1. Mongol chieftain conquers huge territory

2. Kublai Khan establishes new dynasty in China

3. English monarchy's power is curtailed under Magna Carta

4. Japan survives Mongol threats

5. Much of northern India comes under Muslim control

6. Battling armies take toll on Constantinople

7. Marco Polo reveals wondrous Cathay

8. Mali Empire becomes the strongest in southern Africa

9. Assisi cathedral attracts finest artists in Italy

5. Much of northern India comes under Muslim control

Seizure of much of northern India by the Muslim king Muhammad of Ghor in the late 1100's led to the establishment in 1206 of a sultanate, or Muslim kingdom, in the city of Delhi. Since that time, Muslim influence has increased across northern India. Many Hindu and Buddhist kings in India have lost territory to the sultanate, and they fear the spread of Islam and the loss of more territory.

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