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===== Phrack Magazine presents Phrack 16 =====
===== File 3 of 12 =====
==========================================
==== Cosmos Kid Presents... ====
==== A Hacker's Guide To: PRIMOS ====
==== Part I ====
==== (c) 1987 by Cosmos Kid ====
==========================================
Author's Note:
--------------
This file is the first of two files dealing with PRIMOS and its
operations. The next file will be in circulation soon so be sure
to check it out at any good BBS.
Preface:
--------
This file is written in a form to teach beginners as well as
experienced Primos users about the system. It is written
primarily for beginners however. PRIMOS, contrary to popular
belief can be a very powerful system if used correctly. I have
outlined some VERY BASIC commands and their use in this file
along with some extra commands, not so BASIC.
Logging On To A PRIMOS:
-----------------------
A PRIMOS system is best recognized by its unusual prompts. These
are: 'OK', and 'ER!'. Once connected, these are not the prompts
you get. The System should identify itself with a login such as:
Primenet V2.3
-or-
Primecom Network
The system then expects some input from you, preferably: LOGIN.
You will then be asked to enter your user identification and
password as a security measure. The login onto a PRIMOS is as
follows:
CONNECT
Primenet V 2.3 (system)
LOGIN<CR> (you)
User id? (system)
AA1234 (you)
Password? (system)
KILLME (you)
OK, (system)
Preceding the OK, will be the systems opening message. Note that
if you fail to type login once connected, most other commands are
ignored and the system responds with:
Please Login
ER!
Logging Off Of A PRIMOS:
------------------------
If at any time you get bored with primos, just type 'LOGOFF' to
leave the system. Some systems have a TIMEOUT feature
implemented meaning that if you fail to type anything for the
specified amount of time the system will automatically log you
out, telling you something like:
Maximum Inactive Time Limit Exceeded
System Prompts:
---------------
As stated previously, the prompts 'ER!' and 'OK,' are used on
primos. The 'OK,' denotes that last command was executed properly
and it is now waiting for your next command. The 'ER!' prompt
denotes that you made an error in typing your last command. This
prompt is usually preceded by an error message.
Special Characters:
-------------------
Some terminals have certain characteristics that are built in to
the terminal.
CONTROL-H: Deletes the last character typed.
Other Special Characters:
-------------------------
RETURN: The return key signals PRIMOS that you have completed
typing a command and that you are ready for PRIMOS to
process the command.
BREAK/CONTROL-P: Stops whatever is currently being processed in
memory and will return PRIMOS to your
control. To restart a process, type:
START (abbreviated with S).
CONTROL-S: Stops the scrolling of the output on your terminal for
viewing.
CONTROL-Q: Resumes the output scrolling on your terminal for
inspection.
SEMICOLON ';': The logical end of line character. The semicolon
is used to enter more than one command on one
line.
Getting Help:
-------------
You can get online information about the available PRIMOS
commands by using the 'HELP' command. The HELP system is keyword
driven. That is, all information is stored under keywords that
indicate the content of the help files. This is similar to VAX.
Entering the single command 'HELP' will enter the HELP sub-system
and will display an informative page of text. The next page
displayed will provide you with a list of topics and their
keywords. These topics include such items as PRIME, RAP, MAIL,
and DOC. If you entered the MAIL keyword, you would be given
information concerning the mail sub-system available to users on
P simply enter PRIME to obtain information on all PRIMOS
commands. You could then enter COPY to obtain information on
that specific topic.
Files And Directories:
----------------------
The name of a file or sub-directory may have up to 32 characters.
The filename may contain any of the following characters, with
the only restriction being that the first character of the
filename may not be a digit. Please note that BLANK spaces are
NOT allowed ANYWHERE:
A-Z .....alphabet
0-9 .....numeric digits
& .....ampersand
# .....pound sign
$ .....dollar sign
- .....dash/minus sign
* .....asterisk/star
. .....period/dot
/ .....slash/divide sign
Naming Conventions:
-------------------
There are very few restrictions on the name that you may give a
file. However, you should note that many of the compilers
(language processors) and commands on the PRIME will make certain
assumptions if you follow certain guidelines. File name suffixes
help to identify the file contents with regard to the language
the source code was written in and the contents of the file. For
instance, if you wrote a PL/1 program and named the file
containing the source code 'PROG1.PL1' (SEGmented loader) would
take the binary file, link all the binary libraries that you
specify and produce a file named 'PROG1.SEG', which would contain
the binary code necessary to execute the program. Some common
filename suffixes are: F77, PAS, COBOL, PL1G, BASIC, FTN, CC,
SPIT (source files) These all denote separate languages and get
into more advanced programing on PRIMOS. (e.g. FTN=Fortran).
BIN=the binary code produced by the compiler
LIST=the program listing produced by the compiler
SEG=the linked binary code produced by SEG
Some files which do not use standard suffixes may instead use the
filename prefixes to identify the contents of the file. Some
common filename prefixes are:
B Binary code produced by the compiler
L source program Listing
C Command files
$ Temporary work files (e.g. T$0000)
# Seg files
Commands For File Handling:
----------------------------
PRIMOS has several commands to control and access files and file
contents. These commands can be used to list the contents of
files and directories, and to copy, add, delete, edit, and print
the contents of files. The capitalized letters of each are
deleted. A LIST must be enclosed in parenthesis.
Close arg ....Closes the file specified by 'arg'. 'Arg'
could also be a list of PRIMOS file unit
numbers, or the word 'ALL' which closes all
open files and units.
LIMITS ....Displays information about the login
account, including information about
resources allocated and used, grantor, and
expiration date.
Edit Access ....Edits the Access rights for the named
directories and files.
CName arg1 arg2 ....Changes the Name of 'arg1' to 'arg2'. The
arguments can be files or directories.
LD ....The List Directory command has several
arguments that allow for controlled listing
format and selection of entries.
Attach arg ....allows you to Attach to the directory 'arg'
with the access rights specified in the
directory Access Control List.
DOWN <arg> ....allows you to go 'DOWN into' a sub-ufd
(directory). You can specify which one of
several sub-ufds to descend into with the
optional 'arg'.
UP <arg> ....allows you to go 'UP into' a higher ufd
(directory). You can spσc{fy which one of
several to climb into with the optional
'arg'.
WHERE ....Displays what the current directory attach
point is and your access rights.
CREATE arg ....CREATES a new sub-directory as specified by
'arg'.
COPY arg1 arg2 ....COPIES the file or directory specified by
'arg1' into a file by the same name specified
by 'arg2'. Both 'arg1' and 'arg2' can be
filename he SPOOL command, whose format is:
SPOOL filename -AT destination
where filename is the name of the file you
want printed, and destination is the name of
the printer where you want the file printed.
For example if you want the file 'HACK.FTN'
printed at the destination 'LIB' type:
SPOOL HACK.FTN -AT LIB
PRIMOS then gives you some information telling you that the file
named was SPOOLed and the length of the file in PRIMOS records.
To see the entries in the SPOOL queue, type:
SPOOL -LIST
PRIMOS then lists out all the files waiting to be printed on the
printers on your login system. Also included in this information
will be the filename of the files waiting to print, the login
account name of the user who SPOOLed the file, the time that the
file was SPOOLed, the size of the file in PRIMOS records, and the
printer name where the file is to print.
Changing The Password Of An Account:
------------------------------------
If you wish to change the password to your newly acquired account
you must use the 'CPW' command (Change PassWord). To do this
enter the current password on the command line followed by
RETURN. PRIMOS will then prompt you for your desired NEW
password and then ask you to confirm your NEW password. To
change your password of 'JOE' to 'SCHMOE' then type:
OK, (system)
CPW JOE (you)
New Password? (system)
You can save a copy of your terminal session by using the COMO
(COMmand Output) command. When you type:
COMO filename
Everything which is typed or displayed on your terminal is saved
(recorded) into the file name on the command line (filename). If
a file by the same name exists, then that file will be REPLACED
with NO WARNING GIVEN! When you have finished doing whatever it
was you wanted a hardcopy of, you type:
COMO -End
which will stop recording your session and will close the COMO
file. You can now print the COMO file using the SPOOL command as
stated earlier.
Conclusion:
-----------
This concludes this first file on PRIMOS. Please remember this
file is written primarily for beginners, and some of the text may
have seemed BORING! However, this file was written in a verbose
fashion to FULLY INTRODUCE PRIMOS to beginners. Part II will
deal with more the several languages on PRIMOS and some other
commands.
Author's Endnote:
-----------------
I would like to thank the following people for the help in
writing this file:
AMADEUS (an oldie who is LONG GONE!)
The University Of Kentucky
State University Of New York (SUNY) Primenet
And countless others.....
Questions, threats, or suggestions to direct towards me, I can be
found on any of the following:
The Freeworld ][.........301-668-7657
Digital Logic............305-395-6906
The Executive Inn........915-581-5146
OSUNY BBS................914-725-4060
-=*< Cosmos Kid >*=-
Downloaded From P-80 International Information Systems 304-744-2253 12yrs+