2=Factfile 1, Page 2 (Rise of Japan as a Military Power: Meiji Restoration and the Winds of Change)
3=Factfile 1, Page 3 (Rise of Japan as a Military Power: Meiji Restoration and the Winds of Change)
4=Factfile 1, Page 4 (International Relations prior to the World War II: Japan's Relations with the United States and Britain)
5=Factfile 1, Page 5 (International Events that shaped the Rise of Japanese Militarism: The Great Depression and the appearance of a Nationalist Government in China)
6=Factfile 1, Page 6 (International Events that shaped the Rise of Japanese Militarism: The Great Depression and the appearance of a Nationalist Government in China)
7=Factfile 1, Page 7 (The Beginning of the Pacific War: The China Campaign)
8=Factfile 1, Page 8 (The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere)
9=Factfile 1, Page 9 (The Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere)
10=Isolationist Japan saw the persecutions of followers and missionaries of western religions such as Christianity.
11=Commodore Perry's modern fleet cowed Japan into opening up its economy which resulted in the downfall of the shogunate.
12=The Meiji Restoration saw the ascension of Emperor Meiji who ushered an era of westernization.
13=The Meiji Restoration saw the introduction of a modern style of government which embarked on a programme of the modernization of Japan.
14=Modernization brought sweeping changes such as steam engines for ships and trains which increased communications within and outside of Japan.
15=Japan became the first Asian power to defeat a western power in modern times during the Russo-Japanese War of 1905.
16=A 1905 propaganda depicting Japanese supremacy over the Russians.
17=Painting of Emperor Meiji presenting standards (flags) to units departing for the Russo-Japanese war.
18=The Japanese battle fleet at Tsushima heading towards confrontation with the Russian fleet.
19=Admiral Heihachiro Togo leading a victory parade after the Russo-Japanese War.
20=Map illustrating the extent of Japanese influence in East and Southeast Asia (1942).
21=The American destroyer Shaw exploding after a direct hit by Japanese planes bombing Pearl Harbor, Dec 7, 1941.
22=A launch rushes to rescue survivors of USS West Virginia as the big battleship burns and settles to Pearl Harbor.
23=The flagship of the US Pacific Fleet, USS Pennsylvania miraculously escapes damage unlike the two destroyers in the foreground.
24=The US was irrevocably drawn into WWII after the Pearl Harbor. "Remember Pearl Harbor" was its battlecry.
25=Another picture of rescue crews at USS West Virgina, Pearl Harbor 1941.
26=A print of the Japanese surprise air attack on Pearl Harbor. The 94 US Navy vessels moored at Pearl Harbor presented a perfect target that Sunday morning.
27=USS Arizona sinks, Dec 7, 1941
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28=Factfile 2,Page 1 (Pre-War Singapore)
29=Factfile 2,Page 2 (Pre-War Singapore)
30=Factfile 2,Page 3 (Understanding the Anti-Japanese Feelings of the Chinese)
31=Factfile 2,Page 4 (Anti-Japanese Mobilization in Singapore Contributions to War Funds)
32=Factfile 2,Page 5 (Anti-Japanese Mobilization in Singapore Contributions to War Funds)
33=Factfile 2,Page 6 (Boycott of Japanese Goods)
34=Factfile 2,Page 7 (Organization of Conferences, Establishment of Associations and Co-ordination of Anti-Japanese Activities)
35=Factfile 2,Page 8 (Organization of Conferences, Establishment of Associations and Co-ordination of Anti-Japanese Activities)
36=Factfile 2,Page 9 (General Political Attitudes before World War II)
37=Factfile 2,Page 10 (Anti-Japanese Activities and its Effects on the Local Japanese Community)
38=Factfile 2,Page 11 (Anti-Japanese Activities and its Effects on the Local Japanese Community)
39=Factfile 2,Page 12 (Defence Arrangements)
40=Factfile 2,Page 13 (Defence Arrangements)
41=Factfile 2,Page 14 (Defence Arrangements)
42=Factfile 2,Page 15 (Defence Arrangements)
43=Factfile 2,Page 16 (Defence Arrangements)
44=Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
45=Chinese immigrants came in droves to the South Seas in search of a livelihood. A majority of them found work as coolies in the docks.
46=Dr. Sun Yat Sen (centre) with Chinese nationalists in Singapore.
47=Dr. Sun Yat Sen (centre) with Chinese nationalists outside the present-day Sun Yat Sen Villa.
48=The local Malayan Communist Party outside their Headquarters in Queen Street (1930s). Members of the Malayan Communist Party later swelled the ranks of the Malayan People Anti-Japanese Army during the Occupation.
49=Chinese immigrants came in droves to the South Seas in search of a livelihood. A majority of them found work as coolies in the docks.
50=Singapore proved to be a land of opportunity for the more enterprising Chinese migrants.
51="Help Britain and you help China": A British attempt to tap Chinese nationalist sentiments in their war against the Axis powers (1940).
52=Tan Kah Kee, the leading figure in anti-Japanese activities.
53=Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce, where many of the anti-Japanese activities were planned.
54=Chinese students selling paper flowers to raise funds for the Chinese war campaign.
55=Women entertainers also contributed to the fund-raising efforts by forming their flower parties.
56=A picture showing a flower party comprising youths at Queen Street.
57=Liberty Bonds issued by the Chinese Ministry of Finance to raise funds from the overseas Chinese in aid of China's war efforts.
58=Liberty Bonds issued by the Chinese Ministry of Finance to raise funds from the overseas Chinese in aid of China's war efforts.
59=Liberty Bonds issued by the Chinese Ministry of Finance to raise funds from the overseas Chinese in aid of China's war efforts.
60=Liberty Bonds issued by the Chinese Ministry of Finance to raise funds from the overseas Chinese in aid of China's war efforts.
61=A "Compatriot Pledge" handkerchief outlining points such as anti-Japanese sentiments and espousing frugality in aid of fund raising were distributed to supporters of the Singapore China Relief Fund.
62=Artist Xu Bei Hong's famous "Put down your whip" painting (circa 1939).
63=The South Seas China Relief Fund Federation was formed on Oct 10, 1938 at the Chinese High School.
64=The South Seas China Relief Fund Federation was chaired by Tjhung Sie Jan (Indonesia), Chin Chan Boey (Malaya), Tan Kah Kee (Singapore), Ong Chuan Seng (Philippines), Tan Saw Chi (Vietnam).
65=The Chinese government requested volunteer drivers and mechanics to work on the Yunnan-Burma Highway. Local Chinese also volunteered and many faced enemy attacks as well as hunger.
66=An aerial view of the Yunnan-Burma Highway which was used to transport supplies to Chungking, the wartime capital of China.
67=Souvenir picture on New Year's Day in front of the company house in 1942.
68=Funeral for Yoshio Nishimura on Dec 6, 1935.
69=Main building of the Japanese Club (circa 1930). The Japanese Association was also housed there (circa 1930).
70=In Nov 1941, about four hundred and fifty Japanese civilians were repatriated from Singapore.
71=Indian reinforcements arriving in Singapore.
72=Australian reinforcements arriving in Singapore.
73=Indian reinforcements arriving in Singapore.
74=King George VI dock at the Naval Base in Sembawang.
75=Another view of the King George VI dock.
76=Volunteers registering for the Royal Medical Corps, Royal Army Service Corps, Air Raid Precaution and the Malay Regiment.
77=Volunteers observing a fire-fighting demonstration.
78=Anti-aircraft "Ack ack" gun at Selarang Barracks in Changi.
79=Present-day picture of a WWII concrete machine-gun pillbox along Pasir Panjang Rd.
80=Searchlights were used to scan the night skies for approaching enemy planes, c. 1941.
81=Large quantities of barbwire were used as part of Singapore's defence infrastructure.
82=Soldiers of the Manchester Regiment built up the beach defence to make amphibious operations difficult,
83=View of King George VI Dock.
84=The Queen Mary moored in the King George VI Dock, August 1940.
85=Production of weapons at the Naval Base Foundry, September 1941.
86=Locals using hand tools to dig trenches in the central city area as part of Singapore's defence.
87=The assembling of newly arrived British planes in preparation for war.
88=The Manchester Regiment and Gurkhas training in the jungles of Malaya.
89=Billboard advertisement appealing to able-bodied men to join the Singapore Volunteer Corps, Oct 1941.
90=The smart ranks of the Singapore Volunteer Corps.
91=The Malay Regiment was a regular force formed in Malaya in 1933. Picture shows men of the regiment practicing the motar drill.
92=Men of the Malay Regiment undergoing a bayonet drill.
93=Arrival of the H.M.S. Prince of Wales in Singapore on Dec 2, 1941.
94=The H.M.S. Repulse arriving in Singapore on Dec 2, 1941.
95=Volunteers registering for the Royal Army Medical Corps, Royal Army Service Corps and the Malay Regiment.
96=A fancy-dress ball held at the Clifford Pier epitomizes the relaxed attitude of the British population in Singapore towards the impending war.
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97=Factfile 3, Page 1 (The Seventy-day Malayan Campaign- The Target)
98=Factfile 3, Page 2 (The Seventy-day Malayan Campaign- The Target)
99=Factfile 3, Page 3 (The Inexorable March Down Malaya)
100=Factfile 3, Page 4 (The Inexorable March Down Malaya)
101=Factfile 3, Page 5 (Crippled British Air and Sea Defences)
102=Factfile 3, Page 6 (Crippled British Air and Sea Defences)
103=Factfile 3, Page 7 (The Road to Singapore)
104=Factfile 3, Page 8 (The Seven-day Battle for Singapore: Preparations for War)
105=Factfile 3, Page 9 (The Seven-day Battle for Singapore: Preparations for War)
106=Factfile 3, Page 10 (The Attack)
107=Factfile 3, Page 11 (The Attack)
108=Factfile 3, Page 12 (The Attack)
109=Factfile 3, Page 13 (The Attack)
110=Factfile 3, Page 14 (The Surrender)
111=Factfile 3, Page 15 (The Agony of Defeat)
112=Factfile 3, Page 16 (The Agony of Defeat)
113=The British Command made use of prominent Chinese such as Tan Kah Kee to mobilize locals for Singapore's defence efforts in the later days of the Malayan campaign.
114=Chinese students selling flowers to raise funds for the anti-aggression movement.
115=In the very early hours of Dec 8 1941, Japanese transports packed with troops approached the coastline of Kota Bahru.
116=Japanese troops landed at Kota Bahru.
117=Commander of the 25th Army of Japanese Imperial Forces, Lt. Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita.
118=British forces trekking through the Malayan jungles to take up their defence posts.
119=Reinforcements from India arrive in Singapore
120=Armed with a lack of understanding of the foe he is about to face, this Australian soldier characterizes the high spirits of the British defenders at the start of the war.
121=Japanese forces employed strategic coastal hooks to outflank the British defenders by landing behind their defence lines, Dec 10, 1942.
122=While British defenders retreated behind a trail of demolished bridges, Japanese engineers industriously repaired them to allow the rest of the Japanese army to advance further into British territory.
123=Japanese troops and transports awaiting the signal to resume their inexorable march down the Malay Peninsula.
124=Heavy artillery advanced as rapidly as the infantry in order to shell the enemy into submission.
125=British air defence consisted of technologically inferior planes such as the Brewster Buffaloes, and Bleinheim Bombers.
126=RAAF Brewster Buffaloes of No. 453 Squadron in Singapore.
127=A British soldier stands proudly in front of his Brewster Buffalo at Kluang Airfield in Malaya.
128=The arrival of the state-of-the-art H.M.S Prince of Wales further inflated the confidence of the locals and the British troops
129=Cruising alongside the HMS Prince of Wales was the venerable yet still effective HMS Repulse
130=With a complete lack of air support, the hapless HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse were bombarded by torpedoes off Kuantan. They were sunk within an hour of contact with the Japanese.
131=The crew of the HMS Prince of Wales abandoning the ship as it sank. The fleet commander, Admiral Tom Phillips, went down with the ship.
132=This painting from the Cheong Yew Kee collection, graphically depicted the devastating efficiency of the Japanese planes against the British warships.
133=Meanwhile, the land battle continues. An Australian anti-tank unit covers a roadblock of felled trees, and destroy the Japanese tanks before they get across.
134=Wrecked Japanese tanks burning on the road.
135=Japanese soldiers lying dead next to their destroyed tank.
136=More burning wrecks after ambushes set up by the retreating British forces.
137=Retreating south, Royal Engineers preparing to blow up a bridge to hamper the pursuing Japanese.
138=The Naval Base in Sembawang was sabotaged by the retreating British to prevent the Japanese forces from using it. The smoke from its destruction and the gap in the Causeway were clearly visible from Johore.
139=The Causeway was partially blown up by the retreating British defenders. However, the Japanese easily forded this obstacle after repairs were done by the efficient Japanese engineer corps.
140=Lt Gen. Arthur E. Percival, G.O.C British Forces in Malaya.
141=Barb wire obstacles were hastily constructed by the British Command to delay and impede the Japanese landings.
142=Firefighters try to extinguish the fire after the bombing runs by the Japanese planes.
143=The Japanese soldiers entering Singapore in the final pursuit of the British forces.
144=Chinatown bombed and in ruins. The original OCBC building can be seen in the background
145=An old lady crying over the death of her grandchild after a bombing raid on Chinatown.
146=Australian 27th Brigade anti-tank gunners guarded the Causeway prior to the Japanese invasion of Singapore.
147=A detachment of the invading Japanese troops landing in the northeast coast of Singapore
148=Japanese military vehicles crossing an improvized bridge built across the gap in the Causeway
149=Japanese troops advancing up the slopes of Bukit Timah for their assault on the last defence position of the British forces.
150=Locals were only mobilized at the very last minute. These included the Singapore Volunteer Corps (above) and the Dalforce amongst others
151=The Malay Regiment fought a heroic battle at Pasir Panjang Ridge but were annihilated by the Japanese.
152=Finally realizing that the Malayan Campaign is not going well for the British, expatriates and wealthier locals try desperately to evacuate from Singapore.
153=Women and children embarking ships that will transport them to India or Australia.
154=The Japanese infantry creeping behind a tank in the outskirts of Singapore.
155=A Japanese soldier surveys the battle for Singapore from a hill outside the city.
156=Houses and shops were destroyed by the Japanese air raids
157=The British marching towards the Ford Motor Factory for the surrender ceremony.
158=The British commanders marching to Ford Motor Factory off Upper Bukit Timah Road.
159=The British Command under Lt. Gen. Percival formally surrendering to Lt. Gen. Yamashita of the 3rd Army.
160=The much taller British soldiers surrendered to the Japanese soldiers who were objects of their ridicule prior to the actual military engagements.
161=The surrendering British forces.
162=A Syonan Shimbun pictorial review of the last days of the Battle for Singapore.
163=A lone figure walking along the beach near Keppel Harbour on the morning after Singapore fell, Feb 16 1942
164=Japanese tanks in a victory parade outside the City Hall.
165=Under heavy Japanese shelling from the Johore shore, British forces failed to hold the line. By dawn of February 9, the Japanese occupied the northwest shore of Singapore and pushed inland.
167=Japanese soldiers celebrating the British Surrender which signalled the end of a tough campaign
166=When the Jurong Line and Bukit Panjang Village fell on February 10, the British set alight the petrol depot behind Bukit Timah Village. It burned for 48 hours.
168=Japanese troops in a victory parade celebrating the successful Malayan Campaign
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169=Factfile 4, Page 1 (The Japanese Occupation: The Rule of Fear and Terror)
170=Factfile 4, Page 2 (Sook Ching)
171=Factfile 4, Page 3 (Sook Ching)
172=Factfile 4, Page 4 (The Sook Ching Sites and the Order to Report)
173=Factfile 4, Page 5 (The Sook Ching Sites and the Order to Report)
174=Factfile 4, Page 6 (The Sook Ching Sites and the Order to Report)
175=Factfile 4, Page 7 (Sook Ching- Criteria to be on the Death List)
176=Factfile 4, Page 8 (Sook Ching- Criteria to be on the Death List)
177=Factfile 4, Page 9 (Sook Ching- Criteria to be on the Death List)
178=Factfile 4, Page 10 (Sook Ching- Criteria to be on the Death List)
179=Factfile 4, Page 11 (Sook Ching- Criteria to be on the Death List)
180=The defeated defence force were herded together to await judgement by their conqueror.
181=Chinese men, women and children were also herded together by the Japanese troops to await their fate.
182=Summary justice was arbitrarily meted out to innocent Chinese who were accused of being part of the anti-Japanese resistance. These people often paid with their lives.
183=Other Chinese were lucky and were merely beaten. Here, two Chinese ladies were beaten for having sold fruits to British prisoners.
184=Mass-screening centre at Upper Cross Street.
185=For the unfortunate ones who were "identified", the fate was often death. This group was massacred en masse in remote areas such as Changi and Punggol. At the War Crime Trial in 1947, the Japanese defendants admitted to killing some 5,000 Chinese civilians. The figures quoted by local sources are closer to 50,000.
186=The Kempeitai or the military police were the new law enforcer of Syonan. The mention of the word "kempeitai" struck fears in the hearts of the locals during the Japanese Occupation.
187=Artist Ma Jing's watercolour painting depicting the mass-screening (sook ching) at New Bridge Road.
188=The YMCA at Stamford Rd was the Kempeitai East District Branch.
189=The Central Police Station was under another Kempeitai branch.
190=The Kempeitai West District Branch was in a private residence in Smith Street.
191=The mass-screening centre at Tanjong Pagar.
192=Mass-screening centre at North Bridge Road.
193=Various tools of intimidation were employed at the mass-screening centres. In this picture, a tank had a machine gun focussing on the assembled Chinese.
194="Jian" (examined) was stamped on any article such as a Certificate of Registration as shown above.
195=The Japanese officers did not adopt any standard procedure when conducting mass-screenings. The more fortunate ones escaped with a "jian" (examined) chop on pieces of paper, clothing or parts of their body.
196=A close-up of the chop that meant a life saved, and escape from the horrendous mass-screening
197=Identification of anti-Japanese elements was left entirely in the hands of the Japanese officers in command at mass-screening centres. Hooded informers were used in some centres to identify those suspected of being anti-Japanese.
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198=Factfile 5, Page 1 (The Plight of the Prisoners of War-Japanese Treatment of the POWs)
204=Factfile 5, Page 7 (Double-Tenth Incident, 10th October 1943)
205=Factfile 5, Page 8 (Double-Tenth Incident, 10th October 1943)
206=Factfile 5, Page 9 (The British Return and Emancipation)
207=A Japanese soldier guarding a six-inch gun at the Singapore docks. This picture was taken without his knowledge by a British prisoner.
208=The POWs placed in various work teams, such as those working on the Death Railway, were susceptible to all sorts of diseases including tropical ulcers.
209=POWs were put on work teams to clean up the war debris in Syonan-To.
210=The Changi Prison was originally built to hold a maximum of 600 convicts but eventually packed in over 3,000 POWs.
211=POWs at Selarang Barracks were split up into code-named groups for work on the Death Railway. In this photograph, a truckload of F Force men leave Selarang Barracks for the Burma Railway.
212=The unveiling of the Chureito at Bukit Batok. The Chureito was built in part by POWs.
213=The Japanese commanders acceded to British POWs' request to build a commemorative monument for the British war dead.
214=Section of the Burma-Thailand railway showing cutting how it was constructed by POWs cutting through solid rock, which rises hundreds of feet above Kwandi River.
215=The interior of a typical 100-metre attap-roof hut in a construction camp on the Burma-Thailand Railway.
216=The will-power and determination of the POWs were not broken. Instead they utilized their creative spirit to document their experiences in the form of sketches and drawings.This one describes the jubilation felt by the POWs at the end of the war.
217=Conditions were tough and food shortages were rampant.This sketch shows POWs queuing up for their meagre rations.
218=In addition to entertainment and sports, the POWs also briefly organized a "University of Changi" where classes on various subjects including Egyptology, Mathematics, History and Languages were taught.
219=In addition to entertainment and sports, the POWs also briefly organized a "University of Changi" where classes on various subjects including Egyptology, Mathematics, History and Languages were taught.
220=In addition to entertainment and sports, the POWs also briefly organized a "University of Changi" where classes on various subjects including Egyptology, Mathematics, History and Languages were taught.
221=In addition to entertainment and sports, the POWs also briefly organized a "University of Changi" where classes on various subjects including Egyptology, Mathematics, History and Languages were taught.
222=The POWs maintained a positive outlook on life. They often staged plays and musicals to normalize their incarcerated life.
223=The POWs maintained a positive outlook on life. They often staged plays and musicals to normalize their incarcerated life.
224=The POWs maintained a positive outlook on life. They often staged plays and musicals to normalize their incarcerated life.
225=The POWs maintained a positive outlook on life. They often staged plays and musicals to normalize their incarcerated life.
226=The POWs maintained a positive outlook on life. They often staged plays and musicals to normalize their incarcerated life.
227=The POWs maintained a positive outlook on life. They often staged plays and musicals to normalize their incarcerated life.
228=The POWs maintained a positive outlook on life. They often staged plays and musicals to normalize their incarcerated life.
229=The POWs maintained a positive outlook on life. They often staged plays and musicals to normalize their incarcerated life.
230=The POWs maintained a positive outlook on life. They often staged plays and musicals to normalize their incarcerated life.
231=The POWs maintained a positive outlook on life. They often staged plays and musicals to normalize their incarcerated life.
232=The POWs also organized sporting events such as boxing bouts in Changi Prison.
233=A humourous sketch of the Leader of the changkol and wood hauling gangs, who assumed duty from May 1945.
234=Three "fit" men at Shimo Sonkurai No. 1 camp.
235=The POWs working in the tropical jungle were ill-equipped to resist tropical diseases such as cholera and malaria without proper medication and nutrition. This sketch shows a man dying of cholera in Siam (1943).
236=Ronald Searle's sketch of POWs working on the Death Railway captures the fatigue and sense of helplessness the POWs experienced in the attack of insects that nearly drove them mad.
237=POWs faced similar acts of torture that civilians (who were suspected of being anti-Japanese) were subjected to, such as the water torture.
238=Fire torture was another commonly used method of torture.
239=These Sikh POWs, along with others, who refused to transfer their loyalty to the Japanese, were summarily executed.
240="Staring death in the face" - Sikh POWs were executed by firing squad.
241=The Japanese soldiers made sure that the Sikh POWs were dead.
242=POWs were subjected to congested, unhygienic sleeping conditions at Selarang Barracks and all other POW camps.
243=The makeshift hospital during the Selarang Barracks Square Incident housed the wounded, including people recovering from amputations and bullet wounds.
244=The Selarang Barracks Square Incident - the Japanese military crammed over 15,000 POWs into a parade square meant for 1,200, in order to force them to sign a document pledging that they would not try to escape.
245=The four POWs who attempted to escape Selarang Barracks were shot at Changi Beach, other forms of execution including beheadings, such as this in New Guinea.
246=The Selarang Barracks Square Incident culminated in the forced signing of this pledge by all the internees.
247=Internee Ronald Searle's impressions of his Japanese captors.
248=Corpses of cholera victims awaiting cremation on the Death Railway - filthy conditions and poor nutrition saw many succumbing to the disease, May 1943.
249=A survivor of three years of harsh captivity, c 1945 - a testimony of strong human will.
250=Limbless internees in Changi Prison, Aug 1944.
251=Internee W.R.M. Haxworth's impressions of life in Changi Prison.
252=Internee W.R.M. Haxworth's impressions of life in Changi Prison.
253=Internee W.R.M. Haxworth's impressions of life in Changi Prison.
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254=Factfile 6, Page 1 (The Resistance: A Tale of Twain Force)
255=Factfile 6, Page 2 (The Resistance: A Tale of Twain Force)
256=Factfile 6, Page 3 (Force 136)
257=Factfile 6, Page 4 (Force 136)
258=Factfile 6, Page 5 (Group Composition)
259=Factfile 6, Page 6 (Group Composition)
260=Factfile 6, Page 7 (Operation Gustavus and More: Operation of the Force 136)
261=Factfile 6, Page 8 (Operation Gustavus and More: Operation of the Force 136)
262=Factfile 6, Page 9 (Contributions of Force 136)
265=Factfile 6, Page 12 (Group Composition of the MPAJA)
266=Factfile 6, Page 13 (Activities and Contribution)
267=Factfile 6, Page 14 (Activities and Contribution)
268=Richard Broome (left) and John Davis (second from left) were two leaders of Force 136, the British-supported Malayan resistance force.
269=The local Malayan Communist Party outside their Headquarters in Queen Street (1930s). Members of the Malayan Communist Party later swelled the ranks of the Malayan People Anti-Japanese Army during the Occupation.
270=Excerpts from Force 136 officer, Lim Bo Seng's, notebook detailing how to identify agents and form subversive organizations.
271=Force 136 executed "Operation Hebrides" in Dec 1944, making a blind drop in North Perak. From there, Malay agents were recruited and mobilized for intelligence work.
272=The Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) was organized by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP).
273=The officer-in-charge of Force 136, Basil Goodfellow (left) persuaded Lim Bo Seng (right), whom he met aboard a ship while evacuating Singapore, to join the mission.
274=Portrait of Colonel Lim Bo Seng.
275=Memorial service of the late Col. Lim Bo Seng who died in captivity in Batu Gajah Prison in 1944.
276=Force 136 members used the "folboat" for secret landings in Malaya.
277=Chin Peng was one of the key leaders of the MPAJA, which joined in a collaborative effort with Force 136 to fight the Japanese.
278=The flag of the MPAJA Ist Independent Regiment based in Selangor. The MPAJA had eight regiments with some 10,000 figting men based in major Malayan states.
279=Lai Teck was the Secretary-General of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) during the war.
280=A treaty was signed between the British and the MPAJA in Dec 1943, under which MPAJA members were to be given military training and supplies, and would serve under Lord Louis Mountbatten's Southeast Asia Command.
281=A treaty was signed between the British and the MPAJA in Dec 1943, under which MPAJA members were to be given military training and supplies, and would serve under Lord Louis Mountbatten's Southeast Asia Command.
282=Counter-propaganda by the MPAJA.
283=Lord Louis Mountbatten presenting a medal of commendation to Chin Peng in recognition of MPAJA's anti-Japnese resistance efforts.
284=The MPAJA took part in the victory parade commemorating the end of the Japanese Occupation.
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285=Factfile 7, Page 1 (Japanese Polices towards the Main Ethnic Groups)
286=Factfile 7, Page 2 (The Chinese)
287=Factfile 7, Page 3 (The Chinese)
288=Factfile 7, Page 4 (The Chinese)
289=Factfile 7, Page 5 (The Malays)
290=Factfile 7, Page 6 (The Malays)
291=Factfile 7, Page 7 (The Indians)
292=Factfile 7, Page 8 (The Indians)
293=Factfile 7, Page 9 (The Eurasians)
294=Factfile 7, Page 10 (The Eurasians)
295=Factfile 7, Page 11 (The Eurasians)
296=Japanese sentries were infamous for slapping locals who did not pay their respects to them in the form of bowing.
297=Stories circulated about how Japanese would force Muslims to butcher pigs and mosques were supposedly used as abattoirs.
298=Under the pretext of spot checks on civilians, the Japanese soldiers would routinely "confiscate" fountain pens and watches.
299=The Kempeitai were adept at extracting information via various forms of torture, including the tearing out of one's finger nails which caused excruciating pain.
300=Those who were caught for allegedly collecting money to assist internees were given a stroke for every cent they collected.
301=Some prisoners were said to have been trussed upside-down and left suspended for hours, during which they would be flogged at intervals. The victim of this treatment nicknamed himself the human turkey.
302=Headquarters of the Overseas Chinese Association (OCA) - The Japanese formed the OCA and established Chinese leadership for the group, in order to coerce the local population into cooperating with the them and as a means of exploiting their wealth.
303=A membership card of the OCA.
304=Dr Lim Boon Keng, a prominent Chinese figure, was made the unwilling leader of the OCA. Community leaders had to strike a precarious balance between helping their communities and marshalling cooperation for the Japanese regime.
305=In Apr 1942, the OCA was ordered to make a "gift" of 50 million dollars to the Japanese authorities as a means of "atoning" for their earlier anti-Japanese activities.
306=After much difficulty in raising the large amount, a cheque of 50 million dollars was eventually drawn up (including a 22 million dollar loan from Yokohama Specie Bank) and presented to the Japanese authorities.
307=Another example of the exploitation of the Chinese - A Feb 9, 1944, article in the Syonan Shimbun reported that the OCA had "donated" a fighter plane to aid in the Japanese empire's war efforts.
308=The Syonan Shimbun further reported that photographs of the fighter plane, named "KOA 2199," would be distributed to those who had subscribed to the cost of the plane.
309=Apart from having to promote campaigns launched by the Japanese authorities, the OCA also tried to look after Chinese welfare by running a refugee home at what is now Siong Lim Temple in Toa Payoh.
310=Thousands of IIL supporters rally at Farrer Park on Aug 13, 1942, in demonstration against British rule in India.
311=Proclaiming its mission to create a "Greater East Asian Co-prosperity Sphere," the Japanese authorities strove to cultivate a mutual relationship with the Indian community by supporting the Indian Independence League (IIL) in its fight for India's independence
312=S. C. Goho, President of the Syonan-to IIL addressing the rally.
313=Japanese Premier General Hideki Tojo and Leader of the IIL, Subhas Chandra Bose, review the ranks of the Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army - INA), which was formed by Bose, on his visit to Syonan on Jul 10, 1943.
314=A section of the INA gathered on the Padang for an inspection parade by General Tojo and Netaji (meaning Leader) Bose.
315=In the final months of the Japanese Occupation, a memorial dedicated to the "Unknown Warrior" of the INA was constructed at the Padang.
316=The INA memorial was destroyed before the return of the British in Sept 1945.
317=Subhas Chandra Bose inspecting INA troops at a parade. In response to Bose's call for a total mobilization of manpower and financial resources for the liberation of India, many rushed to enlist in the army.
318=The Japanese military government worked hard at cultivating Indian nationalistic sentiments by supporting the Azad Hind (Free India) government which comprised IIL members.
319=The Rani of Jhansi regiment was conceived as a propaganda tool by Subhas Chandra Bose. He wanted it to be among the first troops to enter India in order to show the men that even their womenfolk were fighting for India's independence.
320=The first batch of the Rani of Jhansi Regiment marching at its passing-out parade on Mar 30, 1944. Aside from the men, women, too, volunteered to join the INA. An initial 600 women formed the Rani of Jhansi Regiment.
321=The Japanese authorities distrusted the Eurasians because of their perceived ties with the British. In order to maintain control over the Eurasian community, the Tokubetsu-Si formed the Eurasian Welfare Association, in Oct 1942.
322=The Eurasian Welfare Association was led by Dr C. J. Paglar, who was instrumental in the formation of a new Eurasian settlement in Bahau.
323=Like all the other communal-based organizations, the Tokubetsu-Si appointed Dr Paglar, a prominent member of the pre-war Eurasian community, leader of the Eurasian Welfare Association on Sept 1, 1942.
324=In order to consolidate its control of the various communities, the Japanese military government formed the Sanji-kai (Syonan Advisory Council) on Dec 7, 1942. It comprised representatives from the various races and hoped to harness the support and assistance of the masses.
325=To help establish an Asian identity, new stamps bearing Japanese designs and words replaced the Malaya stamps that had been in circulation.
;8
326=Factfile 8, Page 1 (Japanese Military Administration)
327=Factfile 8, Page 2 (Law and Order)
328=Factfile 8, Page 3 (Law and Order)
329=Factfile 8, Page 4 (Law and Order)
330=Factfile 8, Page 5 (Food Shortages and Control)
331=Factfile 8, Page 6 (Food Control)
332=Factfile 8, Page 7 (Food Control)
333=Factfile 8, Page 8 (New Settlements: Endau and Bahau)
334=Factfile 8, Page 9 (New Settlements: Endau and Bahau)
335=Factfile 8, Page 10 (Propaganda)
336=Factfile 8, Page 11 (Propaganda)
337=Factfile 8, Page 12 (Education)
338=Factfile 8, Page 13 (Education)
339=Factfile 8, Page 14 (Sports and Other Recreation)
340=Factfile 8, Page 15 (Transportation)
341=Factfile 8, Page 16 (Manufacturing)
342=A parade to mark the first anniversary of the birth of Syonan-To, Feb 15, 1943.
343=Another picture of Syonan-To's First Anniversary Parade.
344=As part of the propaganda, poster drawing competitions were sometimes organized. This picture shows a display of the winning entries of the defence posters competition that was organized by the Gunseikanbu (Japanese Military Administration).
345=The newly-installed Mayor of Syonan-To, Shigeo Odachi, walking up the steps of the Municipal building.
346=A one-hundred dollar "banana note" used in Syonan-To during the Japanese Occupation. "Banana notes" were introduced by the Japanese and derived their nickname from the pictures painted on the dollar face.
347=A ten dollar "banana note" used in Syonan-To during the Japanese Occupation. The wartime economy of Singapore experienced severe inflation, and the "banana notes" soon became worthless pieces of paper.
348=A staff portrait of the Hisyo-Ka (Secretary's Department) of the Syonan Tokubetsu-si (Special Municipality).
349=With brutal punishment awaiting even the pettiest offender, the incidence of crime during the Japanese Occupation was kept to a minimum.
350=In a bid to put a stop to looting, the Gunseikanbu (Japanese Military Administration) displayed the decapitated heads of looters at prominent places as a powerful warning to the general populace.
351=The public and terrifying display of decapitated heads hoisted aloft on spikes in places like Dhoby Ghaut and Kallang Bridge frightened and stifled the people into submission.
352=The Kempeitai (Military Police) was the most feared and hated of all the law enforcement agencies, a reputation gained not only from its primary role in the Sook Ching operation, but also from its brutal treatment of the people in everyday administration.
353=It was said that even innocent people were not spared from the merciless brutality of the Kempeitai.
354=Stories abound of people who were asked to dig their own graves before being summarily shot.
355=One form of torture the Japanese used against suspected anti-Japanese elements was to leave the latter to drown in a barrel full of water.
356=The Kempeitai also operated its system of fear through its network of informers and spies. Plain clothes officers were assigned to mingle with the people in early 1942, and one never knew who could be trusted.
357=Shops in Syonan-To quickly replaced English signboards with Japanese ones under the "New Order".
358=Passengers dutifully alight from a trolley-bus at North Bridge Road to observe silence as Japanese Premier Hideki Tojo paid homage before the consecrated remains of the late Fleet Admiral Yamamoto at the latter's State funeral in Tokyo.
359=The Imperial Nippon Army band marching down High Street during the Army Day celebrations.
360=Radio sets were confisicated from the public to keep the latter ignorant of adverse reports on the Japanese war campaign.
361=In April 1942, the police initiated the registration of families. Occupants deemed "proper residents" were issued with a "Peace Living Certificate" or Ankyosyo. This was a way of monitoring the local population.
362=By April 1943, the Ankyosyo was replaced by a "census-taking list" which was kept at the police stations. Surprise checks were conducted on households.
363=Each family was given a ration card based on the number of household members recorded in the census-taking list.
364=Any change in address had to be reported to the police and the "census-taking list" updated.
365=The retailer's stamp on the back of the Ankyosyo or census-taking list ensured that consumers could not go elsewhere for another ration card.
366=Food shortage was so severe in Syonan-To that people were even willing to queue up for stale food.
367=A provision shop in Syonan-To during the Japanese Occupation, where all major food items had a price ceiling imposed.
368=In order to make ends meet, people were seen trying to sell home-made cigarette rollers at a market in Syonan-To.
369=The Japanese Kaisha (Business Association) was put in place by the Gunseikanbu to take over businesses previously held by the British and the Chinese.
370=Endau was chosen as a new settlement for the Chinese. People brought here had to clear the jungle, mark out roads, provide transport and allocate plots to settlers. Despite the hardship, Endau could be said to have been a moderately successful project.
371=The Bahau new settlement project failed because many settlers were not farmers and the land was infertile. In addition, the area was prone to malaria outbreaks.
372=Bahau was allocated to the Eurasians and Roman Catholics of other races. The first batch of settlers for Bahau left Singapore on 28 Dec 1943.
373=A badge of the Auxiliary Police System (APS) which was formed in Sept 1942. Well-known civilians were pressed into service to assist the police in the preservation of law and order, and to bring shortages of foodstuff to the notice of the authorities.
374=Bishop Devals led the Eurasian and Chinese Roman Catholic community at Bahau.
375=Mamoru Shinozaki headed the Tokubetsu Si Kosei-Ka (Department for the Promotion of Well-being of the People) and acted as a bridge of communication between the locals and Japanese authorities. He became known for his attempts to help the local population.
376=During the Japanese Occupation, the Propaganda Department operated from Cathay Building, and all publications, periodicals, newspapers, films, broadcasts and amusement grounds were placed under its control.
377=Those who could afford an occasional outing would try to catch a movie. However, if they were unfortunate, the Japanese military authorities would raid these cinemas to round up youths for workgangs.
378=Besides war movies, romantic films such as "China Night" starring Lee Hsiang Lan, a popular actress and singer, proved to be popular among the people.
379=An award-winning defence poster in a contest organized by the Gunseikanbu, exhorting the local people to defend Malaya.
380=The Japanese exploited the most popular form of social entertainment in that era, namely movie-going. Japanese propaganda films such as "The Union Jack Is Down" were screened in place of western films.
381=The poster for the Japanese propaganda movie "On to Singapore," which was promoted as a faithfully-rendered dramatic record of the Malayan Campaign and the British surrender.
382=The poster for the Chinese version of "On to Singapore".
383=The Syonan Times of Dec 3, 1942 reported that General Percival had acknowledged the superior forces of the Japanese army as the reason the British lost Malaya - another propaganda coup for the Japanese Military Administration.
384=Schools were slowly re-opened after the Japanese took control of the island, with the difference that the medium of instruction was Nippon-go (Japanese language).
385=The Gunseikanbu pursued a deliberate policy of popularizing Nippon-go (the Japanese language) as it was considered the most important tool to "Nipponize" the masses.
386=Through the use of the language, the Gunseikanbu believed that the local population would be assimilated into Japanese culture, but many locals learnt the language for more practical reasons, such as its perceived economic benefits.
387=Singing lessons in the Japanese language were held in schools. School children were taught Japanese songs, including the Kimigayo (Japanese national anthem).
388=Certificates of language proficiency, such as this one, were issued to students who passed each stage of their education, from schools such as the Syonan Honganji, a private school at Oxley Rise, and the Syonan Nippon Gakuen (Syonan Japanese College) in Queen Street.
389=The Syonan Nippon Gakuen was set up by the Gunseikanbu. A research class of the Syonan Nippon Gakuen poses for a picture in 1944.
390=Students standing to attention at the Syonan Nippon Gakuen.
391=Front view of the Syonan Nippon Gakuen in Queen Street.
392=The Syonan Tokubetsu-Si Shihan Gakko, a school set up in 1943, had the dual role of training new language teachers and retraining experienced ones.
393=The football players of the Syonan Sports Association, picked from different league teams to represent Syonan-To.
394=Lottery tickets were sold to raise funds for the Syonan Municipality projects. The proceeds from the Konan Saiken went to the relief of the needy and for sanitary and health improvement schemes.
395=Engo Saiken lottery tickets were sold to raise funds for the relief of war victims.
396=The Syonan Chureito at Upper Bukit Timah Road was a project assigned to POW work parties, built to commemorate the fallen Japanese soldiers, and officially unveiled on Sept 10, 1942.
397=The Shinto gate fronting the entrance to the Syonan Jinja, a Shinto shrine at MacRitchie Reservoir. Another POW work party project, it was built as an embodiment of "the spirit of Nippon" in 1942.
398=The Syonan Jinja was dedicated in 1943, on the 1st anniversary of the Fall of Singapore and the Birth of Syonan-To.
399=Almost all bus and car transportation in Malaya and Singapore was taken over by the Tokyo Express Transport and the Tramway Company. The trolley-bus resumed service in March 1942.
400=As fuel was scarce during the Japanese Occupation, some buses in Syonan-To ran on charcoal placed in the engine at the back of the bus.
401=Tricycles at Beach Road. During these hard times, bicycles and tricycles became an important means of transportation.
402=The trishaws first appeared on the streets of Syonan-To and proved popular until the 1960s.
403=The Gunseikanbu was the main employer during the Japanese Occupation. Here is a pay slip from Oka 15813 Butai (Military Unit) for the first half of October, which included overtime.
404=A work pass issued by the Oka 1615 Butai in April 1943.
405=All men, whether employed or not, were called to register with the Malai Sumatra Komukanrikyokai (Labour Association) which was later replaced by the Syonan Municipality Labour Booklet issued by these offices.
406=Rubber in a warehouse waiting to be shipped to Japan for its war industries.
;9
407=Factfile 9, Page 1 (The Turn of Fortune for Japan War Efforts)
408=Factfile 9, Page 2 (The Turn of Fortune for Japan War Efforts)
409=Factfile 9, Page 3 (Approaching the "Setting Sun")
410=Factfile 9, Page 4 (Approaching the "Setting Sun")
411=Factfile 9, Page 5 (And Syonan is no more...)
412=Factfile 9, Page 6 (And Syonan is no more...)
413=Factfile 9, Page 7 (And Syonan is no more...)
414=Factfile 9, Page 8 (And Syonan is no more...)
415=Factfile 9, Page 9 (Singapore After The Japanese Occupation)
416=Factfile 9, Page 10 (Singapore After The Japanese Occupation)
417=Factfile 9, Page 11 (Singapore After The Japanese Occupation)
418=Factfile 9, Page 12 (Singapore After The Japanese Occupation)
419=A public air raid shelter constructed during the later years of the Japanese Occupation to withstand Allied bombing raids.
420=In preparation for air raids, the Syonan Shimbun published instructions to educate public on how to identify official vehicles during the bombing raids.
421=The population was encouraged to build their own makeshift air raid shelters. Instructions such as these appeared in the Syonan Shimbun during "Trench-Shelter Construction Week" in Nov 11, 1944.
422=For those who lived in congested city areas, air raid table-shelters were suggested as an alternative to the trench-shelter.
423=The Giyu-Gun, a local defence force, comprising local youths, was formed to support the Japanese military.
424=Giyu-Gun recruits being examined in the Tokubetsu-Si office.
425=Giyu-Gun at a Syonan military parade.
426=The Japanese Pacific campaign was already going badly when Admiral Yamamoto, Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet, was shot down and killed under Allied fire. This hastened the defeat of Japan in the Second World War.
427=The B-29 Superfortress, nicknamed "Enola Gay", carried the "Little Boy" atomic bomb - the first of only two such bombs ever to be dropped on a civilian population (Hiroshima).
428=The Enola Gay departed the Tinian Island, located in the Marianas, on Aug 16, 1945, to deliver the atomic bomb that destroyed Hiroshima. It changed the course of history.
429="Little Boy" type nuclear weapon that destroyed Hiroshima.
430=The "Fat Man" atomic bomb, transported by another B-29 fortress, nicknamed "Bockscar," was dropped on Nagasaki on Aug 9, 1945.
431=The atomic explosion over Nagasaki. 70,000 people perished.
432=The remains of Hiroshima in the aftermath of the atomic bomb. 80,000 died in the wake of the "Little Boy."
433=The ravaged landscape of Nagasaki in the aftermath of the atomic bomb.
434=Destroyed buildings and a flattened, barren landscape characterize Nagasaki after the atomic bomb explosion.
435=With the unconditional surrender of the Japanese on Aug 15, 1945, the British returned to Singapore, amid the cheers of the local population, on Sept 5, 1945.
436=British troops landing dock-side at Singapore, signalling the re-occupation of the island by the British.
437=Japanese officers disclose their troop positions to British officers.
438=Japanese Premier Shigemitsu signs the formal document of surrender on board the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, Japan, on Sept 2, 1945.
439=An aerial view of the USS Missouri at the signing of the Peace Treaty.
440=The Japanese delegation aboard the USS Missouri at the signing of the Peace Treaty.
441=Supreme Allied Commander, Lord Louis Mountbatten, takes his place at the Japanese surrender ceremony. Facing him are the commanders of the defeated Japanese army.
442=General Itagaki signs the surrender document. Although the formal surrender took place on Sept 2, 1945, it was not until Sept 12, 1945 that the Japanese in Singapore formally surrendered to the British.
443=Lord Louis Mountbatten salutes the survivors of the war after the signing of the surrender document outside the Municipal Building (now City Hall).
444=A Victory Parade participant's view of the Municipal Building on Sept 12, 1945.
445=Lord Louis Mountbatten proclaiming the Order of the Day on the steps of the Municipal Building after the surrender ceremony.
446=Military band performing at the Victory Parade on the Padang after the surrender ceremony.
447=A victory parade was organized by various communities to celebrate the end of the Japanese Occupation.
448=Joyous faces represent the initial euphoria felt by the population at the return of the British and at the culmination of three-and-a-half years of terror and suffering.
449=After laying down arms, Japanese soldiers are marched to prison camps in Jurong and other parts of Malaya.
450=Once the slave-drivers, Japanese soldiers quickly found themselves on the other side of the fence.
451=Japanese POWs were set to work as labourers, clearing the streets and working at places like the harbour and the Padang. Former British POWs were brought in to supervise them.
452=Japanese soldiers laid down their arms and were marched to the various prison camps.
453=Japanese POWs labouring to fill in trenches at the Padang, which they had so recently ordered British POWs to dig.
454=During the War Crimes Trials, search teams exhumed the bodies of civilians and Allied POWs who had been killed and buried. For those with missing loved ones, the identification of personal belongings recovered from mass graves crushed lingering hopes.
455=War atrocities, such as the Double Tenth Incident and the Sook Ching massacres, were investigated after the war. This picture showed the book published after the Double Tenth trial.
456=The post-war population found that despite the return of the British, hardships were rife. Scarcity of food was just one of the problems.
457=Exhumation of the remains of civilian war victims began in 1962.
458=The remains of civilian war victims being transported for re-burial at the War Memorial.
459=The remains being buried at the War Memorial in 1967.
;timeline
460=1933 Mar - Japan quits the League of Nations. Japan quits the League of Nations because it is heavily criticized for its actions in China, stemming from the Manchurian Incident.
461=1939 Sept - Germany invades Poland; signals the beginning of WWII. At dawn on Friday, 1 Sept 1939, German forces attack Poland, without formal declaration of war, by land, sea and air on three fronts: East Prussia in the north, Germany in the west and Slovakia in the south. The Germans employ Blitzkrieg ("lightning war") tactics, coupled with the bombing of defenceless towns and refugees.
462=1939 Sept - Britain and France declare war on Germany. Poland appeals for British and French intervention under terms of Mutual Assistance Treaties. Britain and France demand the withdrawal of German forces from Poland. Germany rejects the Anglo-French ultimatum on 3 Sept 1939; Britain and France declare war on Germany at 11am and 5pm respectively. Australia, New Zealand and British India also declare war.
463=1940 Apr - Germany invades Denmark. Despite declaration of neutrality, Denmark is occupied by Germany on 9 April 1940.
464=1940 May - Germany invades Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg. On 10 May 1940, Germany invades Holland, Belgium and Luxemburg without warning. The Germans break into France and sweep to the English Channel, trapping British troops. Desperate evacuation of 350,000 British troops at Dunkirk. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain resigns. Winston Churchill succeeds him as the Prime Minister.
465=1940 June - Battle of France. On 5 June 1940, the Battle of France begins.
466=1940 June - The Fall of France: armistice between France and Germany. France and Germany sign an armistice on 22 June 1940, allowing Germany to occupy two-thirds of Metropolitan France including the entire Channel and Atlantic coastlines, all major industrial areas, Alsace-Lorraine and Paris. French armed forces are disarmed and demobilized under German and Italian supervision, and France is to pay the costs of German occupation.
467=1940 July-Oct - The Battle of Britain. The Battle of Britain begins on 10 July 1940 over Southern England and South Wales, and ends on 31 Oct 1940. The Germans unsuccessfully employ Blitzkrieg tactics to bomb Britain into submission. This is Germany's only failure in the early years of the war.
468=1941 June - Germany invades Russia. Germany declares war on Russia on 22 June 1941.
469=1941 July - Japan occupies Indochina. Japanese forces land in the French colonies of Indochina. The Vichy French Regime, installed by Nazi Germany, permit the Japanese to establish air and naval bases there.
470=1942 Mar - Japan enters Burma and Indonesia. 2 May 1942, Fall of Mandalay.
471=1942 May - Japan occupies the Philippines. After landing in northern Philippines on 10 Dec 1941, Japanese forces battle and defeat US-Filipino resistance, resulting in the Fall of Corregidor on 6 May 1942. US and Filipino war losses calculated at 140,000, Japanese losses at 4,000.
472=1942 June - The Battle of Midway. The Battle of Midway takes place on 4 - 6 June 1942. The Japanese Combined Fleet attempts to lure the US Pacific Fleet into a trap off the Midway Atoll, north-west of Hawaii, but its complex battle plan completely misfires. Japan sustains severe naval losses.
473=Aug '42 to Jan '43 - The Guadalcanal Campaign. The Guadalcanal Campaign takes place over 6 months, beginning on 7 Aug 1942 when more than 15,000 United States Marines land on the Japanese-held islands of Guadalcanal, Tulagi, Gavutu and Tanambogo in the British Solomons Islands. US forces overcome and drive out Japanese resistance in the hope of checking Japanese advance through the South-West Pacific islands. In February 1943, the last of the Japanese garrison is evacuated from Guadalcanal. On 18 April 1943, a squadron of fighters takes off from the Japanese-built airfield on Guadalcanal to intercept and destroy an aircraft carrying the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.
474=1943 Feb - Culmination of the Stalingrad Campaign. Defeat of the German 6th Army at Stalingrad by Soviet forces marks the definitive end of the German Blitzkrieg, and is considered the main turning point of WWII.
475=1943 July - Italy makes peace with the Allies. The Allies invade Sicily in July 1943. Mussolini is forced to resign by the king after the Fascist leadership turns against him. Mussolini is rescued by German paratroopers and escapes to Northern Italy. Italy surrenders to the Allies and joins in the war against Germany.
476=1944 June - D-Day: the Landing at Normandy. On 5 June 1944, the Allies land an invasion force of two American, two British and one Canadian infantry divisions on France's beaches code-named, from west to east, Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno and Sword, in an attempt to drive out the Germans. German forces fail to repel the attack, and after three months of fighting, Allied forces drive most of the German forces out of France.
477=1944 Sept - Allied troops enter Germany. The US 1st Army crosses the German border on 11 Sept 1944.
478=1945 April - Battle of Berlin. The Battle of Berlin begins on 21 April 1945, marking the final downfall of Germany. Hitler commits suicide on 30 April 1945.
479=1945 May - Germany Surrenders. The Fall of Berlin is announced on 2 May 1945. German troops surrender in Northern Italy, Austria, Northwest Germany, Holland and Denmark. The instrument of surrender is signed on 7 May 1945 to seal Germany's unconditional surrender.
480=1945 Aug - Japanese Emperor broadcasts surrender - VJ ("Victory over Japan") Day. Emperor Hirohito broadcasts to the Japanese people news of surrender which is necessitated by the fact that "the war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan's advantage." Japan is ordered to cease hostilities.
[ID]
1=10100
2=10200
3=10300
4=10400
5=10500
6=10600
7=10700
8=10800
9=10900
10=10101
11=10201
12=10202
13=10203
14=10204
15=10301
16=10302
17=10303
18=10304
19=10305
20=10801
21=10901
22=10902
23=10903
24=10904
25=10905
26=10906
27=10907
;Pre-War Singapore
28=20100
29=20200
30=20300
31=20400
32=20500
33=20600
34=20700
35=20800
36=20900
37=21000
38=21100
39=21200
40=21300
41=21400
42=21500
43=21600
44=20101
45=20102
46=20201
47=20202
48=20203
49=20301
50=20302
51=20401
52=20402
53=20501
54=20502
55=20503
56=20504
57=20505
58=20506
59=20507
60=20508
61=20602
62=20603
63=20701
64=20801
65=20802
66=20803
67=21001
68=21002
69=21101
70=21102
71=21201
72=21202
73=21203
74=21204
75=21205
76=21206
77=21207
78=21301
79=21302
80=21303
81=21304
82=21305
83=21306
84=21307
85=21401
86=21402
87=21403
88=21501
89=21502
90=21503
91=21504
92=21505
93=21506
94=21507
95=21601
96=21602
;The Fall of Singapore
97=30100
98=30200
99=30300
100=30400
101=30500
102=30600
103=30700
104=30800
105=30900
106=31000
107=31100
108=31200
109=31300
110=31400
111=31500
112=31600
113=30101
114=30102
115=30201
116=30202
117=30203
118=30301
119=30302
120=30303
121=30304
122=30305
123=30401
124=30402
125=30501
126=30502
127=30503
128=30601
129=30602
130=30603
131=30604
132=30605
133=30701
134=30702
135=30703
136=30704
137=30705
138=30706
139=30707
140=30801
141=30802
142=30901
143=30902
144=30903
145=30904
146=31002
147=31003
148=31004
149=31101
150=31201
151=31202
152=31203
153=31204
154=31301
155=31302
156=31303
157=31401
158=31402
159=31403
160=31404
161=31405
162=31501
163=31502
164=31503
165=31601
166=31602
167=31603
168=31604
;The Japanese Occupation: The Rule of Fear and Terror
169=40100
170=40200
171=40300
172=40400
173=40500
174=40600
175=40700
176=40800
177=40900
178=41000
179=41100
180=40101
181=40102
182=40201
183=40202
184=40203
185=40301
186=40401
187=40501
188=40502
189=40503
190=40504
191=40901
192=40902
193=40903
194=40904
195=40905
196=40906
197=40907
;The Plight of the Prisoners of War-Japanese Treatment of the POWs
198=50100
199=50200
200=50300
201=50400
202=50500
203=50600
204=50700
205=50800
206=50900
207=50101
208=50102
209=50103
210=50201
211=50202
212=50203
213=50204
214=50205
215=50206
216=50301
217=50302
218=50303
219=50304
220=50305
221=50306
222=50307
223=50308
224=50309
225=50310
226=50311
227=50312
228=50313
229=50314
230=50315
231=50316
232=50317
233=50318
234=50401
235=50402
236=50403
237=50404
238=50405
239=50406
240=50407
241=50408
242=50501
243=50502
244=50503
245=50601
246=50602
247=50801
248=50901
249=50902
250=50903
251=50904
252=50905
253=50906
;The Resistance: A Tale of Twain Forces
254=60100
255=60200
256=60300
257=60400
258=60500
259=60600
260=60700
261=60800
262=60900
263=61000
264=61100
265=61200
266=61300
267=61400
268=60101
269=60102
270=60201
271=60202
272=60203
273=60301
274=60401
275=60402
276=60502
277=60801
278=61002
279=61101
280=61201
281=61202
282=61301
283=61401
284=61402
;Japanese Policies towards the Main Ethnic Groups
285=70100
286=70200
287=70300
288=70400
289=70500
290=70600
291=70700
292=70800
293=70900
294=71000
295=71100
296=70101
297=70102
298=70103
299=70201
300=70202
301=70203
302=70204
303=70205
304=70206
305=70301
306=70302
307=70401
308=70402
309=70403
310=70701
311=70702
312=70703
313=70704
314=70705
315=70706
316=70707
317=70708
318=70709
319=70801
320=70802
321=70901
322=71001
323=71002
324=71101
325=71102
;Beneath a "Cruel Sun": Daily Life under the Japanese
