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- NET_11.TXT
- RADIO PATHS
- -----------
-
- Before moving on to discussing backbone link arrangements, we need to touch
- on the important, but oft-times neglected subject of RF links. Quite often
- packet radio paths are just thrown together without performing anything other
- than a "go-no-go" analysis. In squeezing the greatest amount of link coverage,
- paths may end up with marginal performance. As the move to higher data speeds
- is made, one needs to keep in mind the overall goal of reliability. The
- network is no better than the proverbial chain with its weak link. One weak
- radio link will create serious throughput problems and can render ineffective
- an otherwise well engineered system.
-
- At higher data speeds, cases will be found where marginal 1200 baud links are
- unuseable due to the effects of multi-path (signal reflections). Or, by faster
- data rates requiring higher received signal levels than does 1200 baud. As
- amateurs, site selection will be heavily influenced by the kindness of existing
- commercial or municipal site operators. Sometimes this will result in less
- than optimum radio paths. When this occurs, link developers should keep in
- mind possible alternative routes. Perhaps a friendly (non-packet) amateur near
- the planned route would be willing to house a backbone relay node.
-
- Where doubt is raised about the suitability of a radio path, it is possible
- (and desirable) to perform radio path calculations to get an idea of future
- link performance. This process is straightforward. One can calculate the
- line-of-sight radio path margin by adding power and antenna gains. Then the
- path loss is subtracted to find receive signal levels in dB. It's good
- engineering practice to design paths to include a fade margin of 40 dB or
- better. In other words, the received signal level should be at least 40 dB
- greater than the receiver FM threshold.
-
- Once calculations show promise, it's time to make a site survey and to measure
- the link fade margin. This is easily done by receiving a signal from the
- distant site with a calibrated step attenuator between the antenna lead and the
- receiver. Attenuation is increased until the received signal begins to get
- noisy. The amount of attenuation is then read and is the fade margin in dB.
- This procedure should be repeated at the other end. If the fade margin is too
- low, then options include: raising transmitter powers, increasing antenna
- gains/heights, or looking for a better site.
-
- In the process of going through the above steps, detailed topographic maps
- should be consulted to get an indication of path terrain and obstructions.
- With the knowledge gained, NodeOps will have a better insight into the
- reliability of their radio links.
-
- IBM compatible software programs exist for radio site evaluation. The more
- comprehensive ones feature terrain elevation data on floppy or CD-ROM for path
- profiles, intermodulation product analysis, plotter support for 3-D map
- overlays, antenna coverage patterns, as well as point-to-point path loss and
- fade margin calculations. The more sophisticated programs can be quite costly.
-
- Some of the less complex programs are available as shareware. One such program
- is free for radio amateur or non-commercial use. It is called PATHCALC and was
- written by Jon Adams, NW6H. PATHCALC is a menu driven program and even those
- inexperienced with computer operation or radio path calculations should have
- little difficulty in using it. PATHCALC requires the user to know the latitude
- and longitude of the site locations to the nearest minute. Knowledge of site
- elevations in feet is also required. The program also allows the inputting of
- equipment configuration losses and gains, if known.
-