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- INTRODUCTION
-
- I have read through many of the files here on the Crucible
- regarding UFO's and the possible involvement of the United
- States government with the same. Many of the documents (
- such as the statement by John Lear and the Fenwick
- interviews) make a number of claims, but seem to offer
- little data to support those claims. What data is offered
- seems inconclusive to me. With the scarcity of data on one
- hand and a number of claims on the other hand, I am faced
- with a dilemma.
-
- I can reject the arguments put forth by Lear and others
- that the U.S. government is involved with UFO's. To reject
- thes arguments I must dismiss some evidence that is both
- plausible and has no other explanation. I find this option
- undesireable because some of the evidence supports the
- claims of Lear et al and is hard to refute.
-
- My alternative is to accept the claims of U.S. government
- involvement with UFO's. To accept these arguments I must
- accept some statements that have little supporting evidence.
- I find such leaps of faith distasteful.
-
- What other choices do I have? As I see it, I can use an
- existing technique for examining the claims and the evidence
- supporting them. That technique is Bayesian analysis. If
- we convert the Lear statements into hypotheses, we can then
- apply Bayes to the data. This process involves several
- steps.
-
-
- STEP 1
-
- The only requirement for the hypotheses is that they be
- mutually exclusive (one hypothesis can't encompass another)
- and collectively exhaustive (taken together, the hypotheses
- account for all possible explanations).
-
- For example, the basic argument put forward by Lear is
- that the U.S. government has had contact with UFO's since
- the late 1940's and is not telling the truth about its
- involvement. I would break this into several hypotheses:
-
- 1. The U.S. government has had contact with UFO's, is
- providing no accurate information on its activities, and is
- producing disinformation on the subject.
-
- 2. The U.S. government has had contact with UFO's, is
- providing some accurate information on its activities, and
- some disinformation on the subject.
-
- 3. The U.S. government has had contact with UFO's and
- is providing totally accurate information on its activities.
-
- 4. The U.S. government has had no contact with UFO's,
- is providing no accurate information on its activities, and
- producing disinformation on the subject.
-
- 5. The U.S. government has had no contact with UFO's,
- is providing some accurate information on its activities,
- and some disinformation on the subject.
-
- 6. The U.S. government has had no contact with UFO's
- and is providing totally accurate information on its
- activities.
-
- I think these six hypotheses are independent of one
- another (mutually exclusive) and cover the range of
- explanations (collectively exhaustive). Would anyone care
- to add to, modify, or replace these hypotheses?
-
-
- STEP 2
-
- Now that we have some hypotheses, we must make an initial
- assessment of their accuracy. The hypotheses must each be
- assigned a value between zero and one. The sum of the
- values for all of the hyotheses must equal one. [If you
- aren't familiar with Bayes, most textbooks on statistics
- have a section on it.] These values are then used with the
- incoming data.
-
- If you want to work on this yourself, use a columnar
- worksheet (paper) or a spreadsheet (computer). Assign each
- hypothesis on a row of the sheet. In the first column to
- the right of the hypothesis, put your initial value. Set
- aside the next column for your first piece of data.
-
-
- STEP 3
-
- With initial hypotheses in hand, we can now take each
- piece of data and compare it to each hypothesis. We assign
- a value between zero and one to the data for each
- hypothesis. A value of zero for a given piece of data means
- that it absolutely denies a hypothesis. A value of one
- means that it absolutely supports a hypothesis. As you can
- see, very few pieces of data will fit either extreme.
- Instead, most data falls in between. [An example of a "one"
- value piece of data might be the President of the United
- States saying on national television that the U.S.
- government has been in contact with EBE's and that until now
- the government has been lying about it. This would rate a
- 1.0 for Hypothesis 1 above and a zero for Hypothesis 6.]
-
- With six hypotheses, each datum must be evaluated six
- times and assigned six value (once for each hypothesis). On
- your worksheet (spreadsheet) put the value you have chosen
- into the column to the right of the initial value (as
- mentioned in Step 2 above). Multiply the initial value (
- Column 1) by the new value (Column 2) and place the product
- in the next column (Column 3). Add up the numbers in Column
- 3 and put the sum at the bottom of the column. [As you can
- see, a spreadsheet becomes handy very quickly.] Now divide
- each of the numbers in Column 3 by that sum at the bottom of
- the column and place the quotient in Column 4. What you
- should have should look something like this:
-
- Hypotheses Initial Datum Product Revised
- Value One Value
- Hyp 1 0.2 0.4 0.08 0.24
- Hyp 2 0.3 0.5 0.15 0.44
- Hyp 3 0.1 0.2 0.02 0.06
- Hyp 4 0.1 0.3 0.03 0.09
- Hyp 5 0.2 0.1 0.02 0.06
- Hyp 6 0.1 0.4 0.04 0.12
- ___ ____ ____
- SUM 1.0 0.34 1.01*
-
- * [Note round-off error. This sum should also equal 1.0]
-
- This process can be continued for each new piece of data,
- using the revised product of the previous datum as the
- starting value for the next datum.
-
-
- SUMMARY
-
- I have participated in and led group problem-solving
- efforts with these techniques. Bayesian analysis is
- particularly useful for this type of problem. I can set up
- this sort of spreadsheet in either Lotus 1-2-3 (.WKS) or
- Microsoft format (SYLK). I think Tom will welcome this sort
- of exchange on the Crucible. Let me know if you are
- interested in helping.
-
- I think this approach has considerable merit for the type
- of problems that are presented by the Lear/Krill/Fenwick
- statements. I welcome any individual or group efforts to
- isolate and evaluate the data available. Without the sort
- of approach I have described, I believe no serious
- assessment and cooperation is possible. Ufology will
- continue to spin its wheels with inconclusive data and
- unproveable theories.
-
- - Bill Badger
- 26 Feb 89
-