Danny Amor's Online Library/Danny Amor's Online Library - Volume 1.iso/html/faqs/faq/physics-faq/part1

Text File | 1995-07-25 | 62.5 KB | 1,481 lines

Subject: Sci.Physics Frequently Asked Questions (1/4) - Administrivia
Newsgroups: sci.physics,sci.physics.particle,alt.sci.physics.new-theories,news.answers,sci.answers,alt.answers
From: [e-mail] (SCOTT I CHASE)
Date: 1 Nov 1994 14:56 PST

Archive-name: physics-faq/part1
Last-modified: 1-NOV-1994

Editor's Note:  Many apologies again for the long delay since the last
repost of the FAQ.  New in this FAQ is the promised article by Michael
Wiess on "The Expanding Universe".  He submitted it around midsummer,
when the discussions of this subject were in full swing.  If it is no
longer timely due to my backlog of work, it is at least very good, and
will be an important contribution to the discussion the next time around.

For next time, I promise a new article that I am holding by Matt McIrvin,
on "Virtual Particles."  -Scott

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
              FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ON SCI.PHYSICS - Part 1/4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    This Frequently Asked Questions List is posted monthly, on or near
the first of the month, to the USENET newsgroups sci.physics.research,
sci.physics, sci.physics.particle, and alt.sci.physics.new-theories in an
attempt to provide good answers to frequently asked questions and other
reference material which is worth preserving. If you have corrections or
answers to other frequently asked questions that you would like included in
this posting, send E-mail to [e-mail] (Scott I. Chase).

    This document, as a collection, is Copyright (c) 1994 by Scott I.
Chase ([e-mail]).  The individual articles are Copyright (c) 1994 by
the individual authors listed.  All rights are reserved.  Permission to use,
copy and distribute this unmodified document by any means and for any
purpose EXCEPT PROFIT PURPOSES is hereby granted, provided that both the
above Copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies of
the FAQ itself.  Reproducing this FAQ by any means, included, but not
limited to, printing, copying existing prints, publishing by electronic or
other means, implies full agreement to the above non-profit-use clause,
unless upon explicit prior written permission of the authors.

    This FAQ is provided by the authors "as is," with all its faults.
Any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, any
implied warranties of merchantability, accuracy, or fitness for any
particular purpose, are disclaimed.  If you use the information in this
document, in any way, you do so at your own risk.

    This document is probably out of date if you are reading it more
than 30 days after the date which appears in the header.  You can find an
updated version by all the methods described in the periodic posting
entitled "How to Find the Sci.Physics FAQ."  The easiest way to for most
people to get a copy of any FAQ is by anonymous FTP or via email server
from rtfm.mit.edu.  By FTP, look for the files

   /pub/usenet/news.answers/physics-faq/part1
   /pub/usenet/news.answers/physics-faq/part2
   /pub/usenet/news.answers/physics-faq/part3
   /pub/usenet/news.answers/physics-faq/part4

To use the E-mail server, send mail to rtfm.mit.edu with a blank subject
line and the words

    send usenet/news.answers/physics-faq/part1
    send usenet/news.answers/physics-faq/part2
    send usenet/news.answers/physics-faq/part3
    send usenet/news.answers/physics-faq/part4

as the body of the message.  For more details, see the periodic informational
postings in sci.physics or news.announce.newusers.

    The FAQ is distributed to all interested parties whenever sufficient
changes have accumulated to  warrant such a mailing.  To request that your
address be added to the list, send mail to my address, above, and include
the words "FAQ Mailing List" in  the subject header of your message.  Please
send your request from the exact address you would like to use for receipt
of the FAQ.  To facilitate mailing, the FAQ is now being distributed as a
multi-part posting.

    If you are a new reader of the Physics newsgroups, please read
item #1, below.   If you do not wish to read the FAQ at all, add
"Frequently Asked Questions" to your .KILL file.

    A listing of new items can be found above the subject index, so
that you can quickly identify new subjects of interest.  To locate old
items which have been updated since the last posting, look for the stars (*)
in the subject index, which indicate new material.

    Items which have been submitted by a single individual are
attributed to the original author.  All other contributors have been thanked
privately.

New Items: 12.*The Expanding Universe

Index of Subjects
-----------------

FAQ 1/4 - Administriva and Reference

 1. An Introduction to the Physics Newsgroups on USENET
 2. The Care and Feeding of Kill Files
 3.*Accessing and Using Online Physics Resources
 4.*A Physics Booklist - Recommendations from the Net
 5.*The Nobel Prize for Physics

FAQ 2/4 - Cosmology and Astrophysics

 6. Gravitational Radiation
 7. Is Energy Conserved in General Relativity?
 8. Olbers' Paradox
 9. What is Dark Matter?
10. Some Frequently Asked Questions About Black Holes
11. The Solar Neutrino Problem
12.*The Expanding Universe

FAQ 3/4 - General Physics

13. Effects Due to the Finite Speed of Light
14. Hot Water Freezes Faster than Cold!
15. Why are Golf Balls Dimpled?
16. How to Change Nuclear Decay Rates
17. What is a Dippy Bird, and how is it used?
18. Below Absolute Zero - What Does Negative Temperature Mean?
19. Which Way Will my Bathtub Drain?
20. Why do Mirrors Reverse Left and Right?
21. Why Do Stars Twinkle While Planets Do Not?
22. Time Travel - Fact or Fiction?
23. Open Questions

FAQ 4/4 - Particles, Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

24. Special Relativistic Paradoxes and Puzzles
    (a) The Barn and the Pole
    (b) The Twin Paradox
    (c) The Superluminal Scissors
25. The Top Quark
26. Tachyons
27. The Particle Zoo
28. Does Antimatter Fall Up or Down?
29. What is the Mass of a Photon?
30. Baryogenesis - Why Are There More Protons Than Antiprotons?
31. The EPR Paradox and Bell's Inequality Principle

********************************************************************************
Item 1.                                         updated 10-APR-1994 by SIC
                        original by Scott I. Chase

An Introduction to the Physics Newsgroups on USENET
---------------------------------------------------

    The USENET hierarchy contains a number of newsgroups dedicated to
the discussion of physics and physics-related topics.  These include
sci.physics, sci.physics.research, sci.physics.particle and
alt.sci.physics.new-theories, to all of which this general physics FAQ
is cross-posted.  Some of the more narrowly focussed physics newsgroups
have their own FAQs, which can, of course, be found in the appropriate
newsgroups.

    Sci.Physics is an unmoderated newsgroup dedicated to the discussion
of physics, news from the physics community, and physics-related social
issues.  Sci.Physics.Research is a moderated newgroup designed to offer an
environment with less traffic and more opportunity for discussion of
serious topics in physics among experts and beginners alike.  The current
moderators of sci.physics.research are John Baez ([e-mail]),
William Johnson([e-mail]), Cameron Randale (Dale) Bass
([e-mail]), and Lee Sawyer ([e-mail]).
Sci.physics.particle is an unmoderated newsgroup dedicated to the discussion
of all aspects of particle physics by people with all levels of expertise.
Alt.sci.physics.new-theories is an open forum for discussion of any topics
related to conventional or unconventional physics.  In this context,
"unconventional physics" includes any ideas on physical science, whether
or not they are widely accepted by the mainstream physics community.

    People from a wide variety of non-physics backgrounds, as well
as students and experts in all areas of physics participate in the ongoing
discussions on these newsgroups.  Professors, industrial scientists,
graduate students, etc., are all on hand to bring physics expertise to
bear on almost any question.   But the only requirement for participation
is interest in physics, so feel free to post -- but before you do, please
do the following:

(1) Read this posting, a.k.a., the FAQ.  It contains good answers,
contributed by the readership,  to some of the most frequently asked
questions.

(2) Understand "netiquette."  If you are not sure what this means,
subscribe to news.announce.newusers and read the excellent discussion of
proper net behavior that is posted there periodically.

(3) Be aware that there is another newsgroup dedicated to the discussion of
"alternative" physics.  It is alt.sci.physics.new-theories, and is the
appropriate forum for discussion of physics ideas which are not widely
accepted by the physics community.  Sci.Physics is not the group for such
discussions.  A quick look at articles posted to both groups will make the
distinction apparent.

(4) Read the responses already posted in the thread to which you want to
contribute.  If a good answer is already posted, or the point you wanted
to make has already been made, let it be.  Old questions have probably been
thoroughly discussed by the time you get there - save bandwidth by posting
only new information.  Post to as narrow a geographic region as is
appropriate.  If your comments are directed at only one person, try E-mail.

(5) Get the facts right!  Opinions may differ, but facts should not.  It is
very tempting for new participants to jump in with quick answers to physics
questions posed to the group.  But it is very easy to end up feeling silly
when people barrage you with corrections.  So before you give us all a
physics lesson you'll regret - look it up.

(6) Don't post textbook problems in the hope that someone will do your
homework for you.  Do your own homework; it's good for you.   On the other
hand, questions, even about elementary physics, are always welcome.  So
if you want to discuss the physics which is relevent to your homework,
feel free to do so.  Be warned that you may still have plenty of
work to do, trying to figure out which of the many answers you get are
correct.

(7) Be prepared for heated discussion.  People have strong opinions about
the issues, and discussions can get a little "loud" at times. Don't take it
personally if someone seems to always jump all over everything you say.
Everyone was jumping all over everybody long before you got there!  You
can keep the discussion at a low boil by trying to stick to the facts.
Clearly separate facts from opinion - don't let people think you are
confusing your opinions with scientific truth.  And keep the focus of
discussion on the ideas, not the people who post them.

(8) Tolerate everyone.  People of many different points of view, and widely
varying educational backgrounds from around the world participate in this
newsgroup.  Respect for others will be returned in kind.  Personal
criticism is usually not welcome.

********************************************************************************
Item 2.

The Care and Feeding of Kill Files              updated 28-SEP-1993 by SIC
----------------------------------              original by Scott I. Chase

    With most newsreaders, it is possible for you to selectively ignore
articles with certain title words, or by a certain author.  This feature is
implemented as a "kill file," which contains instructions to your
newsreader about how to filter out unwanted articles.  The exact details on
how to specify articles you want to ignore varies from program to program,
so you should check the documentation for your particular newsreader. Some
examples are given below for a few common newsreaders.  If your newsreader
does not support kill files, you may want to consider upgrading to one that
does.  Some of the more popular newsreaders that support kill files are rn,
trn, nn, xrn, gnews, and gnus.

    Let's say that you wish to `kill' all posts made by a certain user.
Using the `rn' or `trn' newsreader, you would type a [CTRL]-K while in read
mode to begin editing the kill file, and then type the following:

     /From: [e-mail]/h:j

This will look for articles that come with "From: [e-mail]" in
the header, junk them, and then display the subject lines of titles that
just got zapped.

To kill articles by Subject titles, you would type something like this:

     /: *The Big Bang Never Happened/:j
     /: *Space Potatoes Have Inertia/:j

When finished, save the kill file in the normal manner for the editor
you're using.

In trn 3.0 and higher you can use the faster command

     /username@sitename\.com/f:j

to kill all of username's postings. In trn change the 'j' to ',' to kill
all the replies as well.  Note the '\' to escape the '.'. This is needed in
any search string in a kill file (although they usually work if you
forget). Also in [t]rn you can simply hit K to automatically killfile the
current subject without directly editing the file.

    For the `nn' newsreader, type a capital K when viewing the contents
of a newsgroup.  nn will then ask you a few questions on whether it is a
Subject or a Name, duration of time that the posts are to be killed, etc.
Simply answer the questions accordingly.

    There's a lot more to it, of course, when you become proficient.
You can kill all articles cross-posted to specific groups, for example, or
kill any article with a particular name or phrase appearing anywhere in the
header.  A good primer is in the "rn KILL file FAQ" which appears
periodically in news.answers.  You should also check the man pages for your
particular newsreader.

********************************************************************************
Item 3.                                         updated 28-JUL-1994 by SIC
                                            original by Scott I. Chase
Accessing and Using Online Physics Resources
--------------------------------------------

(I) Particle Physics Databases

    The Full Listings of the Review of Particle Properties (RPP), as
well as other particle physics databases, are accessible on-line.  Here is
a summary of the major ones, as described in the RPP:

(A) SLAC Databases

PARTICLES   - Full listings of the RPP
HEP         - Guide to particle physics preprints, journal articles, reports,
              theses, conference papers, etc.
CONF        - Listing of past and future conferences in particle physics
HEPNAMES    - E-mail addresses of many HEP people
INST        - Addresses of HEP institutions
DATAGUIDE   - Adjunct to HEP, indexes papers
REACTIONS   - Numerical data on reactions (cross-sections, polarizations, etc)
EXPERIMENTS - Guide to current and past experiments

Anyone with a SLAC account can access these databases.  Alternately, most
of us can access them via QSPIRES.  You can access QSPIRES via BITNET with
the 'send' command ('tell','bsend', or other system-specific command) or by
using E-mail.  For example, send QSPIRES@SLACVM FIND TITLE Z0 will get you
a search of HEP for all papers which reference the Z0 in the title.  By
E-mail, you would send the one line message "FIND TITLE Z0" with a blank
subject line to [e-mail] or [e-mail].
QSPIRES is free.  Help can be obtained by mailing "HELP" to QSPIRES.

For more detailed information, see the RPP, p.I.12, or contact: Louise
Addis ([e-mail]) or Harvey Galic ([e-mail]).

(B) CERN Databases on ALICE

LIB         - Library catalogue of books, preprints, reports, etc.
PREP        - Subset of LIB containing preprints, CERN publications, and
              conference papers.
CONF        - Subset of LIB containing upcoming and past conferences since 1986
DIR         - Directory of Research Institutes in HEP, with addresses, fax,
              telex, e-mail addresses, and info on research programs

ALICE can be accessed via DECNET or INTERNET.  It runs on the CERN library's
VXLIB, alias ALICE.CERN.CH (IP# 128.141.201.44).  Use Username ALICE (no
password required.)  Remote users with no access to the CERN Ethernet can
use QALICE, similar to QSPIRES.  Send E-mail to [e-mail], put
the query in the subject field and leave the message field blank.  For
more information, send the subject "HELP" to QALICE or contact CERN
Scientific Information Service, CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland,
or E-mail [e-mail].

Regular weekly or monthly searches of the CERN databases can be arranged
according to a personal search profile.  Contact David Dallman, CERN SIS
(address above) or E-mail [e-mail].

DIR is available in Filemaker PRO format for Macintosh.  Contact Wolfgang
Simon ([e-mail]).

(C) Particle Data Group Online Service

    The Particle Data Group is maintaining a new user-friendly computer
database of the Full Listings from the Review of Particle Properties. Users
may query by paper, particle, mass range, quantum numbers, or detector and
can select specific properties or classes of properties like masses or
decay parameters. All other relevant information (e.g. footnotes and
references) is included. Complete instructions are available online.

    The last complete update of the RPP database was a copy of the Full
Listings from the Review of Particle Properties which was published as
Physical Review D45, Part 2 (1 June 1992). A subsequent update made on 27
April 1993 was complete for unstable mesons, less complete for the W, Z, D
mesons, and stable baryons, and otherwise was unchanged from the 1992
version.

DECNET access: SET HOST MUSE or SET HOST 42062
TCP/IP access: TELNET MUSE.LBL.GOV or TELNET 131.243.48.11
Login to: PDG_PUBLIC with password HEPDATA.

Contact: Gary S. Wagman, [phone].  Email: ([e-mail]).

(D) Other Databases

Durham-RAL and Serpukhov both maintain large databases containing Particle
Properties, reaction data, experiments, E-mail ID's, cross-section
compilations (CS), etc.  Except for the Serpukhov CS, these databases
overlap SPIRES at SLAC considerably, though they are not the same and may
be more up-to-date.  For details, see the RPP, p.I.14, or contact:
For Durham-RAL, Mike Whalley ([e-mail],[e-mail]) or
Dick Roberts ([e-mail]).  For Serpukhov, contact Sergey Alekhin
([e-mail]) or Vladimir Exhela ([e-mail]).

(II) Online Preprint Sources

There are a number of online sources of preprints:

[e-mail] (algebraic geometry)
[e-mail]           (astrophysics)
[e-mail]           (condensed matter)
[e-mail]           (functional analysis)
[e-mail]             (e-mail address database)
[e-mail]            (computational and lattice physics)
[e-mail]                 (high energy physics phenomenological)
[e-mail]                 (high energy physics theoretical)
[e-mail]                 (high energy physics experimental)
[e-mail]              (liquid crystals, optical materials)
[e-mail]                  (general relativity, quantum cosmology)
[e-mail],               (nuclear physics theory)
[e-mail]               (nonlinear science)

Note that babbage.sissa.it also mirrors hep-ph, hep-th and gr-qc.

    To get things if you know the preprint number, send a message to
the appropriate address with subject header "get (preprint number)" and
no message body. If you *don't* know the preprint number, or want to get
preprints regularly, or want other information, send a message with
subject header "help" and no message body.

On the Web, some of these preprint archive databases are accessible at
url http://xxx.lanl.gov/.

The following GOPHER servers which are concerned with physics are currently
running on the Internet.  They mainly provide a full-text indexed archive
to the preprint mailing lists:

xyz.lanl.gov, port 70                (LANL Nonlinear Sciences)
mentor.lanl.gov,70                   ('traditional' preprint lists)
babbage.sissa.it,70                  ('traditional' preprint lists)
physinfo.uni-augsburg.de,70          (all lists, but only abstracts)

(III) Mailing Lists

In addition to the preprint services already described, these mailing lists
allow one to regularly receive material via email:

ALPHA-L          ALPHA-L@LEPICS    L3 Alpha physics block analysis diagram
ASTRO-PL         ASTRO-PL@JPNYITP  Preprint server for Astrophysics
FUSION           FUSION@NDSUVM1    Fusion - sci.physics.fusion
OPTICS-L         OPTICS-L%ILNCRD.BITNET.CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU Israel Optics/Laser
OPTICS           OPTICS@TOWSONVX   Optical Research
PHYS-L           PHYS-L@UWF        Forum for Physics Teachers
PHYS-STU         PHYS-STU@UWF      Physics Student Discussion List
PHYSHARE         PHYSHARE@PSUVM    Sharing resources: high school physics
PHYSIC-L         PHYSIC-L@TAUNIVM  Physics List
PHYSICS          PHYSICS@MARIST    (Peered) Physics Discussion
                 PHYSICS@RICEVM1   (Peered) Physics Discussion
                 PHYSICS@UBVM      (Peered) Physics Discussion
PHYSICS          [e-mail] Physics discussion list
PHYSJOB          PHYSJOB@WAYNEST1  Physics Jobs Discussion List
POLYMERP         POLYMERP@HEARN    (Peered) Polymer Physics discussions
                 POLYMERP@RUTVM1   (Peered) Polymer Physics discussions
SPACE            SPACE-L@UGA       Space News
SPACE-IL         [e-mail]@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU Israel SpaceNews
SUP-COND         [e-mail]@CUNYVM.CUNY.EDU Superconductivity
WKSPHYS          WKSPHYS@IDBSU     WKSPHYS@IDBSU - WORKSHOP PHYSICS LIST

To subscribe to one of these, send email with no subject header and
a message of the form

SUB or SUBSCRIBE <Name of List> <Your First Name> <Your Last Name>

e.g.

SUBSCRIBE SPACE Werner Braun

(IV) The World Wide Web

    There is a wealth of information, on all sorts of topics, available
on the World Wide Web [WWW], a distributed HyperText system (a network of
documents connected by links which can be activated electronically).
Subject matter includes some physics areas such as High Energy Physics,
Astrophysics abstracts, and Space Science, but also includes such diverse
subjects as bioscience, music, and the law.

* How to get to the Web

       If you have no clue what WWW is, you can go over the Internet with
telnet to info.cern.ch (no login required) which brings you to the WWW
Home Page at CERN. You are now using the simple line mode browser. To move
around the Web, enter the number given after an item.

* Browsing the Web

    If you have a WWW browser up and running, you can move around
more easily. The by far nicest way of "browsing" through WWW uses the
X-Terminal based tool "XMosaic". Binaries for many platforms (ready for use)
and sources are available via anonymous FTP from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in directory
Web/xmosaic.  The general FTP repository for browser software is info.cern.ch
(including a hypertext browser/editor for NeXTStep 3.0)

* For Further Information

    For questions related to WWW, try consulting the WWW-FAQ: Its most
recent version is available via anonymous FTP on rtfm.mit.edu in
/pub/usenet/news.answers/www-faq , or on WWW at
http://www.vuw.ac.nz:80/non-local/gnat/www-faq.html

    The official contact (in fact the midwife of the World Wide Web)
is Tim Berners-Lee, [e-mail]. For general matters on WWW, try
[e-mail] or Robert Cailliau (responsible for the "physics"
content of the Web, [e-mail]).

(V) Other Archive Sites

(A)    FreeHEP

    The FreeHEP collection of software, useful to high energy physicists
is available on the Web as

  http://heplibw3.slac.stanford.edu:80/FIND/FHMAIN.HTML

or anonymous ftp to freehep.scri.fsu.edu.  This is high-energy oriented but
has much which is useful to other fields also.  Contact Saul Youssef
([e-mail]) for more information.

(B)     AIP Archives

    An archive of the electronic newsletters of the American Institute
of Physics is now available on nic.hep.net.  The three publications are
"For Your Information", "The Physics News Update" written by Dr. Phil Schewe,
and "What's New" written by Dr. Robert Park".

FYI is archived as [ANON_FTP.AIP-FYI.199*]AIPFYI-nnn-mmmddyyyy.TXT.
PNU is archived as [ANON_FTP.PHYSICS-NEWS.199*]PHYSICS-NEWS-yyyy-mm-dd.TXT.
WN  is archived as [ANON_FTP.WHATS-NEW.199*]WHATS-NEW-yyyy-mm-dd.TXT

In each case, the last issue received is always available as: latest.txt.

(C)
    There is an FTP archive site of preprints and programs
for nonlinear dynamics, signal processing, and related subjects on node
lyapunov.ucsd.edu (132.239.86.10) at the Institute for Nonlinear Science,
UCSD.  Just login anonymously, using your host id as your password. Contact
Matt Kennel ([e-mail]) for more information.

********************************************************************************
Item 4.                        original Vijay D. Fafat
                                                updated 28-JUL-1994 by SIC

A Physics Booklist - Recommendations from the Net
-------------------------------------------------

This article is a complilation of books recommended by sci.physics
participants as the 'standard' or 'classic' texts on a wide variety of
topics of general interest to physicists and physics students.  As a
guide to finding the right book for you, many of the comments from the
contributors have been retained.

This document is still under construction.  Many entries are incomplete,
and many good books are not yet listed.  Please feel free to contribute
to this project. Contact [e-mail], who will compile the
information for future updates.

The formatting and organization of this article will also be reviewed
and improved in future updates.  This is the first try, and it shows.
Please bear with us.

Subject Index
-------------

You can find books in the area of your choice by searching forward for
the following keywords:

General Physics
Classical Mechanics
Classical Electromagnetism
Quantum Mechanics
Statistical Mechanics
Condensed Matter
Special Relativity
Particle Physics
General Relativity
Mathematical Methods
Nuclear Physics
Cosmology
Astronomy
Plasma Physics
Numerical Methods/Simulations
Fluid Dynamics
Nonlinear Dynamics, Complexity and Chaos
Optics (Classical and Quantum), Lasers
Mathematical Phyiscs
Atomic Phyiscs
Low Temperature Physics, Superconductivity

------------------------------
Subject: General Physics (so even mathematicians can understand it!)

1] M. S. Longair, Theoretical concepts in physics, 1986.
An alternative view of theoretical reasoning in Physics for
final year undergrads.

2] Sommerfeld, Arnold - Lectures on Theoretical Physics
Sommerfeld is God for mathematical physics.

3] Feynman, R: The Feynman lectures on Physics - 3 vols.

4] Walker, Jearle: The Flying Circus of Physics

Note: There is the entire Landau and Lifshitz series. They have volumes
on classical mechanics, classical field theory, E&M, QM, QFT, Statistical
Physics, and more. Very good series that spans entire graduate level
curriculum.

5] The New physics / edited by Paul Davies.
This is one *big* book to go through and takes time to look through
topics as diverse as general relativity, astrophysics, particle
theory, quantum mechanics, chaos and nonlinearity, low temperature physics
and phase transitions.  Nevertheless, this is one excellent book of
recent (1989) physics articles, written by several
physicists/astrophysicists.

6] QED : The strange theory of light and matter / Richard P.
Feynman.
One need no longer be confused by this beautiful theory.
Richard Feynman gives an exposition that is once again and by itself
a beautiful explanation of the theory of photon-matter interactions.


------------------------------
Subject: Classical Mechanics

1] Goldstein, Herbert "Classical Mechanics", 2nd ed, 1980.
intermediate to advanced; excellent bibliography

2] Introductory: The Feyman Lectures, vol 1.

3] Symon, Keith - Mechanics, 3rd ed., 1971
undergrad level.

4] Corbin, H and Stehle, P - Classical Mechanics, 2nd ed., 1960

5] V.I. Arnold, Mathematical methods of classical mechanics, translated
by K. Vogtmann and A. Weinstein, 2nd ed., 1989.
The appendices are somewhat more advanced and cover all sorts of
nifty topics. Deals with Geometrical aspects of classical mechanics

6] Resnick, R and Halliday, D - Physics, vol 1, 4th Ed., 1993
Excellent introduction without much calculus. Lots of problems and
review questions.

7] Marion, J & Thornton, "Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems",
2nd ed., 1970.
Undergrad level. A useful intro to classical dynamics.  Not as advanced
as Goldstein, but with real worked-out examples.

8] Fetter, A and Walecka, J: Theoretical mechanics of particles and continua.
graduate level text, a little less impressive than Goldstein (and sometimes
a little less obtuse)

9] Many-Particle Physics, G. Mahan

10] Fetter & Walecka: Theoretical Mechanics of Particles and Continua.

------------------------------
Subject: Classical Electromagnetism

1] Jackson, J. D. "Classical Electrodynamics", 2nd ed., 1975
intermediate to advanced.

2] a] Edward Purcell, Berkely Physics Series Vol 2.
You can't beat this for the intelligent, reasonably sophisticated
beginning physics student. He tells you on the very first page
about the experimental proof of how charge does not vary with
speed.

   b] Chen, Min, Berkeley Physics problems with solutions.


3] Reitz, J, Milford, F and Christy, R: Foundations of Electromagnetic Theory
3rd ed., 1979
Undergraduate level. Pretty difficult to learn from at first, but good
reference, for     some calculations involving stacks of thin films and their
reflectance and transmission properties, for eg.  It's a good, rigorous text
as far as it goes, which is pretty far, but not all the way.  For example,
they have a great section on optical properties of a single thin film
between two dielectric semi-infinate media, but no generalization to stacks
of films.

4] Feynman, R: Feynman Lectures, vol 2

5] Lorrain, P & Corson D: Electromagnetism, Principles and Applications, 1979

6] Resnick, R and Halliday, D: Physics, vol 2, 4th ed., 1993

7] Igor Irodov, Problems in Physics.
Excellent and extensive collection of EM problems for undergrads.

8] Smythe, William: Static and Dynamic Electricity, 3rd ed., 1968
For the extreme masochists. Some of the most hair-raising EM
problems you'll ever see. Definitely not for the weak-of-heart.

9] Landau, Lifschitz, and Pitaevskii, "Electrodynamics of Continuous Media,"
2nd ed., 1984
same level as Jackson and with lots of material not in Jackson.

10] Marion, J and Heald, M: "Classical Electromagnetic Radiation," 2nd ed.,
1980  undergraduate or low-level graduate level

------------------------------
Subject: Quantum Mechanics

1] Cohen-Tannoudji, "Quantum Mechanics I & II", 1977.
introductory to intermediate.

2] Liboff - Introductory Quantum Mechanics, 2nd ed., 1992
elementary level. Makes a few mistakes.

3] Sakurai, J - Modern Quantum Mechanics, 1985

4] Sakurai, J - Advanced Quantum Mechanics, 1967
Good as an introduction to the very basic beginnings of quantum field
theory, except that it has the unfortunate feature of using 'imaginary time'
to make Minkowski space look Euclidean.

5] Wheeler, J and Zurek, W (eds.)  Quantum Theory and Measurement, 1983
On the philosophical end. People who want to know about interpretations
of quantum mechanics should definitely look at this collection of
relevant articles.

6] DeWitt, C and Neill Graham: The Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum
Mechanics
Philosophical. Collection of articles.

7] Everett, H: "Theory of the Universal Wavefunction"
An exposition which has some gems on thermodynamics and probability.
Worth reading for this alone.

8] Bjorken, J and Drell, S - Relativistic Quantum Mechanics/ Relativistic
Quantum Fields
(for comments, see under Particle Physics)

9] Ryder, Lewis - Quantum Field Theory, 1984

10] Guidry, M - Gauge Field Theories :  an introduction with applications,
1991

11] Messiah, A: Quantum Mechanics, 1961

12] Dirac, Paul:
    a] Principles of QM, 4th ed., 1958
    b] Lectures in QM, 1964
    c] Lectures on Quantum Field Theory, 1966

13] Itzykson, C and Zuber, J: Quantum Field Theory, 1980
Very advanced level.

14] Slater, J: "Quantum theory: Address, essays, lectures.
Good follow on to Schiff.

      note: Schiff, Bjorken and Drell, Fetter and Walecka, and Slater
      are all volumes in "International Series in pure and Applied Physics"
      published by McGraw Hill.

15] Pierre Ramond, Field Theory: A Modern Primer, 2nd edition.
Volume 74 in the FiP series. The so-called "revised printing" is a
must, as they must've rushed the first printing of the 2nd edition,
and it's full of inexcusable mistakes.

16] Feynman, R: Lectures - vol III :
A non-traditional approach. A good place to get an intuitive feel
for QM, if one already knows the traditional approach.

&&&&&&& 17] Heitler & London, "Quantum theory of molecules"??

18] Bell: Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, 1987
An excellent collection of essays on the philosophical aspects of QM.

19] Milonni: The quantum vacuum: an introduction to quantum electrodynamics
        1994.

20] Holland: The Quantum Theory of Motion
A good bet for strong foundation in QM.

21] John Von Neumann: Mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics, 1955.
For the more mathematical side of quantum theory, especially for
those who are going to be arguing about measurement theory.

22] Schiff, Leonard, L: Quantum Mechanics, 3rd ed., 1968
A little old. Not much emphasis on airy-fairy things like many worlds
or excessive angst over Heisenberg UP. Straight up QM for people
who want to do calculations. Introductory gradauate level. Mostly
Schrod. eqn. Spin included, but only in an adjunct to Schrod. Not
much emphasis on things like Dirac eqn., etc.

23] "Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles" by
Eisberg and Resnick, 2nd ed., 1985.
This is a basic intro. to QM, and it is excellent for
undergrads. It is not thorough with math, but fills in a lot
of the  intuitive stuff that most textbooks do not present.

24] Elementary Quantum Mechanics, David Saxon
It's a decent undergraduate (senior level) text.

25] Intermediate Quantum Mechanics, Bethe and Jackiw

------------------------------
Subject: Statistical Mechanics

1] David Chandler, "Introduction to Modern Statistical Mechanics", 1987

&&&&&&& 2] Kittel & Kroemer: Statistical Thermodynamics.
Best of a bad lot.

3] Rief, F : Principles of statistical and thermal physics.
the big and little Reif stat mech books. Big Reif is much better than
Kittel & Kroemer. He uses clear language but avoids the handwaving that
thermodynamics often gives rise to. More classical than QM oriented.

4] Bloch, Felix: Fundamentals of Statistical Mechanics.

5] Radu Balescu "Statistical Physics"
Graduate Level. Good description of non-equilibrium stat. mech.
but difficult to read. It is all there, but often you don't
realize it until after you have learned it somewhere else.
Nice development in early chapters about parallels between
classical and quantum Stat. Mech.

&&&&&&&6] Huang (grad)

The following 6 books deal with modern topics in (mostly) classical
statistical mechanics, namely, the central notions of linear response theory
(Forster) and critical phenomena (the rest) at level suitable for
beginning graduate students.


7] Thermodynamics, by H. Callen.

8] Statistical Mechanics, by R. K. Pathria

9] Hydrodynamic Fluctuations, Broken Symmetry, and Correlation
Functions, by D. Forster

10] Introduction to Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena,
by H. E. Stanley

11] Modern Theory of Critical Phenomena, by S. K. Ma

12] Lectures on Phase Transitions and the Renormalization Group,
by N. Goldenfeld

13] Methods of Quantum Field Theory in Statistical Physics,
Abrikosov, Gorkov, and Dyzaloshinski


------------------------------
Subject: Condensed Matter

1] Charles Kittel, "Introduction to Solid State Physics" (ISSP), introductory

2] Ashcroft and Mermin, "Solid State Physics", interm to advanced

3] Charles Kittel, Quantum Theory of Solids.
This is from before the days of his ISSP; it is a more advanced book.
At a similar level...

4] Solid State Theory, by W. A. Harrison (a great bargain now that it's
published by Dover)

5] Theory of Solids, by Ziman.

6] Fundamentals of the Theory of Metals, by Abrikosov
Half of the book is on superconductivity.




------------------------------
Subject: Special Relativity

1] Taylor and Wheeler, _Spacetime Physics_
Still the best introduction out there.

2] "Relativity" :  Einstein's popular exposition.

3] Wolfgang Rindler, Essential Relativity. Springer 1977
With a heavy bias towards astrophysics and therefore on a more
moderate level formally. Quite strong on intuition.

4] A P French: Special Relativity
A through introductory text.  Good discussion of the twin
paradox, pole and the barn etc.  Plenty of diagrams
illustrating lorentz transformed co-ordinates, giving both an
algebraic and geometrical insight to SR.

------------------------------
Subject: Particle Physics

1] Kerson Huang, Quarks, leptons & gauge fields, World Scientific, 1982.
Good on mathematical aspects of gauge theory and topology.

2] L. B. Okun, Leptons and quarks, translated from Russian by V. I. Kisin,
North-Holland, 1982.

3] T. D. Lee, Particle physics and introduction to field theory.

4] Itzykson: Particle Physics

5] Bjorken & Drell: "Relativistic Quantum Mechanics"
One of the more terse books.  The first volume on
Relativistic quantum mechanics covers the subject in a blinding 300
pages.  Very good if you *really* want to know the subject.

6] Francis Halzen & Alan D. Martin, "Quarks & Leptons", beginner to
intermediate, this is a standard textbook for graduate level courses.
Good knowledge of quantum mechanics and special relativity is assumed.
A very good introduction to the concepts of particle physics.  Good
examples, but not a lot of Feynman diagram calculation.  For this,
see Bjorken & Drell.

7] Donald H. Perkins: Introduction to high energy physics
Regarded by many people in the field as the best introductory text at
the undergraduate level. Covers basically everything with almost no
mathematics.

8] Close,Marten, and Sutton: The Particle Explosion.  A popular
exposition of the history of particle physics with terrific photography.

9]  Christine Sutton: Spaceship Neutrino
    A good, historical, largely intuitive introduction to
particle physics, seen from the neutrino viewpoint.

------------------------------
Subject: General Relativity

1] The telephone book, er, that is, MTW, Meisner, Thorne and Wheeler.
The "bible". W. H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco 1973

2] Robert M. Wald, Space, Time, and Gravity : the Theory of the Big Bang
   and Black Holes.
A good nontechnical introduction, with a nice mix of mathematical
rigor and comprehensible physics.

3] Schutz: First Course in General Relativity.

4] Weinberg: Gravitation and Cosmology
Good reference book, but not a very good read.

5] Hans Ohanian: Gravitation & Spacetime (recently back in print)
For someone who actually wants to learn to work problems, ideal
for self-teaching, and math is introduced as needed, rather than
in a colossal blast.

6] Robert Wald, General Relativity
It's a more advanced textbook than Wald's earlier book, appropriate
for an introductory graduate course in GR.  It strikes just the right
balance, in my opinion, between mathematical rigor and physical
intuition.  It has great mathematics appendices for those who care
about proving theorems carefully, and a good introduction to the
problems behind quantum gravity (although not to their solutions).
I think it's MUCH better than either MTW or Weinberg.


------------------------------
Subject: Mathematical Methods (so that even physicists can understand it!)

1] Morse and Feshbach - Methods of Theoretical Physics (can be hard to
   find)

2] Mathews and Walker, Mathematical Methods for Physicists.
An absolute joy for those who love math, and very informative even
for those who don't.

3] Arfken "Mathematical Methods for Physicists" Academic Press
Good introduction at graduate level. Not comprehensive in any
area, but covers many areas widely. Arfken is to math methods
what numerical recipes is to numerical methods -- good intro, but
not the last word.

4] Zwillinger "Handbook of Differential Equations." Academic Press
Kind of like CRC tables but for ODE's and PDE's. Good
reference book when you've got a Diff. Eq. and wnat to find a
solution.

5] Gradshteyn and Ryzhik "Table of Integrals, Series, and Products" Academic
THE book of integrals. Huge, but useful when you need an integral.

------------------------------
Subject: Nuclear Physics

1] Preston and Bhaduri, "Structure of the Nucleus"

2] Blatt and Weisskopf - Theoretical Nuclear Physics

3] DeShalit and Feshbach - Theoretical Nuclear Physics
This is serious stuff.  Also quite expensive even in paper.  I think
the hard cover is out of print.  This is volume I (structure).
Volume II (scattering) is also available.

4] Satchler: "Direct Nuclear Reactions".

------------------------------
Subject: Cosmology

1] J. V. Narlikar, Introduction to Cosmology.1983 Jones & Bartlett Publ.
For people with a solid background in physics and higher math, THE
introductory text, IMHO, because it hits the balance between
mathematical accuracy (tensor calculus and stuff) and intuitive
clarity/geometrical models very well for grad student level. Of course,
it has flaws but only noticeable by the Real Experts (TM) ...

2] Hawking: Brief History of Time
Popular Science

3] Weinberg: First Three Minutes
A very good book.  It's pretty old, but most of the information in it
is still correct.

4] Timothy Ferris: Coming of Age in the Milky Way.
Popular Science.

5] Kolb and Turner: The Early Universe.
At a more advanced level, a standard reference.  As the title implies,
K&T cover mostly the strange physics of very early times: it's heavy
on the particle physics, and skimps on the astrophysics.  There's a
primer on large-scale structure, which is the most active area of
cosmological research, but it's really not all that good.

6] Peebles: Principles of Physical Cosmology.
Comprehensive, and on the whole it's quite a good book, but it's
rather poorly organized.  I find myself jumping back and forth through
the book whenever I want to find anything.

7] "Black Holes and Warped Spacetime", by William J. Kaufmann, III.
This is a great, fairly thorough, though non-mathematical
description  of black holes and spacetime as it relates to
cosmology. I was impressed by how few mistakes Kaufmann makes in
simplifying, while most such books tend to sacrifice accuracy for
simplicity.

8] "Principles of Cosmology and Gravitation", Berry, M. V.
This is very well-written, and useful as an undergrad text.

9] Dennis Overbye: Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos
The unfinished history of converge on Hubble's constant is
presented, from the perspective of competing astrophysics
rival teams and institute, along with a lot of background on cosmology
(a lot on inflation, for instance).  A good insight into the scientific
process.

10] The big bang / Joseph Silk.
I consider Silk's book an absolute must for those who want a quick run
at the current state of big bang cosmology and some of the recent
(1988)issues which have given so many of us lots of problems to solve.

10] Bubbles, voids, and bumps in time : the new cosmology / edited
by James Cornell.
This is quite a nice and relatively short read for some of the
pressing issues (as of 1987-88) in astrophysical cosmology.

11] Structure formation in the universe / T. Padmanabhan.
A no-nonsense book for those who want to calculate some problems
strictly related to the formation of structure in the universe.
The book even comes complete with problems at the end of each chapter.
A bad thing about this book is that there isn't any coverage on
clusters of galaxies and the one really big thing that annoys the
hell outta me is that the bibliography for *each* chapter is all
combined in one big bibliography towards the end of the book which
makes for lots of page flipping.

12] The large-scale structure of the universe / by P. J. E. Peebles.
This is a definitive book for anyone who desires an understanding of
the mathematics required to develop the theory for models of
large scale structure.  The essential techniques in the description
of how mass is able to cluster under gravity from a smooth early
universe are discussed.  While I find it dry in some places, there are
noteworthy sections (e.g. statistical tests, n-point correlation functions,
etc.).


------------------------------
Subject: Astronomy

1] Hannu Karttunen et al. (eds.): Fundamental Astronomy.
The best book covering all of astronomy (also for absolute beginners)
AND still going into a lot of detail for special work for people more
involved AND presenting excellent graphics and pictures.

2] Pasachoff: Contemporary Astronomy
Good introductory textbook for the nontechnical reader.  It gives a
pretty good overview of the important topics, and it has good pictures.

3] Shu, Frank: The physical universe : an introduction to astronomy,

4] Astrophysical formulae : a compendium for the physicist and
astrophysicist / Kenneth R. Lang.
Here is everything you wanted to know (and more!) about astrophysical
formulae on a one-line/one-parargraph/one-shot deal.
Of course, the formulae come complete with references (a tad old, mind
you) but it's a must for everyone who's working in astronomy and
astrophysics. You learn something new everytime you flip through the pages!


------------------------------
Subject: Plasma Physics

(See Robert Heeter's sci.phys.fusion FAQ for details)



------------------------------
Subject: Numerical Methods/Simulations

1] Johnson and Rees "Numerical Analysis" Addison Wesley
Undergrad. level broad intro.

2] Numerical Recipes in X (X=c,fortran,pascal,etc) Tueklosky and Press

3] Young and Gregory "A survey of Numerical Mathmematics" Dover 2 volumes.
Excellent overview at grad. level. Emphasis toward solution
of elliptic PDE's, but good description of methods to get there
including linear algebra, Matrix techniques, ODE solving methods,
and interpolation theory. Biggest strength is it provides a coherent
framework and structure to attach most commonly used num. methods.
This helps understanding about why to use one method or another.
2 volumes.

4]Hockney and Eastwood "Computer Simulation Using Particles" Adam Hilger
Good exposition of particle-in-cell (PIC) method and extensions.
Applications to plasmas, astronmy, and solid state are discussed.
Emphasis is on description of algortihms. Some results shown.

5] Birdsall and Langdon "Plasma Physics via Computer Simulations"
PIC simulation applied to plasmas. Source codes shown. First part
is almost a tutorial on how to do PIC. Second part is like a
series of review articles on different PIC methods.

6] Tajima "Computational Plasma Physics: With Applications to Fusion and
Astrophysics" Addison Wesley Frontiers in physics Series.
Algorthims described. Emphasis on physics that can be simulated.
Applications limited to plasmas, but subjest areas very broad,
fusion, cosmology, solar astrophysics, magnetospheric physics,
plasma turbulence, general astrophysics.

------------------------------
Subject: Fluid Dynamics

1] Triton "Physical Fluid Dynamics"

2] Batchelor

3] Chandreshekar

------------------------------
Subject: Nonlinear Dynamics, Complexity, and Chaos


1] Prigogine, "Exploring Complexity"
Or any other prigogine book. If you've read one, you read most of
all of them (A poincare recurrance maybe?)

2] Guckenheimer and Holmes "Nonlinear Oscillations, Dynamical Systems, and
   Bifurcations of Vector Fields" Springer
Borderline phys/math. Advanced level. Nuts and bolts how to textbook.
No Saganesque visionary thing from the authors. They let the topic
provide all the razz-ma-tazz, which is plenty if you pay attention
and remember the physics that it applies to.

3] Lieberman and Lichenstein

4] "The Dreams Of Reason" by Heinz Pagels.
He is a very clear and interesting, captivating writer, and
presents the concepts in a very intuitive way. The level is
popular  science, but it is still useful for physicists who
know  little of complexity.

5] M.Mitchell Waldrop: Complexity.
A popular intro to the subject of spontaneous orders, complexity
and so on.  Covers implications for economics, biology etc and not
just physics.

------------------------------
Subject: Optics (Classical and Quantum), Lasers

1] Born and Wolf
standard reference.

2] Sommerfeld, A:
For the more classically minded

3] Allen and Eberly's Optical Resonance and Two-Level Atoms.
For quantum optics, the most readable but most limited.

4] Quantum Optics and Electronics (Les Houches summer school 1963-or-4,
but someone has claimed that Gordon and Breach, NY, are going to
republish it in 1995), edited by DeWitt, Blandin, and Cohen-
Tannoudji, is noteworthy primarily for Glauber's lectures, which
form the basis of quantum optics as it is known today.

5] Sargent, Scully, & Lamb: Laser Physics

6] Yariv: Quantum Electronics

7] Siegman: Lasers

8] Shen: The Principles of Nonlinear Optics

9] Meystre & Sargent: Elements of Quantum Optics

10] Cohen-Tannoudji, Dupont-Roc, & Grynberg: Photons, Atoms and Atom-Photon
    Interactions.

11] Hecht: Optics
A very good intro optics book (readable by a smart college freshman,
but useful as a reference to the graduate student)

12] "Practical Holography" by Graham Saxby, Prentice Hall: New York; 1988.

This is a very clear and detailed book that is an excellent
introduction to holography for interested undergraduate physics people, as
well as advanced readers, esp. those who are interested in the practical
details of making holograms and the theory behind them.


------------------------------

Subject: Mathematical Physics
(Lie Algebra, Topology, Knot Theory, Tensors, etc.)

These are books that are sort of talky and fun to read (but still
substantial - some harder than others). These include things
mathematicians can read about physics as well as vice versa.  These
books are different than the "bibles" one must have on hand at all
times to do mathematical physics.

1] Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat, Cecile DeWitt-Morette, and Margaret
Dillard-Bleick, Analysis, manifolds, and physics (2 volumes)

Something every mathematical physicist should have at her bedside
until she knows it inside and out - but some people say it's not
especially easy to read.


2] Jean Dieudonne, A panorama of pure mathematics, as seen by N. Bourbaki,
   translated by I.G. Macdonald.
Gives the big picture in math.


3] Robert Hermann, Lie groups for physicists, Benjamin-Cummings, 1966.

4] George Mackey, Quantum mechanics from the point of view of the theory
of group representations, Mathematical Sciences Research Institute,
1984.

5] George Mackey, Unitary group representations in physics, probability,
and number theory.

6] Charles Nash and S. Sen, Topology and geometry for physicists.

7] B. Booss and D.D. Bleecker, Topology and analysis: the Atiyah-Singer
index formula and  gauge-theoretic physics.

8] Bamberg and S. Sternberg, A Course of Mathematics for Students of
   Physics.

9] Bishop & Goldberg: Tensor Analysis on Manifolds.

10] Flanders : Differential Forms with applications to the Physical Sciences.

11] Dodson & Poston Tensor Geometry.

12] von Westenholz: Differential forms in Mathematical Physics.


13] Abraham, Marsden & Ratiu: Manifolds, Tensor Analysis and Applications.

14] M. Nakahara, Topology, Geometry and Physics.

15] Morandi:     The Role of Topology in Classical and Quantum Physics

16] Singer, Thorpe:  Lecture Notes on Elemetary Topology and Geometry

17] L. Kauffman: Knots and Physics, World Scientific, Singapore, 1991.

18] Yang, C and Ge, M: Braid group, Knot Theory & Statistical Mechanics.

19] Kastler, D: C-algebras and their applications to Statistical
    Mechanics and Quantum Field Theory.

20] Courant and Hilbert "Methods of Mathematical Physics" Wiley
Really a math book in disguise. Emphasis on ODE's and PDE's.
Proves existence, etc. Very comprehensive. 2 volumes.

21] Cecille Dewitt: is publishing a book on manifolds that
should be out soon (maybe already is). Very high level, but supposedly
of great importance for anyone needing to set the Feynman path integral
in a firm foundation.

22] Howard Georgi, "Lie Groups for Particle Phyiscs"
Addison Wesley Frontiers in Physics Series.

23] Synge and Schild

------------------------------
Subject: Atomic Physics

1] Born and Wolf:
A classic, though a little old.

------------------------------
Subject: Low Temperature Physics, Superconductivity (high and low Tc), etc.

1] The Theory of Quantum Liquids, by D. Pines and P. Nozieres

2] Superconductivity of Metals and Alloys, P. G. DeGennes
A classic introduction.

3] Theory of Superconductivity, J. R. Schrieffer

4] Superconductivity, M. Tinkham

5] Experimental techniques in low-temperature physics / by Guy K. White.
This is considered by many as a "bible" for those working in
experimental low temperature physics.

Thanks to the contributors who made this compilation possible, including,
but not limited to [e-mail], [e-mail],
[e-mail], [e-mail], p675cen@mpifr-bonn.
mpg.de, [e-mail], [e-mail],
[e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail],
[e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail],
[e-mail], [e-mail], exunikh
@exu.ericsson.se, [e-mail], [e-mail],
[e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail],
[e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail],
[e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail],
[e-mail]

********************************************************************************
Item 5.

The Nobel Prize for Physics (1901-1993)         updated 12-OCT-1994 by SIC
---------------------------------------         original by Scott I. Chase

The following is a complete listing of Nobel Prize awards, from the first
award in 1901.  Prizes were not awarded in every year.  The description
following the names is an abbreviation of the official citation.

1901    Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen          X-rays
1902    Hendrik Antoon Lorentz          Magnetism in radiation phenomena
        Pieter Zeeman
1903    Antoine Henri Bequerel          Spontaneous radioactivity
        Pierre Curie
        Marie Sklowdowska-Curie
1904    Lord Rayleigh                   Density of gases and
        (a.k.a. John William Strutt)     discovery of argon
1905    Pilipp Eduard Anton von Lenard  Cathode rays
1906    Joseph John Thomson             Conduction of electricity by gases
1907    Albert Abraham Michelson        Precision meteorological investigations
1908    Gabriel Lippman                 Reproducing colors photographically
                                         based on the phenomenon of interference
1909    Guglielmo Marconi               Wireless telegraphy
        Carl Ferdinand Braun
1910    Johannes Diderik van der Waals  Equation of state of fluids
1911    Wilhelm Wien                    Laws of radiation of heat
1912    Nils Gustaf Dalen               Automatic gas flow regulators
1913    Heike Kamerlingh Onnes          Matter at low temperature
1914    Max von Laue                    Crystal diffraction of X-rays
1915    William Henry Bragg             X-ray analysis of crystal structure
        William Lawrence Bragg
1917    Charles Glover Barkla           Characteristic X-ray spectra of elements
1918    Max Planck                      Energy quanta
1919    Johannes Stark                  Splitting of spectral lines in E fields
1920    Charles-Edouard Guillaume       Anomalies in nickel steel alloys
1921    Albert Einstein                 Photoelectric Effect
1922    Niels Bohr                      Structure of atoms
1923    Robert Andrew Millikan          Elementary charge of electricity
1924    Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn       X-ray spectroscopy
1925    James Franck                    Impact of an electron upon an atom
        Gustav Hertz
1926    Jean Baptiste Perrin            Sedimentation equilibrium
1927    Arthur Holly Compton            Compton effect
        Charles Thomson Rees Wilson     Invention of the Cloud chamber
1928    Owen Willans Richardson         Thermionic phenomena, Richardson's Law
1929    Prince Louis-Victor de Broglie  Wave nature of electrons
1930    Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman Scattering of light, Raman effect
1932    Werner Heisenberg               Quantum Mechanics
1933    Erwin Schrodinger               Atomic theory
        Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
1935    James Chadwick                  The neutron
1936    Victor Franz Hess               Cosmic rays
    Carl D. Anderson        The positron
1937    Clinton Joseph Davisson         Crystal diffraction of electrons
        George Paget Thomson
1938    Enrico Fermi                    New radioactive elements
1939    Ernest Orlando Lawrence         Invention of the Cyclotron
1943    Otto Stern                      Proton magnetic moment
1944    Isador Isaac Rabi               Magnetic resonance in atomic nuclei
1945    Wolfgang Pauli                  The Exclusion principle
1946    Percy Williams Bridgman         Production of extremely high pressures
1947    Sir Edward Victor Appleton      Physics of the upper atmosphere
1948    Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett Cosmic ray showers in cloud chambers
1949    Hideki Yukawa                   Prediction of Mesons
1950    Cecil Frank Powell              Photographic emulsion for meson studies
1951    Sir John Douglas Cockroft       Artificial acceleration of atomic
        Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton      particles and transmutation of nuclei
1952    Felix Bloch                     Nuclear magnetic precision methods
        Edward Mills Purcell
1953    Frits Zernike                   Phase-contrast microscope
1954    Max Born                        Fundamental research in QM
        Walther Bothe                   Coincidence counters
1955    Willis Eugene Lamb              Hydrogen fine structure
        Polykarp Kusch                  Electron magnetic moment
1956    William Shockley                Transistors
        John Bardeen
        Walter Houser Brattain
1957    Chen Ning Yang                  Parity violation
        Tsung Dao Lee
1958    Pavel Aleksejevic Cerenkov      Interpretation of the Cerenkov effect
        Il'ja Mickajlovic Frank
        Igor' Evgen'evic Tamm
1959    Emilio Gino Segre               The Antiproton
        Owen Chamberlain
1960    Donald Arthur Glaser            The Bubble Chamber
1961    Robert Hofstadter               Electron scattering on nucleons
        Rudolf Ludwig Mossbauer         Resonant absorption of photons
1962    Lev Davidovic Landau            Theory of liquid helium
1963    Eugene P. Wigner                Fundamental symmetry principles
        Maria Goeppert Mayer            Nuclear shell structure
        J. Hans D. Jensen
1964    Charles H. Townes               Maser-Laser principle
        Nikolai G. Basov
        Alexander M. Prochorov
1965    Sin-Itiro Tomonaga              Quantum electrodynamics
        Julian Schwinger
        Richard P. Feynman
1966    Alfred Kastler                  Study of Hertzian resonance in atoms
1967    Hans Albrecht Bethe             Energy production in stars
1968    Luis W. Alvarez                 Discovery of many particle resonances
1969    Murray Gell-Mann                Quark model for particle classification
1970    Hannes Alfven                   Magneto-hydrodynamics in plasma physics
        Louis Neel                      Antiferromagnetism and ferromagnetism
1971    Dennis Gabor                    Principles of holography
1972    John Bardeen                    Theory of superconductivity
        Leon N. Cooper
        J. Robert Schrieffer
1973    Leo Esaki                       Tunneling in superconductors
        Ivar Giaever
        Brian D. Josephson              Super-current through tunnel barriers
1974    Antony Hewish                   Discovery of pulsars
        Sir Martin Ryle                 Pioneering radioastronomy work
1975    Aage Bohr                       Structure of the atomic nucleus
        Ben Mottelson
        James Rainwater
1976    Burton Richter                  Discovery of the J/Psi particle
        Samual Chao Chung Ting
1977    Philip Warren Anderson          Electronic structure of magnetic and
        Nevill Francis Mott             disordered solids
        John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
1978    Pyotr Kapitsa                   Liquefaction of helium
        Arno A. Penzias                 Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
        Robert W. Wilson
1979    Sheldon Glashow                 Electroweak Theory, especially
        Steven Weinberg                  weak neutral currents
        Abdus Salam
1980    James Cronin                    Discovery of CP violation in the
        Val Fitch                        asymmetric decay of neutral K-mesons
1981    Kai M. Seigbahn                 High resolution electron spectroscopy
        Nicolaas Bloembergen            Laser spectroscopy
        Arthur L. Schawlow
1982    Kenneth G. Wilson               Critical phenomena in phase transitions
1983    Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar      Evolution of stars
        William A. Fowler
1984    Carlo Rubbia                    Discovery of W,Z
        Simon van der Meer              Stochastic cooling for colliders
1985    Klaus von Klitzing              Discovery of quantum Hall effect
1986    Gerd Binning                    Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
        Heinrich Rohrer
        Ernst August Friedrich Ruska    Electron microscopy
1987    Georg Bednorz                   High-temperature superconductivity
        Alex K. Muller
1988    Leon Max Lederman               Discovery of the muon neutrino leading
        Melvin Schwartz                  to classification of particles in
        Jack Steinberger                 families
1989    Hans Georg Dehmelt              Penning Trap for charged particles
        Wolfgang Paul                   Paul Trap for charged particles
        Norman F. Ramsey                Control of atomic transitions by the
                                         separated oscillatory fields method
1990    Jerome Isaac Friedman           Deep inelastic scattering experiments
        Henry Way Kendall                leading to the discovery of quarks
        Richard Edward Taylor
1991    Pierre-Gilles de Gennes         Order-disorder transitions in liquid
                                         crystals and polymers
1992    Georges Charpak                 Multiwire Proportional Chamber
1993    Russell A. Hulse                Discovery of the first binary pulsar
        Joseph H. Taylor                 and subsequent tests of GR
1994    Bertram N. Brockhouse           Neutron scattering experiments
    Clifford G. Shull
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END OF PART 1/4