Before we get into that, here is what MapMaker isn't... it's not an atlas, it's not a professional cartography package, and it's }
{\f1\i\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 not}
{\f1\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 a word processor. What it }
{\f1\i\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 is}
{\f1\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 is a fairly sophisticated way of visualizing lines drawn on a plane. It is called MapMaker, because, for all intents and purposes, drawing lines on a plane and visualizing them in different ways is essentially mapmaking.\
{\f1\b\fs36\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 Using MapMaker:}
{\f1\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 \
MapMaker, despite being a fairly simple application, contains many controls and performs a lot of different functions on data. Don't despair! If it doesn't seem to work, it's probably because you're fundamentally unintelligent and don't know how to use a computer. Or, more likely, we haven't implemented that function correctly. In any case, the main areas of interaction in MapMaker include the input window, the output window, the main menu, and various panels and windows available from the main menu.\
{\f1\b\i\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 The Input Window :\
{\f1\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 This is one of the automatically-opening windows that appear (fancy that) automatically, and is named (appropriately enough) "Input Window". If, however, for some reason, you have closed the input window, or it is hidden under five or six frameMaker windows or other screen garbage, simply select in the main menu, under the "Input" submenu, the "window" item. In fact, all of the functions associated with the input can be found under the "Input" submenu. The "Input" submenu functions are listed here, along with a brief description of what each one does.\
Window : Calls the input window to the front of the screen.\
Clear: Clears the input window, i.e. all the points defined on the input area.\
Open: Read a .map file into the input window.\
Save: Save a .map file to the file system.\
Set Grid<Off/On> Turns input grid off or on, depending on what it says.\
Close: Closes the input window. Same effect as clicking the close box.\
In addition to these functions, there are functions built into the window, to allow you to specify line segments, and give you ways to change what you have specified. To begin drawing on the input window, simply click the left mouse button down inside the drawing area, the portion of the window backed in white. An astute observer might notice that nothing has happened. This is because there now exists only one point. This astute observer might also be well-educated enough to know that it takes at least two points to define a line segment. Another simple click is enough to define your basic line segment, or, if you wish, click down on the mouse and drag a line segment around dynamically to see where the line will land when you release the mouse button. This outlines the simplest of all drawing functions, point placement. Notice while you are dragging the mouse around that the numers under the longtitude and latitude labels change to match the position of the mouse. This allows one to position the mouse with a fair degree of accuracy when positioning geographical data. Notice also within the same box, a "Pen" label, and below it, either the string "Up" or "Down". This, quite obviously, tells you whether your pen is up or down. By default, the pen is down. To change the pen to "Up", simply hold down the alternate key. When you plant a point with the pen up, the next point that you plant will be disconnected from it. In this way, many disconnected objects, usually representing land masses in a mapmaking context, can be drawn.\
You may have noticed during all this clicking and dragging, the other member of the box containing the latitude, longtitude, and pen fields, entitled "Mode:". This one indicates what mode you are drawing in. The default state is "Waiting" because all you can do in this state is drop points and wait for something exciting to happen. If you hold down the shift key, you will notice that the Mode changes to "Deleting". In the Deleting mode, you can move the mouse around and click to delete any point which becomes highlighted with a circle when you approach it. Holding down the Command key works in much the same way to enable you to move points (Mode: Moving) except that to move points, you click down within the selection circle, drag to the new position, and release. Finally, to insert points, hold down the Conrol key. When you approach points in your figure, you will notice again that the selection circle appears. In insertion mode, however, you can drag the selection circle around within the distance defined by it's own radius, to indicate which of the adjacent line segments you wish to insert a point into. Once you click down on the mouse button, you may move the inserted point to your desired location, and drop it there, by releasing the mouse button. Once again, if you also have the "alternate" key depressed when you release the mouse button, you will insert a "pen up" point.\
The following is a list of the special drawing keys and their functions:\
Command: Move point.\
Shift: Delete point.\
Control: Insert point.\
Alternate: Dictate pen up, pen down choice.\
Default Behavior: Add point to end of list.\
In addition to all of the above information about the input window, there is yet one more thing to know: to finally render what you have drawn to the output window, simply press the large "Map It" button on the lower-left-hand corner of the input window.\
{\f1\b\i\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 The Output Window :\
{\f1\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 The output window is that other window that pops up when you run MapMaker, and it can be opened and closed using the "Output" submenu items that are similar to the "Input" submenu items. The "Grid <Off/On>" works in the same way, save that it applies to the ouput window. The only thing different in the "Output" submenu is an additional item labeled "Print" which, obviously, prints whatever happens to be in the output window. (In fact, it calls up a Print panel before it does so, but if this is all you wish to do, simply click on the "Print" button in the Print panel which comes up.) All of the other controls relating to output are contained on the output window itself. (This is not strictly true; some of the main menu items also relate, in an oblique way, to the output window. But we get to that later.)\
On the lower left of the output window, there are five large buttons in a box labeled "Movement", which control the movement of the figure in the output area. The small buttons at each end of the Movement box allow one to advance or retreat the animation by the number of degrees found in the "Step Size" field to the right of the movement box. The large buttons right next to these end buttons are the animation controls. The one on the left animates the current figure backward in steps given by the "Step Size" field, and the one on the right does the same thing forward. The Stop button in between them halts the animation. The other fields found to the right of the Movement box dictate various parameters of the projection, namely the elevation of viewing (also settable via the scroll bar to the right of the output area), the scale of the projection, and the current Rotation value. To the right of }
{\f1\i\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 these}
{\f1\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 fields is one more text field and a slider, both of which dictate the rate of rotation when animating.\
{\f1\b\i\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 The Main Menu :\
{\f1\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 \
Of the main menu so far we have spoken little. We have explained the Input and Output submenus, and have deferred the rest until now. NeXT standard items in the menu such as Edit, Info, Hide, and Quit are pretty self-explanatory, but if you wish to know more, we refer you to the NeXT Users manual. \
The Help Item you know about if you are reading this, but in case you have an exceedingly poor memory, selecting the help menu item brings you this document. The Projection item calls up a panel which allows you to select the format of your output. These projections are described in the second section of this document, personally I think Orthographic is the best. The Fractalization item calls up another panel, which allows you to specify whether you want your output fractalized, and with what parameters. To one who knows what fractalization is, this panel is possibly valuable. To those of you who don't, fiddle with it and see what happens.\
{\f1\b\fs36\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 Information about the Map Projections:\
{\f1\fs20\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 ( extracted from --Snyder, John Parr, Map Projections used by the U.S. Geological Survey, Second Edition, 1984 QE75.B9 Bulletin No. 1532)\
{\f1\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 This is the best known perspective azimuthal projection. However, it is the least useful for cartographic measurements. Although it's distortion in shape and and area near the edges is quite severe, the eye is willing to forgive this distortion because the Orthographic projection makes the map look very much like a globe appears, especially in an oblique view.\
It's early name was "anamemma", a name used by Greek astromomer Claudius Ptolemy (A.D. 150), and was later renamed "orthographic" in 1613 by Francois d'Aiguillon of Antwerp.\
The point of perspective for this projection is at infinity. All meridians and parallels are shown as ellipses, circles, or straight lines.\
{\f1\b\i\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 Eckert IV Projection:\
{\f1\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 The Eckert IV projections is one example of an equal-area projection. The parallels are straight, parallel lines, and the meridians are curved concave toward the central meridian. The Eckert IV projection is mathematically based on a cylinder tangent at the equator. Poles are represented as straight lines. Distortion of shape is extreme at high latitudes.\
{\f1\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 This is the first projection still used for scientific mapping of the sphere. The Sinusoidal projection, used for world maps as well as maps of continents and other regions, has been given many names after various presumed originators, but is commonly known as "sinusoidal". Among the first to show the Sinusoidal projection was Jean Cossin of Dieppe, in 1570.\
Meridians are sinusoidal curves, curved concave toward a straight central meridian. All parallels are straight, paralllel lines. Meridian spacing is equal and decreases toward the poles. The graticule spacing ensures that areas are preserved. The Sinusoidal projection is commonly used as an equal-area projection to portray areas that have a maximum extent in a north-south direction. Interrupted versions, having several central meridians are popular.\
{\f1\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 The Mercator projection is one of the most well known of all projections. It was first presented formally by Gerhardus Mercator in 1569 on a large world map of 21 sheets. He is credited for, among other things, being the first to use the term "atlas" to describe a collection of maps in a volume. \
To the world his name is identified with his projection which was developed specifically to aid navigation. \
In the Mercator projection both the meridians and parallels are straight and parallel. Meridian spacing is equal, and the parallel spacing increases away from the equator. The graticule spacing retains the property of conformality. The meridians and parallels intersect at right angles. Linear scale is true along the equator only, or along two parallels equidistant from the equator. Any straight line is a constant-azimuth (rhumb) line. Areal distortion is extreme away from the equator; poles cannot be represented. Shape is true only within a small area.\
The use of the Mercator projection as the base for nautical charts is universal.\
{\f1\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 The Stereographic projection was apparantly first used by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus (2nd Century, B.C.). The name "Stereographic" was assigned by Francois d'Aiguillon in 1613. The polar stereographic was used exclusively for star maps until around 1507, when its use changed to mapping the world as made by Walther Ludd.\
Like the Orthographic, the Stereographic projection is a true perspective. It is the only true perspective projection that is also conformal. Its point of projection is on the surface of the sphere at a point just opposite the point of tangency of the plane or the center point of the projection.\
The oblique aspect of the Stereographic projection has recently been used for maps of the Moon, Mars, and Mercury. It's most common and official use is in mapping the Antarctica. \
{\f1\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 Devised in 1805, the Mollweide projection shows the world inside an ellipse. The Mollweide preserves area. Like the Eckert projection the the parallels are straight, parallel lines, and the meridians are curved concave toward the central meridian. The Mollweide projection is mathematically based on a cylinder tangent at the equator. Poles are represented as points. Distortion of shape is extreme at high latitudes.\
The Mollweide is commonly seen in atlases in an interrupted form with 3 central meridians on world below the equator. It is commonly used to graphically compare the areas of political regions.\
{\f1\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 The Cylindrical projection given is the Equidistant Cylindrical projection which originated with Eratosthenes (275? - 195? B.C.). It is the simplest of all map projections to construct and probably one of the oldest. Claudius Ptolemy credited Marinus Tyre to having invented it in about 100 A.D. If the Equator is made the standard parallel, true to scale and distortion free, the meridians are spaced at the same distances as the parallels, and graticule appears square. \
The Equidistant Cylindrical projection is commonly used for index maps.\
{\f1\b\fs36\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 Licence Agreement:\
{\f1\fs28\fi0\li0\ql\gray0 \
By using this program the user, herinafter referred to as the party of the first part agrees to supply one (1) firsborn child to one (1) or both (both) of Bradley Head and Thomas Burkholder, hereinafter known as party of the second part. In addition and as a one-time-only startup fee, the party of the first part agrees also to pay one (1) arm and one (1) leg to the party of the second part. No other bodily parts will be accepted in payment by the party of the second part. In addition, the party of the first part agrees to pay the arm and the leg of a second-born child, if any, or, failing that, an Accura NSX and a Ford Mustang to the party of the second part for each and every copy made of the item in question. The party of the first part agrees not to violate the rights of the party of the second part by copying the look and feel of the item in question or indeed using the words "MapMaker" other than as a jest. And lastly the party of the second part, hereinafter known as Bradley Head and Thomas Burkholder wish you good luck using this application (you'll need it) and "Have a nice day". Oh, and if you want to copy or distribute this program, go ahead so long as you don't charge anything. If you modify the code into something that is actually useful, please charge a reasonable price.}
(.txt)