays chipmusic during demos (Replaying a mod requires a lot of
- CPU-time on an ST) that is low in memory usage so a 1Mb ST is relatively well
- equipped for demo code. Of course, it might be less convenient for the coder if
- he has to supply a loader routine to load several graphics/musics/code instead
- of packing them all into memory at once, but I doubt 2Mb would allow effects on
- the ST generally impossible on a 1Mb ST. The only demo on the ST I know that
- really requires 2Mb is "Sweety" by DHS and I rather think this is due to the
- rules of the competition it took part in than to the fact that this demo really
- needs 2Mb fully.
-
- Also, an FPU wouldn't make much of sense in ST demos. First, FPUs are basically
- inaccessible to any 520 and 1040 ST users, which is definitely the majority of
- demo-coders and -viewers. Then, the FPU-protocol is not easy to understand and
- not very well covered in the documentation either. The speed-up of an FPU in an
- ST is only massive when relying heavily on Floating point operations with high
- precision, which is usually not required in demos.
-
- Of course, the potential of a 36MHz PAK3-equipped ST with a graphic card, an
- FPU and 12Mb FastRAM is not mentioned here. Simply because this machine
- reseMbles rather a TT than an ST and, if cleanly written, will also execute TT
- programs.Programming a demo or a game for such a machine would limit the amount
- of viewers/players dramatically to a nuMber very close to zero. Then, the
- question why not to write this in a way so it also runs on the Falcon or TT
- arises. And nobody really benefits from a terribly well designed and coded demo
- that basically no-one can see. This is also a reason why ST-enhancements are so
- seldom used in games or demos.Graphicians put a lot of work into their pictures
- and fonts,musicians do their best to find a suitable tune and coders spend ages
- in finding most efficient algorithms and effects - If all that is done, they
- usually spend another long time on putting together and designing the details.
- No coder, graphician or musician does that in order to make it run on only one
- machine but to have it run on the majority of the machines so everyone is
- invited. And as "Odd Stuff" by Sector One clearly displayed, compatibility in
- demos can be achieved. Odd Stuff is so well written that it ran on any machine
- I tried, yet there's no doubt that it is meant to be an ST demo - from the
- bog-standard 1040 STf up to the TT, it uses the additional CPU power present
- but was designed to look good on the 1040 ST just the same. And I think that
- this is the greatest achievement of this demo.
-
- Atari users usually never spent large sums of money on tuning their machines.
- This is why there are so little accelerators, resolution enhancers, FPU-cards
- and other power-ups available and this is also why all people that hunger for
- more CPU power, bigger resolutions and more memory have already bought a PC a
- long time ago. The Atari community today mainly consists of people that liked
- the ST (or the Falcon) just the way it was and just the way it is. So it's not
- really surprising that most demos do not require enhanced STs but are meant to
- be looking good on the standard ST. After all, anybody is free to code for
- whatever configuration he/she prefers - And the majority of coders obviously
- prefer to code for the standard 8MHz, 1Mb, double-density, double-sided
- disk-drive, non-FPU, colour-monitor ST.
-
-
- The Paranoid for Grey
- for Chosneck Paranoia
- The Lunatic Asylum
-
-
- P.S.: Congratulations to you, Grey, and your wife, on the birth of your 1st son
- I'm sure you're going to be great parents.
-
-
- -- - --- --- ------------------------------------------------------------------
- CHOSNECK team contact us:
- growin' up with atari community greymsb@poczta.fm
- --------------------------------------------------------- - -------- ----------
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