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┌───────────────────────────────┐ │╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬│ │╬╬┌─────────────────────────┐╬╬│ │╬╬│ LS-1.00 Plus │╬╬│ │╬╬│ Scientific Calculator │╬╬│ │╬╬│ │╬╬│ │╬╬│ PROGRAM REFERENCE │╬╬│ │╬╬│ MANUAL │╬╬│ │╬╬│ │╬╬│ │╬╬│ Written and Developed │╬╬│ │╬╬│ by │╬╬│ │╬╬│ Lawrence Stone │╬╬│ │╬╬│ │╬╬│ │╬╬│Copyright 1990, LSRGroup.│╬╬│ │╬╬│ Lawrence Stone Research │╬╬│ │╬╬│ Group │╬╬│ │╬╬└─────────────────────────┘╬╬│ │╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬│ │╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬│ │╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬│ │╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬│ │╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬│ │╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬│ └───────────────────────────────┘ │ │ │ │ Published by │ │ LSRGroup │ P.O. Box 5715 │ Charleston, Oregon 79420 │ U.S.A. │ │ Telephone: (503) 888-9716 │ │ Electronic Messages: │ The Marshfield Exchange BBS 152/18 │ │ Latest Program Updates: │ The Empire Builder BBS (503) 888-4121 │ │ │ Copyright (C) 1990 by Lawrence Stone Research Group All Rights Reserved Published in the United States of America Acknowledgement Appreciation is extended to Dave Cleary, whose request for a TSR calculator, motivated this author into many days and sleepless nights, in the mad pursuit of the world's best, TSR, full function, scientific calculator for IBM and compatible computer systems. Further acknowledgement is extended to Bob Fetherson and Jim Copley for their ideas, suggestions, and assistance in the development of the LS-1.00 Plus, Scientific Calculator. LS-1.00 Plus Copyright ii COPYRIGHT NOTICE LSRGCALC.EXE (c) Copyright Lawrence Stone Research Group 1990 All Rights Reserved PROGRAM REFERENCE MANUAL (c) Copyright Lawrence Stone Research Group 1990 All Rights Reserved MOUSE.COM (c) Copyright Microsoft Corporation 1989, 1988, 1987 All Rights Reserved No parts of LS-1.00 Plus or this document may be copied in part or in whole, except as provided in the License in the following pages. Disclaimer LSRGroup makes no warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to this software and accompanying documentation. IN NO EVENT SHALL LSRGroup BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES (INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION, OR OTHER PECUNIARY LOSS) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THIS PROGRAM, EVEN IF LSRGroup HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Author's Note Concerning Software Piracy Piracy - The word conjures romantic images of Errol Flynn and swash- buckling buccaneers. Here is another image to consider: an indepen- ent, self-employed programmer who performs seven weeks, night and day, laborious effort in the endeavor to produce the best program of it's ilk. This man's time is not reimbursed through a company's vacation pay. Time spent programming, for this man, is income lost. Further, this programmer resides in one of America's poorest districts - Donald Trump or Bill Gates, he is not. Do you want to know what this author thinks of software pirates? He feels that only the scum of the Earth would steal seven weeks of someone's time without any consideration or thought of payment due. Shareware products are free to evaluate, not to steal. LS-1.00 Plus License iii LICENSE/REGISTRATION INFORMATION LSRGCALC.EXE is Copyright (c) 1990 by Lawrence Stone Research Group. LSRGCALC is not, nor has ever been, public domain or free software. The commercial, registered version of LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator may not be duplicated other than for backup purposes. A registered copy of LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator must be treated like a book, in that the same registered copy of LSRGCALC may not be used in more than one computer at the same time, just as a book can not be handled and read by more than one person at the same time. Users are granted a limited license to use the Shareware Edition, of LSRGCALC for a limited evaluation period of up to 30 days, in order to determine if it suits their needs. Any other use of LSRGCALC or use past this period requires registration. All users are granted a limited license to copy the Shareware Edition of LSRGCALC only for the purpose of allowing others to try it, subject to the above restrictions as well as these: LSRGCALC must be distributed in absolutely unmodified form, including ALL program, documentation, and other files. LSRGCALC may not be included with any other product for any reason whatsoever without a license from LSRGroup. No charge or payment may be levied or accepted for LSRGCALC without written permission from LSRGroup. Bulletin Board system operators may post the unregistered, Shareware Edition of LSRGCALC on their BBS for downloading by their users with- out written permission only if the above conditions are met, and only if no special fee is necessary to access the LSRGCALC files (a general fee to access the BBS is ok). Distributors of User Supported and Public Domain software MUST ob- tain written permission from LSRGroup before distributing LSRGCALC and must follow the above conditions. Permission is almost always granted; this requirement is necessary to ensure protection for our- selves and LSRGCALC users from unscrupulous individuals. The following section contains information on registration and li- censing. LS-1.00 Plus License iv Registration Information Registering LSRGCALC allows you to use the product after the trial pe- riod. Registered LSRGCALC users get the latest copy of the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator on disk and, free product support for three months from date of registration (product telephone support is limited to 30 minutes connect time during the hours of 10:00 am to 4:00 pm, Pacific Time Zone, Monday through Friday). The registered version of the calculator has instant pop up and pop down (no need to wait while the calculator opens and closes) and also includes REMOVE.COM to remove the calculator from memory without having to first pop it up. LSRGCALC registration costs $39 US. The fee covers the cost of the diskette, mailing and handling. A pre-printed LSRGCALC Program Reference Manual (this document) is an additional $10 US. Customized Hot Key configurations are available for an additional $5 US. Corporate Site Licenses/Quantity Purchases All corporate, business, government, agencies of government, or other commercial users of the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator must be re- gistered. Quantity discounts and corporate or site licensing is avail- able. Call or write LSRGroup for quantity discount pricing. Educational Institution Discounts Educational Institutions will receive an Educational Institution Discount Rate with their Site/Quantity purchase. Call or write LSRGroup for details. Developer's Licenses Developers wishing to bundle LSRGCALC with their programs need to write LSRGroup stating the nature of your program and the quantity of sales you anticipate. LSRGroup will respond with a proposed agreement stating your cost and duration of agreement. ORDERING INFORMATION Note: All prices and discounts are subject to change without notice. Discounts apply only to separate orders, they are not cumulative. To place an order, please use the order form at the end of this manual. All orders must include check, money order, or warrant. LS-1.00 Plus Contents v C O N T E N T S 1 Introduction.............................................1 1.1 Program Description.................................1 1.2 The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator Philosophy...3 1.3 System Requirements.................................4 1.4 LSRGCALC Files......................................5 2 Getting Started..........................................6 2.1 Starting the Program................................7 2.1.1 Loading LSRGCALC Non-Resident...................7 2.1.2 Using the EMS Option............................7 2.1.3 Using the DISK Option...........................8 2.1.4 Using the DOS Option............................8 2.2 Hot Keys............................................9 3 Using the Calculator....................................10 3.1 Mouse Operation....................................10 3.2 Scroll Key and Spacebar Operation..................11 3.3 Immediate Key Actuation............................13 3.3.1 The Enter Key..................................14 3.3.2 The Spacebar Key...............................14 3.3.3 The BackSpace Key..............................14 3.3.4 The Esc Key....................................14 3.4 Definition of Symbols..............................14 3.5 The Rules of Algebraic Operations..................15 4 Program Features........................................17 4.1 Using the Parenthesis Buttons......................17 4.2 Immediate Functions................................18 4.3 Trigometric Function Buttons.......................20 4.4 Number Buttons A-F.................................20 4.5 n^ Exponent Button.................................21 4.6 Exp Button.........................................21 4.7 √n Root Button.....................................22 4.8 π Pi Button........................................22 4.9 +/- Change Sign Button.............................22 4.10 Memory Operations.................................23 4.11 Logarithm Buttons.................................23 4.12 Angular Mode Buttons..............................24 LS-1.00 Plus Contents vi C O N T E N T S (cont.) 4.13 Number Mode Buttons...............................24 4.13.1 Float Floating Point Operations..............24 4.13.2 Bin Binary Numbers...........................24 4.13.3 Oct Octal Numbers............................25 4.13.4 Dec Decimal Numbers..........................25 4.13.5 Hex Hexidecimal Numbers......................25 4.13.6 Fix Fixed Decimal Point Operations...........25 4.13.7 Compx Complex Numbers........................26 4.13.8 Stats Statistical Operations.................26 4.13.9 Date Date Calculations.......................26 4.13.10 Time Time Calculations......................27 4.14 Statistical Functions.............................28 4.14.1 n! Factorial Function........................28 4.14.2 Σ+ Stat summations/standard deviations.......28 4.14.3 Σn Add or delete from stat array.............28 4.14.4 Perm Permutations............................29 4.14.5 Comb Combinations............................29 4.14.6 Rand Random Number Functions.................29 4.14.7 Ari ñ Arithmetic Mean........................31 4.14.8 Qua ñ Quadratic Mean.........................31 4.14.9 Har ñ Harmonic Mean..........................31 4.14.10 Geo ñ Geometric Mean........................31 4.15 Control Buttons...................................32 4.15.1 CE/CL Clear Functions........................32 4.15.2 Sleep Put TSR to Sleep.......................32 4.15.3 End End The Program - Terminate TSR..........32 4.15.4 Stuff Stuff The Keyboard.....................33 4.16 Special Buttons...................................33 4.16.1 Hist History Log.............................33 4.16.2 Lpt Printer..................................34 4.16.3 File Disk File...............................34 4.16.4 Table Look-up Table..........................34 4.16.4.1 Appending the Look-up Table...............36 5 ORDER FORM..............................................37 LS-1.00 Plus Introduction 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Program Description The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator is a full-featured terminate and stay resident (TSR) program for PCs running under the PC/MS-DOS operating system. LSRGCALC features include: - seventy two "buttons" provide ninety two functions. - mouse support (MS mouse compatible), scroll keys and spacebar actuation, immediate keys, and/or any combination of mouse, scroll and immediate key control. - backspace key for minor fixes, CE/CL key to clear entry and clear all. - three ways in which to become RAM resident; EMS and DISK reduce the LSRGCALC DOS memory requirement from approximately 204,000 bytes to 11,000 bytes, while "popped down". This means around 193,000 bytes of DOS are freed to run other programs with. Use the "Sleep" key to "pop down" the memory resident calculator or the "End" key to entirely remove it from memory. Or, run the program without going memory resident. The choice is yours. - five hundred and twelve line, user configurable, fully scrollable, look-up table for holding information such as: values of constants, conversion formulas, laws of mathematics, crib sheets, or those special proprietary formulas, you or your company's business must have at hand, for immediate calculations. - five hundred element statistical array! - automatic summations and standard deviations, arithmetic means, quadratic means, harmonic means, and geometric means calculated from the numbers entered into the statistical array. - permutations and combinations. You tell LSRGCALC the number of items and the rate, and LSRGCALC immediately displays the answer. LS-1.00 Plus Program Description 2 - factorials for any real number (whole integer) from 1 to 170. - random number generator offers "Defined Range" randoms (you define the range for the random number), "Exp Distributed" randoms (returns a real value with an exponential distribu- tion defined by your mean), "Normal Curve" randoms (returns a real value with a normal curve defined by your mean and your standard deviation). - scrollable history log. Review the last 100 operations entered into the calculator. - toggle printer on and off. Keep a written record of every keystroke in a similar manner as a desk-top adding machine. - toggle disk file on and off. Send every keystroke to a disk file for later review. The disk file will be created in the active path were the calculator "popped up". - the stuff key button places the displayed number into the keyboard buffer. This will automatically transfer the number displayed back to the program in which the calculator "popped up" over. - date difference calculations and date mathematics determine the number of days between two dates or, add and/or subtract a specified number of years, months, and days from a given date. - time difference calculations and time mathematics determine the difference between one time of day from another time of day or, add and/or subtract a specified number of hours, minutes, and seconds from a time of day. - calculate sines, cosines, tangents, arc or hyp functions or inverse hyperbolic functions in degree, radian, or gradian modes. - calculate numbers with fixed or floating decimals. Allows fixed decimals from zero to 15 places. - perform calculations in real, binary, octal, hexidecimal, or complex number modes. LS-1.00 Plus Program Description 3 - calculate Log base e, Log base 10, or Log base n. Use the Log e button to compute the log of a complex number. - calculate nth root of any real number, real number roots of complex numbers or complex roots of complex numbers. - calculate nth power of any real number or the complex power of any complex number. - use the Exp button to work with scientific notation for any real number or, calculate the exponential function for any complex number with the Exp button (create complex numbers to powers of ten with the "E" key). - determine the reciprocal of any real or complex number with the "1/n" button. - determine the exact order in which algebraic expression are evaluated with the parenthesis keys. You can have up to eight pending parenthesis operations at any one time. - work with any real number in the range of -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647. Real numbers greater than this range are automatically forced into scientific notation with a range of -1.79 x 10^308 to +1.79 x 10^308. - work with any hexidecimal number in the range of zero to 7FFFFFFF, any octal number in the range of 0 to 17777777777, or any binary from 1000000000000000 to 0111111111111111. Complex numbers can range from (-3.40x10^38 -3.40x10^38i) to (+3.40x10^38 +3.40x10^38i). 1.2 The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator Philosophy When LSRGCALC was written, one basic idea was kept in mind. It was felt that a powerful, interactive calculator program could be as easy to operate, or easier, as the hand-held calculator resting on top of the desk, along-side your computer. Couple this power with versatility, functionality and blazing speed. We believe, after trying LSRGCALC, that you will end up placing that hand-held pocket calculator, presently at rest beside your computer, into your briefcase where it belongs. LS-1.00 Plus System Requirements 4 1.3 System Requirements - IBM PC, XT, AT, PS/2, or close compatible. - PC/MS DOS version 3.0 or newer. - 80 column monitor in 80 x 25, 80 x 43 or 80 x 50 text mode. LSRGCALC will refuse to "pop up" over a graphics screen mode. - Hard disk or floppy with 640 Kbytes available for program file space (minimum disk space required can be as low as 162,000 bytes if you are not using the DISK option). - 204,000 bytes of free DOS memory to initially load LSRGCALC as RAM resident (or as a "normal", non-resident program). When LSRGCALC is loaded as TSR (RAM resident) and "asleep", it will free up all but around 11,000 bytes of it's DOS memory for use by other programs. If you make it RAM resident in DOS, then all 204,000 bytes will remain in DOS. - LSRGCALC's EMS option requires 212,992 bytes available LIM (Lotus-Intel-Microsoft) EMS (Expanded Memory System) version 4.0 or newer. LIM EMS is highly desirable but not necessary. Although LSRGCALC can perform the DISK option from a floppy drive (with sufficient free disk space), we don't recommend this because "pop up" and "pop down" time from floppy drives will take several seconds. 1.4 LSRGCALC Files LSRGCALC comes with a number of files and may create more in its normal operation. Files included in the LSRGCALC package are: LSRGCALC.EXE - The LSRGCALC program itself LSRGCALC.DOC - The LSRGCALC program reference manual CALCSCRN.MON - The LSRGCALC screen file for monochrome systems CALCSCRN.CLR - The LSRGCALC screen file for color systems LSRGCALC.TBL - The LSRGCALC, user configurable look-up table README.NOW - File containing information relating to any changes or other details not covered in this manual. MOUSE.COM - Microsoft mouse driver. REMOVE.COM - Registered versions of the calculator only. LS-1.00 Plus LSRGCALC Files 5 Files that LSRGCALC may create during it's normal operation are: LSRGCALC.FIL - The file created in the default path when you choose the "File" button. C100 & C101 - The files created by LSRGCALC when it goes RAM resident with the DISK option. These files are automatically removed by LSRGCALC when you "END" it from memory (terminate). LS-1.00 Plus Getting Started 6 2. Getting Started First, before you do anything else, make a backup copy of your LSRGCALC diskette. Although you can run LSRGCALC from a floppy drive (with sufficient free disk space), it is not recommended. If you do so, and if you install LSRGCALC RAM resident with the DISK option, then you must keep the LSRGCALC diskette in the drive so that LSRGCALC can read and write two "C1" files. A more practical method for loading and running LSRGCALC is from a hard drive. Create a free directory for LSRGCALC and its files. You create the new directory by first, checking into the appropriate drive with a command such as: C: (then press Enter) Next, tell DOS to make a new directory. We suggest you call your new directory "CALC". Issue the command: md \CALC (then press Enter) Now, have your computer reference itself from within your new directory by typing the command: cd \CALC (then press Enter) Finally, place the LSRGCALC diskette into a floppy drive, such as A: drive, and copy all the LSRGCALC files with the command: copy a:*.* (then press Enter) The LSRGCALC files that you must have, in order to run the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator are: LSRGCALC.EXE CALCSCRN.MON (if you have a monochrome video card) CALCSCRN.CLR (if you have a color video card) LSRGCALC.TBL (not necessary but highly recommended) LS-1.00 Plus Starting the Program 7 2.1 Starting the Program To run the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator, your computer must first reference itself to the drive and path in which the LSRGCALC files are located. This means that if the LSRGCALC files reside in another drive OR another directory, you must first issue the DOS command to change to the appropriate drive and/or directory before you tell LSRGCALC to load and run. If you are working from within, let's say, drive D: and the LSRGCALC are in C:\CALC then type the following commands: C: (then press Enter) cd \CALC (then press Enter) You can run the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator four different ways, by typing the following commands: 2.1.1 Loading LSRGCALC Non-Resident Type the command: LSRGCALC (then press Enter) This will make LSRGCALC load and run as a normal, non-RAM resident program. That is to say, when you exit the program with the "End" or "Sleep" buttons (or the Esc key), LSRGCALC will 100% free it- self from memory, returning all of the memory it used to DOS and any other program that may need it. 2.1.2 Using the EMS Option Type the command: LSRGCALC ems (then press Enter) The above command will install LSRGCALC as RAM resident using your expanded memory system (note - expanded memory is NOT the same as extended memory). If you issue the above command and EMS memory is not available, or insufficient EMS is available, or your system has an EMS hardware problem, LSRGCALC will then load itself RAM resident within DOS memory. When this option is used, LSRGCALC moves all of it's memory "image" to EMS memory except for a small 11 Kbyte DOS kernel. This means that approximately 193,000 bytes of DOS memory is freed for use by other programs. LS-1.00 Plus Using the DISK Option 8 2.1.3 Using the DISK Option Type the command: LSRGCALC disk (then press Enter) The above command will install LSRGCALC as RAM resident using your disk to temporarily store it's memory "image". If you issue the above command and there is insufficient disk space or a disk hard- ware problem, LSRGCALC will attempt to terminate and remove itself from your system's memory. When this option is used, LSRGCALC will write all of it's memory "image" (except for a small 11 K- byte kernel) as two files to your disk in the same location that the LSRGCALC.EXE resides. These files will be named, "C100" and "C101" and will initially be zero bytes and approx. 194,768 bytes, respectively. After you have "popped up" the calculator, these files will be about the same size, approximately 194,768 bytes each (or somewhat less). When you un-install the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator from your system's memory with the "End" button, the last two "C1" files created by LSRGCALC will be automatically deleted from your disk. (Registered versions of the calculator can use REMOVE.COM to un-install the calculator directly from the DOS prompt). 2.1.4 Using the DOS Option Type the command: LSRGCALC dos (then press Enter) The above command will install LSRGCALC as RAM resident using your system's DOS memory. This option leaves the LSRGCALC memory "image" entirely in DOS leaving approximately 204,000 bytes less memory available for other programs to use. LS-1.00 Plus Hot Keys 9 2.2 Hot Keys When LSRGCALC successfully becomes RAM resident, it will display the messages: "LSRGCALC is Loaded into Memory and is Going to Sleep." "Use <Right Shift> + <Spacebar> Key Combination to Awaken." Now, to "pop up" the calculator, at any time, simply press and hold down the Right Shift key then, tap the Spacebar key. If the calculator is RAM resident using DOS or EMS memory, the calculator will immediately "pop up" over the current program. If you have made the calculator RAM resident using the DISK option then, the calculator will take a second or so to "pop up". If your system is using a slow disk drive, it may take two or three seconds to "pop up". To let you know that something is, indeed, happening, you will notice that there will be a square, blinking, green cursor at the upper-left most corner of the monitor. You may only have one copy of the calculator RAM resident at a time. If you try to load a second copy as RAM resident, you will be informed: "LSRGCALC Already Installed in Memory!" "Use <Right Shift> + <Spacebar> Key Combination to Awaken." You are, however, allowed to install one copy of the calculator as RAM resident, then load and run a second copy of the calculator as a "normal", non-resident program. This would serve no useful purpose except to allow you to perform two calculations on two copies of the calculator, from within one computer system. LS-1.00 Plus Using the Calculator 10 3. Using the Calculator ┌──┤ LS-1.00 Plus Calculator ├──┬───────────────────────────────┐ │ ╔═════════════════════════╗ │ Operation Indicators │ │ ║ Primary Display Window ║ │╔═════════════════════════════╗│ │ ╚═════════════════════════╝ │║ Operations Indicator Window ║│ │ Copyright 1990, LSRGroup. │╠═════════════════════════════╣│ │┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐│║ History Window ║│ ││ ARC │ Exc │ Rcl │ Sto │CE/CL││║ Displays Previous 2 Entries ║│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤│╠═════════════════════════════╣│ ││ HYP │ SIN │ COS │ TAN │Sleep││║ Info From The Look-Up Table ║│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤│╚═════════════════════════════╝│ ││ n^ │ Exp │ ( │ ) │ End ││┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤││Stuff│Hist │ Lpt │File │Table││ ││ √n │ D │ E │ F │ ÷ ││├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤││ n! │ Σ+ │ Σn │Perm │Comb ││ ││ 1/n │ A │ B │ C │ x ││├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤││ Rand│Ari ñ│Qua ñ│Har ñ│Geo ñ││ ││Log10│ 7 │ 8 │ 9 │ - ││├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤││ │ Deg │ Rad │Grad │ ││ ││Log e│ 4 │ 5 │ 6 │ + ││├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤││Float│ Bin │ Oct │ Dec │ Hex ││ ││Log n│ 1 │ 2 │ 3 │ ││├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤ = │││ Fix │Compx│Stats│ Date│ Time││ ││ π │ 0 │ ∙ │ +/- │ ││└─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘│ └┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴┴───────────────────────────────┘ 3.1 Mouse Operation The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator will make use of a MS mouse (or compatible), if installed. Simply position the mouse cursor over a calculator button and click with either the right or left mouse keys. The experienced mouse user will want to click and drag while using the Hist or Table functions. This will not work. Scrolling these functions require positioning the mouse cursor over the "+" or "-" button and clicking the right or left mouse key (refer to chapter 4.16.4). This was done to make all functions, whether mouse or keyboard, operate in a manner similar to a pocket calculator. With a pocket cal- culator, you would move a finger over the appropriate button and press it down. Use your mouse as an extension of your finger. LSRGCALC.EXE is programmed for the Microsoft mouse or 100% compatables. If you are experiencing problems with your mouse, try loading MOUSE.COM supplied with this program. LS-1.00 Plus Scroll Key and Spacebar Operation 11 3.2 Scroll Key and Spacebar Operation The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator was designed to be used in a manner similar to a pocket calculator. With a pocket calculator, you move a finger over the appropriate button and then press the button. With LSRGCALC, you move the highlight over the appropriate button and press the spacebar key. The philosophy for operating the calculator in this manner is, "if you already know how to operate a typical pocket calculator then your learning time required to become proficient with the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator is almost zero." The following keys will scroll the calculator's highlight: Up Arrow: Moves the highlight up one button at a time. Wraps at the top button to the bottom button on the same column of buttons. Down Arrow: Moves the highlight down one button at a time. Wraps at the bottom button to the top button on the same column of buttons. Right Arrow: Moves the highlight right one button at a time. Wraps at the right-most button of the row to the corresponding row's left-most button. Left Arrow: Moves the highlight left one button at a time. Wraps at the left-most button of the row to the corresponding row's right-most button. PgUp: Moves the highlight to the top-most button of the column. Does not wrap. PgDn: Moves the highlight to the bottom-most button of the column. Does not wrap. Home: The Home key moves the highlight to the left- most button on the side of the calculator it is on. If the highlight is positioned on the right side of the calculator, the second tap on the key will move it to the right-most button on the left side, and the third tap of the Home key will move the highlight to the far left. LS-1.00 Plus Scroll Key and Spacebar Operation 12 This facilitates moving to the beginning column of buttons for the side of the calculator you are working with. The Home key will not wrap. End: The End key moves the highlight to the right- most button on the side of the calculator it is on. If the highlight is positioned on the left side of the calculator, the second tap on the key will move it to the left-most button on the right side, and the third tap of the End key will move the highlight to the far right. This facilitates moving to the ending column of buttons for the side of the calculator you are working with. The End key will not wrap. To "press" a button, move the highlight over it using one or more of the scroll keys, then tap your spacebar key. DO NOT USE THE ENTER KEY. The Enter key is reserved by LSRGCALC for use as an equal button (refer to the following chapter entitled, "Immediate Key Actuation"). To facilitate cursor movement, LSRGCALC dramatically reduces your computer's cursor delay rate. The effect is a tremendous increase in your cursor response time. However, whenever you End or put the calculator to Sleep, LSRGCALC will re-set the cursor's delay rate to it's original state (Well behaved computer program's must always restore EVERYTHING to their original conditions before they terminate control!). In other words, if your cursor is sluggish, it will speed up when you "pop up" the calculator and slow down when you "pop down" the calculator. LS-1.00 Plus Immediate Key Actuation 13 3.3 Immediate Key Actuation Please note: "button" refers to any of the 72, rectangular areas of the calculator that perform computations. "Key" refers to any of the keys on your computer's keyboard. To help non-mouse users operate the calculator with almost the same speed that can be achieved with a mouse, the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator allows direct key correlation between your keyboard and 27 of it's buttons. The following keys on your computer's keyboard will immediately active the listed buttons: Immediate Key Button Selected ═══════════════════════════════ ═══════════════ 0 through 9 0 through 9 A through F {shift key ignored} A through F . or Del . ( {use shift + 9} or [ ( ) {use shift + 0} or ] ) \ or / ÷ * x - - + + = or Enter = ^ {use shift + 6} ^ @ {use shift + 2} √n ! {use shift + 1} 1/n Using any of the above listed keys will immediately actuate the appropriate calculator button. You do not need to use the space- bar with Immediate Keys. To maximize operation speed of your calculator, place your right hand at the separate number pad on the right side of the keyboard and your left hand near the spacebar. Your right hand then controls the selection of math operators (grey keys), as well as, controls movement of the highlight with appropriate scroll keys. Your left hand handles all non-shifted immediate keys, as well as, the spacebar. REMEMBER: THE ENTER KEY IS YOUR EQUAL KEY - IT WILL NOT WORK AS YOUR SPACEBAR. To actuate a highlighted button, use the spacebar not the Enter key - your Enter key only actuates the "=" button. LS-1.00 Plus The Backspace Key 14 3.3.1 The Enter Key The Enter key only actuates the equal button (=). Use the spacebar key to actuate any other button while highlighted. 3.3.2 The Spacebar Key The spacebar actuates any button currently highlighted. 3.3.3 The BackSpace Key Unlike your pocket calculator, the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator will make use of your computer's backspace key. Each press of the backspace key will delete the right-most digit of the number shown in the Primary Display Window. The backspace key is inactive in the Date or Time Number Modes, as well as, whenever you are entering a number re- quired by any Immediate Function button. When working with complex numbers, the backspace key will not delete the right-most digit of the real component if you have informed the calculator that you are entering the imaginary component. Once you have informed the calculator that you are entering the imaginary component, the backspace key will only delete the right-most digits of the imaginary component. 3.3.4 The Esc Key If you have loaded LSRGCALC without any options, the Esc key will terminate the program, removing all of it's memory for use by other programs. If you have loaded LSRGCALC with either the EMS, DISK, or DOS options, the Esc key will "pop down" the calculator and put it to Sleep. The Esc key can be used to exit the History Log, as well as, to exit the Look Up Table. 3.4 Definition of Symbols Because of the nature of a computers non-graphics screen display and because of the limitations of the typical keyboard, many mathematical symbols are difficult (and sometime impossible) to replicate on your monitor. Therefore, the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator may use some unfamiliar symbols. For example, 4² or 4 squared is relatively easy to display - even many typewriters can handle that one. But, how do we display 4 to the power of 16? ²√ for the square root is easy but how about the cubed root? LS-1.00 Plus Definition of Symbols 15 The calculator, as well as, this manual will use the following symbols (among others): ^ exponent, such as 3^5 meaning 3 to the power of 5 √ root, such as √3 for the cubed root ÷ or / division, such as 5 / 4 for 5 divided by 4 1/n reciprocal, a number divided into 1 sd standard deviation, used with statistical functions ñ mean (average), used with statistical functions x or * multiplication, such as 5 * 4 for 5 times 4 r√ real number root of a complex number (²√, etc.) j√ complex root of a complex number The n^ √n and 1/n buttons are defined as: n to the power of, the nth root, and the reciprocal of n, respectively. Scientific notation is a form for expressing numbers (called the mantissa) multiplied by 10 raised to a power (the exponent). This is a very useful method to work with very large or very small num- bers. The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator will use a capital "D" to show scientific notation for any real number, whereas, complex numbers will use a capital "E". For example: 7.56987345 x 10^199 is expressed as 7.56987345D+199 7.56987345 x 10^-98 is expressed as 7.56987345D-98 (3.45x10^23 -4.5x10^19i) is expressed as (3.45E+23 -4.5E+19i) 3.5 The Rules of Algebraic Operations Mathematics is a science with some concrete rules. One of it's most basic rule is to never allow two different answers to the same series of calculations. Because of this, mathematics has a universal set of rules for performing calculations employing mixed operations. For example, what is the correct answer to the following problem: 3 + 7 - 2 x 24 ÷ 12 = ? There is only one correct answer, and the answer is 6, not 16. "Whoa, just a second", you say. "My adding machine just did the above calculation and it printed out 16, not 6 as you say." LS-1.00 Plus The Rules of Algebraic Operations 16 Well, your adding machine is correct if we consider each subset of operations, in the above example, as separate problems, with the result of each previous operation applied to the next subset. In other words: 3 + 7 = 10 - 2 = 8 x 24 = 192 ÷ 12 = 16 However, the example equation above is not composed of a separate subset of problems, but rather, is one problem, represented by one equation, and, therefore, only has one correct answer and that answer is 6, due to the rules of algebraic operations. The universal rule for determining which operation has priority over the other operators and, hence is performed first is: Priority Operations ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ 1 (highest) parenthesis, hyperbolic, trigometric, factorial, reciprocal, angle conversion, combinations, permutations, logarithms ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 2 powers and roots ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 3 multiplication and division ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 4 (lowest) addition and subtraction ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator does NOT use the rules of Algebraic Operations. Rather, like your adding machine, it applies each operator to the result of the previous operation. However, the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator can be instructed to calculate a subset of data as a separate operation then, apply the results of the subset to the rest of the calculation. You instruct it to do so by placing parenthesis around the set of operators and numbers that have "priority". LS-1.00 Plus Program Features 17 4. Program Features 4.1 Using the Parenthesis Buttons Because the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator will compute a formula composed of mixed operators in the same manner as a add- ing machine, you must inform the program which operators have priority within the formula being calculated. In the example discussed in chapter 3.5, we desired to have our computation conform to the rules of Algebraic operations. The formula 3 + 7 - 2 x 24 ÷ 12 = ? would need to be expressed as 3 + 7 - (2 x 24 ÷ 12) = 6 One result of using the parenthesis buttons is clarity. The expression above is, at a glance, very clear as to what oper- ations have priority. Clarity promotes good math. Another result of effective use of parenthesis is that it allows you to define which operations are to be performed ahead of the others. The formula above could be re-entered as: (3 + 7 - (2 x 24)) ÷ 12 = -3.16666666666667 Notice that this use of the parenthesis forced a different pri- ority of operations which produced a radically different result. Also note that although the result is radically different, it is completely valid because we did not break the rules of alge- braic operations - parenthesis are of the highest priority. The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator allows up to eight pending parenthesis operations at one time. The calculator will inform you of pending parenthesis operations in it's Indicator Window by displaying (1) for one pending operation, (2) for two, etc. The calculator will not work a computation, such as, implied multiplication, i.e, (a + 1)(b - 1). You must explicitly place the operator between the two sets of parenthesis. In other words, (a + 1) * (b - 1) is valid (a + 1)(b - 1) is not valid. Also, the calculator will not allow parenthesis to be used within Immediate Functions, e.g., a^(x + y) must be entered using the appropriate Law of Exponents. LS-1.00 Plus Immediate Functions 18 4.2 Immediate Functions Immediate Functions are operators that immediately affect the number displayed in the Primary Display Window (the display window at the top-left side of the calculator). Immediate Functions include SIN, COS, TAN, or their inverse and/or hyper- bolic functions - ARC and HYP, n^, √n, 1/n, Deg, Rad, Grad, Bin Dec, Float, Oct, Hex, n!, Fix, or, any Log button. Certain Immediate Functions will require additional keystrokes. For example, √n asks for the nth root. You must supply this number and inform the calculator to continue with either a press of the equal button or, any other algebraic operator button or parenthesis button. You cannot use parenthesis within any Immediate Function. For example, the expression, a^(x + y) would require the use of the power button, n^ which is an Immediate Function. Although LSRGCALC will not allow parenthesis within Immediate Functions, it will allow Immediate Functions within a set of parenthesis. In other words, (a^x)^y is perfectly valid. You can also use one Immediate Function to affect another. For instance, you can calculate 125 to the power of the reciprocal of 3 (the cubed root) with the following buttons: 125 n^ 3 1/n = "OK, great", you say. But, you have a classroom assignment and need to calculate a^(x + y). Well, one of the beautiful features of mathematics is, "there is more than one way to skin the cat" (maybe you have to be a mathematician to appreciate the beauty). At any rate, the formula above can be re-stated with the Laws of Exponents: a^(x + y) = a^x * a^y Below are a few Laws of Exponents you may find useful. Laws of Exponents ═════════════════ Expression You Use ────────── ───────── a^(x + y) a^x * a^y a^(x - y) a^x / a^y a^(x * y) (a^x)^y LS-1.00 Plus Immediate Functions 19 The calculator can use Laws of Logarithms as well: Laws of Logarithms ══════════════════ Expression You Use ────────── ─────────────── Log(a^b) b * a LogE Log(a * b) a LogE + b LogE Log(a / b) a LogE - b LogE Other laws, such as, Laws of Cosines are expressed as: Laws of Cosines ═══════════════ Expression You Use ────────── ───────── ____________________ a = ²√ b² + c² -2bc cos A° b^2 + c^2 - (2 * b * c * A° COS) √2 = ____________________ b = ²√ a² + c² -2ac cos B° a^2 + c^2 - (2 * a * c * B° COS) √2 = ____________________ c = ²√ a² + b² -2ab cos C° a^2 + b^2 - (2 * a * b * C° COS) √2 = The above examples of the Laws of Cosines clearly illustrate how Immediate Functions affect the preceding number, as well as, when parenthesis are needed and, when they are not. The quantity, 2ab, according to algebraic rules, has priority over the other operators within the square root function. Consequently, we show this within a set of parenthesis. The COS function is an Immediate Function, directly changing the value of C° and, thus, does not need to be enclosed within it's own set of parenthesis. Nor, does the interim result of the computation need to have it's own set of parenthesis because, the closing parenthesis that fol- lows the cosine will complete the calculation to that point. This produces an interim result that is immediately acted upon by the √n button (you define the root 2 by pressing the √n button, then the 2 button and then press the equal button). LS-1.00 Plus Trigometric Function Buttons 20 4.3 Trigometric Function Buttons Trigometric Function Buttons are SIN, COS, TAN, their inverse function button, ARC, and their hyperbolic function button, HYP. Trigometric Function Buttons are Immediate Functions, which immediately act upon the number displayed in the Primary Display Window. The following illustrate the button sequence employed with Trigometric Function buttons and their results while in the degree Angular Mode: Buttons Pressed Number Displayed ─────────────── ──────────────── 12 SIN .207911690817708 .567 ARC SIN 34.541290458534 21 HYP SIN 37781287770.667 15 ARC HYP SIN 194.937811395351 One very important note regarding trigometric functions. The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator defaults to the degree mode. Many trigometric calculations are often performed in the radian mode, such as, inverse hyperbolic functions. Computing a SIN, COS, or TAN function in the Deg Angular Mode, then pressing the Rad or Grad button, will produce a very dif- ferent result than one produced by first pressing the Rad or Grad buttons, then computing the SIN, COS, or TAN. However, the calculator will consistently convert inverse, hyperbolic, or inverse hyperbolic functions whether the Angular Mode was set before or after the computation. The rational for constructing the calculator this way is this: the sin, cos, or tan of, let's say, 12° is not the same as the sin, cos, or tan of 12 radians, and, therefore, the computation should reflect this difference. However, many computations util- izing the inverse and/or the hyperbolic functions require radian angular measurements. What we have done is to try to anticipate a possible mistake with establishing the proper Angular Mode while performing inverse and/or hyperbolic computations. 4.4 Number Buttons A-F The number buttons, A through F, have no effect unless you have established the Number Mode as either Hex (hexidecimal) or Compx (complex). LS-1.00 Plus Number Buttons A-F 21 When computing in the Compx Number Mode, the only letter buttons that are active are "B" and "E". The "B" button informs the calculator that the real component of the complex number has been entered and you are now entering the imaginary component. When you press the "B" button, the calculator will post a small case letter "i" at the right-most side of the Primary Display Window. When you see this, the calculator is awaiting you to enter the imaginary component of the number. The "E" button is used to force either the real component and/or the imaginary component of a complex number into their scientific notation form. Use the "E" button after the mantissa has been entered. 4.5 n^ Exponent Button The Exponent Button is used to raise the number displayed in the Primary Display Window to an exponent value. The n^ button only works with real (Float or Dec) or complex numbers (not Hex, Bin, or Oct). When using this button with real numbers, the exponent can be a positive, negative, or decimal value. This button can also be used in conjunction with the 1/n button to raise a number to a reciprocal power. If an integer number (whole number) is raised to an exponent and the number is less than 2,147,483,647 or, the number is greater than -2,147,483,648, then, as soon as you press any operation button, the calculator will convert it to a number within this range, e.g., 1D+3 + 1 = 1001 or, 1D+3 = 1000. Also, any compu- tation that results in a number outside of the ±2.147 billion range will be automatically displayed in scientific notation. Use the n^ button to raise a complex number to a complex value. 4.6 Exp Button The Exp button is used to enter a real number (Float or Dec) as scientific notation. Use it after the mantissa has been entered. The Exp button is also used for raising a complex number to it's exponential function. To raise a complex number to a complex power, use the n^ button. LS-1.00 Plus √n Root Button 22 4.7 √n Root Button The Root Button is used to compute the number displayed in the Primary Display Window to it's nth root. The √n button only works with real (Float or Dec) or complex numbers (not Hex, Bin, or Oct). When using this button with real numbers, the root can be a positive, negative, or decimal value. This button can also be used in conjunction with the 1/n button to compute a root to a reciprocal value. Use the √n button to compute a complex number to either a real value root or a complex root. To compute a real root of a complex number, enter the complex number, press the √n button once. You will see displayed r√ = which informs you that the calculator is awaiting you to enter a real number. Enter the number then press the equal button. To compute a complex root of a complex number, press the √n button twice. You will see displayed j√ which is to inform you that the calculator is awaiting another complex number. Enter the complex number and press the equal button. 4.8 π Pi Button The π button acts as any other number button. If you are in a real number mode (Float or Dec), pi is displayed and calculated to 14 significant digits (12 decimal digits) which, for your information, is 3.141592653589. If you are computing in the complex number mode then the π button will, for both the real component or imaginary component, display and compute pi to eight significant digits = 3.141593. Using the π button while in either octal or hexidecimal number modes will result in a display and subsequent computations where pi = 3. The π button is not operative while in binary mode. 4.9 +/- Change Sign Button The +/- button is used to change the sign or signs of any real or complex number. When using it to change the sign, you must first have, at least, one digit of the number entered. For example, enter the number 2.567 then press the +/- button to make the number negative. Then press the Exp button, press the +/- button, then enter 199. The result will be -2.567D-199. You can use the +/- button within any Immediate Function except LogN (you cannot compute a logarithm to the base of a negative number). LS-1.00 Plus +/- Change Sign Button 23 The +/- button also allows you to change the signs within a complex number. For example, enter the number 3.45 then press the +/- button to make it negative. Then press the "E" button to raise it to an exponent. Enter the exponent 12 then press the +/- button to make the exponent negative. Press the "B" button to continue with the imaginary component of the number. Enter the number 5.4, press the +/- button, press the "E" button, then enter 8 and, again press the +/- button. The resulting complex number will be (-3.45E-12 -5.4E-8i). 4.10 Memory Operations The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator has three buttons for use with memory operations. The memory operations are active in all number mode computations except for Date or Time operations. You can store a number while in one number mode, change to another number mode then, when you recall or exchange it, it will auto- matically be converted to the present number mode. The only exception is complex numbers, which do not convert from one mode to another. The Sto button is used to copy the number from the Primary Display Window to memory. If the number is non-zero, then the number is stored and the calculator will indicate such with a "M" in the Operation Indicators Window. If the number is zero or the Primary Display Window is blank (or displays a Clear message) then, the memory is cleared and the "M" is removed from the Operation Indicators Window. To recall the number stored in memory, press the Rcl button. To exchange a number with the number stored in memory, press the Exc button. You can exchange a zero with a non-zero without clearing the memory. 4.11 Logarithm Buttons The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator offers three types of logarithm computations: Log base 10, Log base e, and Log base n. Logarithm functions act immediately upon the displayed number. The Log10 button computes the log of the displayed number to the base 10. The Log e button computes the log of the displayed number to the base e, or use it to compute the log of a complex number. LS-1.00 Plus Logarithm Buttons 24 The Log n button computes the log of the displayed number to the base n. When you choose this option, the calculator will ask you to enter a number for base n. Enter the number then press the equal button or another operation button to continue. 4.12 Angular Mode Buttons The Angular Mode buttons are Immediate Functions. Any number displayed in the Primary Display Window will immediately be converted to the appropriate angular mode. Angular Mode buttons are Deg, Rad, and Grad for conversion to degrees, radians, and gradians, respectively. The default mode for the calculator is degrees. The current angular mode will be displayed in the Operations Indicator Window. Refer to chapter 4.3 for infor- mation pertaining to Angular Modes and Trigometric buttons. 4.13 Number Mode Buttons 4.13.1 Float Floating Point Operations The Float button will force the calculator into the degree Angular Mode (Deg) and in the decimal number mode. It will float any decimal operations up to 16 significant digits. If the number has more than 16 significant digits the calculator will the force the results of the computation into scientific notation. Numbers in this mode can range from -1.79D+308 to +1.79D+308. When the Float button is selected, the Operations Indicator Window will display the words, "Deg" and "Float". 4.13.2 Bin Binary Numbers The Bin button will force the calculator into the binary number mode. Binary numbers can range from a decimal value of -32,768 to +32,767. When the Bin button is selected, the Operations Indicator Window will display the words, "Bin" and "Fix". You cannot use decimal operations in the binary mode. Binary numbers are not handled, by the calculator, in the same manner as other number systems. The effect of this is that when you first enter into the binary mode, you will need to press the equal button to actuate acceptance of the number(s) you wish to enter. LS-1.00 Plus Octal Numbers 25 4.13.3 Oct Octal Numbers The Oct button will force the calculator into the octal number mode. Octal numbers can range from a decimal value of 0 to +2,147,483,647. When the Oct button is selected, the Operations Indicator Window will display the words, "Oct" and "Fix". You cannot use decimal operations nor negative numbers in the octal number mode. 4.13.4 Dec Decimal Numbers The Dec button will force the calculator into the decimal number mode. It works exactly as the Float button except if you have previously selected a fixed decimal position then the number of "Fixed" remains the same. Note - binary, octal and hexidecimal will force "Fixed" to equal zero. If you are changing from one of these number modes to the decimal number mode and want your numbers to use fractional components then, either press the Fix button and instruct the calculator how many decimal positions to carry or, select the Float button. When Dec is selected, the Operations Indicator Window will display the words, "Deg" and either "Float" or "Fix". 4.13.5 Hex Hexidecimal Numbers The Hex button will force the calculator into the hexidecimal number mode. Hexidecimal numbers can range from a decimal value of 0 to +2,147,483,647. When the Hex button is selected, the Operations Indicator Window will display the words, "Hex" and "Fix". You cannot use decimal operations nor negative num- bers in the hexidecimal number mode. 4.13.6 Fix Fixed Decimal Point Operations The Fix button will force the calculator to fix the number of digits to carry as the fractional component of any real number. The Fix button is inactive for all number modes except for the decimal number mode. When you press the Fix button, it will display the message, "Fixed = 0". This is it's default. If you press the equal key at this time, you will have set fixed decimal point operations to zero. The Fix button allows you to fix the decimal count from zero to 15 positions. Enter the number of digits you wish to fix then press the equal button. When the Fix button is selected, the Operations Indicator Window will display the word, "Fix". LS-1.00 Plus Complex Numbers 26 4.13.7 Compx Complex Numbers The Compx button will force the calculator into the complex number mode. Complex numbers can range from a low value of (-3.40E+38 -3.40E+38i) to a high of (3.40E+38 +3.40E+38i). Because the Primary Display Window allows a maximum of 25 digits, complex numbers are displayed without parenthesis. Also, the range of complex numbers is great enough to display a number 27 digits long. In the event that the complex num- ber exceeds the 25 digit limitation of the Primary Display Window, LSRGCALC will truncate either the real and/or the imaginary component to 12 digits. Although your display will show the truncated number, LSRGCALC will continue to work with the entire number. When Compx is selected, the Operations Indicator Window will display the words, "Complex" and "Float". 4.13.8 Stats Statistical Operations The Stats button will force the calculator into the decimal number mode and allow the use of all statistical buttons. When the Stats button is selected, the Operations Indicator Window will display the words, "Stats" and "Float". You can- not use then "Fix" button while in statistical mode. If you wish to use the Fix button, do so after you have completed your statistical computations; first press the Float button then, press the Fix button. Statistical function buttons that become active, once in the Stats mode, are: n!, Σ+, Σn, Perm, Comb, Rand, Ari ñ, Qua ñ, Har ñ, and Geo ñ. 4.13.9 Date Date Calculations The Date button toggles between date difference calculations and date math computations. When Date is selected, the Operations Indicator Window will display the word, "Date" and the History Window will display the word, "DateDiff" or "DateMath", depending which mode is chosen. The default mode for Date computations is DateDiff. Press the Date button a second time to cycle to DateMath. All date entries must be entered in the format mm/dd/yyyy where "mm" requires two digits for the month, "dd" requires two digits for the day, and "yyyy" requires four digits for the year. Do not attempt to enter the slash marks - LSRGCALC will automatically enter them in the appropriate places. LS-1.00 Plus Date Calculations 27 Results of DateDiff calculations are displayed in the Primary Display Window as the exact number of days between two dates, and results are also displayed in the History Window as an approximate number of years, months and days. Because of the conversion from the Gregorian calendar to the Julian calendar, October 15, 1582, and because the days be- tween October 1, 1582 and October 14, 1582 were removed from the calendar, the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator can only be considered reliable for the period from October 15, 1582 through December 31, 9999. DateMath calculations adds and/or subtracts a specified number of years, months and days to/from a date and displays the re- sult in the Primary Display Window in the form month/day/year, and the results are also displayed in the History Window using a three letter abbreviation for the day of week, followed by the full month name, day and year; e.g., "Wed August 15, 1990". Because of the manner in which the name for the day of the week is calculated, the weekday name can only be considered reliable from 01/01/1901 through 12/31/2099. 4.13.10 Time Time Calculations The Time button toggles between time difference calculations and time math computations. When Time is selected, the Operations Indicator Window will display the word, "Time" and the History Window will display the word, "TimeDiff" or "TimeMath", depending which mode is chosen. The default mode for Time computations is TimeDiff. Press the Time button a second time to cycle to TimeMath. All time entries must be entered in the format hh:mm:ss where "hh" requires two digits for the hour, "mm" requires two digits for the minute, and "ss" requires two digits for the second. Do not attempt to enter the colons - LSRGCALC will automatically enter them in the appropriate places. Time difference calculations are the difference between one time of day from another time of day and are displayed in the Primary Display Window in the format, hh:mm:ss. Time math calculations add and/or subtract a specified number of hours, minutes and seconds to/from a time of day and dis- plays the resulting time of day in the Primary Display Window in the format, hh:mm:ss. LS-1.00 Plus Statistical Functions 28 4.14 Statistical Functions All statistical functions are inoperative unless the Stats number mode has first been selected. 4.14.1 n! Factorial Function The n! button calculates the factorial of any whole integer from 1 to 170. 4.14.2 Σ+ Stat summations/standard deviations This button toggles between two functions: summation of the numbers entered into the statistical array or, computation of the standard deviation of the numbers entered into the statis- tical array. This button is inoperative unless at least one number is entered into the statistical array. The History Window will display the words, "summation" or "standard deviation", depending which mode was selected. Press the Σ+ button once for summations, press it again for standard deviations, and the third press to cycle the Σ+ button off. 4.14.3 Σn Add or delete from stat array This button toggles between three functions: add numbers to the statistical array, delete the last entry from the sta- tistical array or, delete all numbers from the statistical array. If there is not at least one number in the statistical array then the options to delete are inoperative. To add numbers to the statistical array, press the Σn button then, enter a number and press the equal key. The calculator will respond by displaying, within the History Window, the number just entered preceded by <Σ()>. Within the parenthesis is a number representing the array element. If you were to enter 12 numbers into the array, the display would show <Σ(12)> as your last entry. While this option is active, the Operations Indicator Window will display the message, "Add Numbers to Stat Array". When you have finished adding numbers to the statistical array, press the Σn button THREE more times. The statistical array can accept up to 500 numbers. LS-1.00 Plus Add or delete from stat array 29 To delete the last number(s) entered into the statistical array press the Σn button a second time. A message at the top of the Operations Indicator Window will state, "Delete #'s from Stat Array". Move the highlight to the CE/CL button and tap the spacebar (or click with the mouse). The calculator will respond by displaying within the History Window a message such as, <Σ(12)>Clear Entry. The next presse of the CE/CL button would delete the eleventh number, and the next press of the CE/CL button would delete the tenth number, etc. When you have finished delet- ing numbers from the statistical array, press the Σn button two more times - the Indicator Window will display normal indicators. To delete all of the numbers from the statistical array, press the Σn button a third time. A message at the top of the Operations Indicator Window will state, "Delete All from Stat Array". Move the highlight to the CE/CL button and tap the spacebar (or click with the mouse). 4.14.4 Perm Permutations The Perm button computes permutations. Enter a number into the Primary Display Window then press the Perm button. The calculator will respond by displaying, in the History Window, the words, "Items = " followed by your number. The Primary Display Window will have the words, "Rate =". Enter a rate and press the equal button or any operation button. 4.14.5 Comb Combinations The Comb button computes combinations. Enter a number into the Primary Display Window then press the Comb button. The calculator will respond by displaying, in the History Window, the words, "Items = " followed by your number. The Primary Display Window will have the words, "Rate =". Enter a rate and press the equal button or any operation button. 4.14.6 Rand Random Number Functions The Rand button toggles between three functions; Defined Range randoms, Exp Distributed randoms, and Normal Curve randoms. Enter a number into the Primary Display Window. Then press the Rand button once for Defined Range randoms, again for Exp Distributed randoms, again for Normal Curve randoms, and again to turn off the random generator. LS-1.00 Plus Random Number Functions 30 When you select Defined Range randoms, the History Window will show, "Defined Range Random", and the number in the Primary Display Window will be accepted as the minimum for the defined range, and will show the message, "Min =". If this is not acceptable, cycle through the Rand choices with the spacebar (or mouse click) until the message, "Random Generator Off" is displayed in the History Window. If acceptable, press the equal button. The calculator will display, "Max =" in the Primary Display Window. Enter a number for the maximum range, then press the equal button. When you select Exp Distributed randoms, the History Window will show, "Exp Distributed Random", and the number in the Primary Display Window will be accepted as the mean used to define a random number with an exponential distribution. The Primary Display Window will show "ñ =". If this is not accep- table, cycle through the Rand choices with the spacebar (or mouse click) until the message, "Random Generator Off" is dis- played in the History Window. If acceptable, press the equal button. The calculator will immediately calculate a random number with an exponential distribution based upon the mean. Note that the mean can first be generated with one of the calculator's mean buttons, such as the Ari ñ button. When you select Normal Curve randoms, the History Window will show, "Normal Curve Random", and the number in the Primary Display Window will be accepted as the mean used to define a random number with a normal distribution based upon that mean and a standard deviation. The Primary Display Window will show the message, "ñ =". If this is not acceptable, cycle through the Rand choices with the spacebar (or mouse click) until the message, "Random Generator Off" is displayed in the History Window. If acceptable, press the equal button. The calculator will display, "sd =" in the Primary Display Window. Enter a number for the standard deviation (sd), then press the equal button. Note, the mean can first be generated with one of the calculator's mean buttons, such as the Ari ñ but- ton, and the standard deviation can be supplied with the calculator's Σ+ button's standard deviation function. LS-1.00 Plus Random Number Functions 31 It is noteworthy to point out the process employed by the calculator to generate random numbers. Each random number and each digit within the random is created through a "shuffle" process providing a random table whose sequence length is over 3.6028797018964 x 10^16. Further, when you first load the calculator, the "seed" used to generate the random table is determined by the system date plus the system time plus the tick of the system clock plus a special "key". This means that the random table used by LSRGCALC is uniquely different each and every time you load the program. If time and date are not set on your computer system, then the sequence of possible random tables that the calculator can generate is in excess of 7.6545051729021 x 10^199. It's safe to say you'll never run out of random numbers! 4.14.7 Ari ñ Arithmetic Mean The Ari ñ button computes the arithmetic mean of the numbers entered into the statistical array. 4.14.8 Qua ñ Quadratic Mean The Qua ñ button computes the quadratic mean of the numbers entered into the statistical array. 4.14.9 Har ñ Harmonic Mean The Har ñ button computes the harmonic mean of the numbers entered into the statistical array. 4.14.10 Geo ñ Geometric Mean The Geo ñ button computes the geometric mean of the numbers entered into the statistical array. LS-1.00 Plus Control Buttons 32 4.15 Control Buttons 4.15.1 CE/CL Clear Functions The CE/CL button is a dual function button. The first press of this button clears the entry from the Primary Display Window. Press the CE/CL button twice in a row clears all numbers except for those numbers held in the memory storage or those numbers in the statistical array. Refer to chapter 4.14.3 for information regarding how to use this key to delete numbers from the statistical array. Refer to chapter 4.10 for information regarding how to clear memory storage. 4.15.2 Sleep Put TSR to Sleep If the calculator is RAM resident, this button will allow it to "pop down". If the calculator is not RAM resident, this button will terminate the program and remove it from memory. 4.15.3 End End The Program - Terminate TSR If the calculator is RAM resident, this button will allow it to terminate and remove itself from the system's memory. If the End button is pressed while "popped up" over any program, other than the DOS command line, the calculator will attempt to terminate, display a message, "Go to the DOS Command Line. Try again later." It will then "pop up" again, allowing you to use the Sleep button. You are NOT allowed to terminate any RAM resident program from within another application! Be advised that if you have loaded another RAM resident pro- gram after this program went memory resident, then remove this program from memory with the End button, a hole will be created in the DOS memory allocation system. This will probably cause a system "hang", forcing you to reboot. A general rule for removing ANY memory resident program is: LAST IN - FIRST OUT. In other words, the last RAM resident program installed must be the first program released from memory. The next to the last loaded as RAM resident is the second one you can safely remove, etc. Registered versions of the calculator can use REMOVE.COM to remove the calculator from memory directly from the DOS prompt. At the DOS command line, simply type the command, remove lsrgcalc (then press Enter) LS-1.00 Plus Stuff The Keyboard 33 4.15.4 Stuff Stuff The Keyboard The Stuff button stuffs the displayed number into the keyboard. This facilitates transferring the number from the calculator to the program it "popped up" over. In other words, if, let's say, you are in a spreadsheet program and need to compute a number, you would press your Hot Keys to awaken the calculator, perform the calculations needed then, press the Stuff key but- ton. LSRGCALC will stuff the keyboard with the displayed num- ber then go to sleep. As soon as control is returned to your spreadsheet program, the number that you stuffed will appear in it (assuming the spreadsheet program is in a keyboard data entry mode). Before LSRGCALC stuffs the keyboard, it checks the length of the number because the keyboard buffer can only hold 16 digits. If the length of the number is greater than 15 digits, LSRGCALC will do one of three things. If the number is a real number in scientific notation, it will strip the mantissa to the first ten digits, leaving the exponent unchanged. If the number is in binary, it stuffs only the right 15 digits. Any other number type will have only the left 15 digits stuffed into the keyboard buffer. 4.16 Special Buttons 4.16.1 Hist History Log The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator will display your pre- vious two operations in the History Window. It also remembers the last 100 operations you performed. To review the last 100 operations, press the Hist button. LSRGCALC will respond with a message in the Operations Indicator Window that states, "Scroll History: <+> or <->". Use the plus button to move forward through the history log. Use the minus button to move backwards through the log. When you reach the beginning of the log, LSRGCALC will display, in the History Window, the message, "*** Top of History Log ***". When you reach the end of the log, the message states, "*** Bottom of History Log ***" and, if there has not been any operations recorded, it states, "*** No History in Log ***". The Esc key will exit the review of the History Log, returning you to normal calculator operation. LS-1.00 Plus History Log 34 If there has been more than 100 operations entered, then LSRGCALC will not display these messages. Instead, the history log will loop from the last entry to the recorded entry that occurred 100 operation prior and back, depending whether you are moving forward or backward through the log. Press the Hist button again to exit the History Log. 4.16.2 Lpt Printer The Lpt button toggles the printer (LPT1) on or off. Keep a printed record of every operation entered into the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator. When the printer has been toggled on, the calculator will display, "Lpt" in the Operations Indicator Window. 4.16.3 File Disk File The File button works exactly as the Lpt button except it sends the output to a disk file called, "LSRGCALC.FIL". The disk file is always created on the drive and path in which the calculator "popped up". The file is in ASCII and easily read by any editor or word processor. When this option is active, LSRGCALC will display the word, "File" in the Operations Indicator Window. The calculator can send data to the printer and to a file at the same time. Press the File button again to toggle it off. 4.16.4 Table Look-up Table The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator has a special feature not found in any other calculator - a user configuarable lookup table. The table can contain up to five hundred and twelve lines of information, such as: values of constants, conversion formulas, laws of mathematics, crib sheets, or those special proprietary formulas, you or your company's business must have at hand, for immediate calculations. The table is fully scrollable. Pressing the Table button actuates the lookup table. The calculator immediately responds by extending the breadth of the History Window to the full length of the calculator and by displaying, in the Operations Indicator Window the message: "Scroll: <+> <-> Select: <=>". LS-1.00 Plus Look-up Table 35 ┬───────────────────────────────┐ │ Operation Indicators │ │╔═════════════════════════════╗│ │║Scroll: <+> <-> Select: <=> ║│ │╠═════════════════════════════╣│ │║------------------- ║│ │║a^(b function c) is invalid! ║│ │║ ║│ │║ a^(x+y) = a^x * a^y ║│ │║ a^(x-y) = a^x / a^y ║│ │║ a^(x*y) = (a^x)^y ║│ │║ ║│ │║Inverse Hyperbolic Functions:║│ │║-----------------------------║│ │║ ║│ │║sinh^-1n = Rad n ARC HYP SIN ║│ │║sinh^-1n = n+((n^2+1)√2) LogE║│ │║ ║│ │║cosh^-1n = Rad n ARC HYP COS ║│ │║cosh^-1n = n+((n^2-1)√2) LogE║│ │║ ║│ │║tanh^-1n = Rad n ARC HYP TAN ║│ │╚═════════════════════════════╝│ ┴───────────────────────────────┘ The plus button will scroll the highlight down one line at a time. When the highlight is at the bottom line of the Display Window, subsequent presses of the plus button will scroll a full page at a time. The minus key will scroll the highlight up one line at a time. When the highlight is at the top line of the Display Window, subsequent presses of the minus button will scroll a full page at a time. Most computers will be able to scroll through 512 lines of lookup table, using just these two buttons, in approximately three seconds. Once the highlight is over the information you wish to retain, press the equal button. The extended window will collapse and the information that was highlighted will be placed into the unused window beneath the History Window. The Esc key will exit you from the lookup table and return you to the normal calculator operation. LS-1.00 Plus Appending the Look-up Table 36 4.16.4.1 Appending the Look-up Table To append (or create a new) lookup tables is quite simple. Use any text editor or word processor that can create an ASCII file. The file must conform to the following rules: - It must be called LSRGCALC.TBL and it must reside on the same drive and same path as LSRGCALC.EXE. - No line can extend more than 29 columns long. If a line is longer than 29 characters, the excess will be simply ignored by the calculator. - Each line must end with a carriage return. - The maximum number of lines permitted in the table is 512. If the table has more than 512 lines the excess will simply be ignored by the calculator. - Any ASCII character is permissible except for those characters whose numbers are less than ASCII 32. ASCII characters between 126 and 255 are permissible. This means you can get fancy with symbols such as: £, ½, ░▒▓, ╔═╗, α, ß, σ, µ, Θ, ≥, ≤, etc. If the calculator is RAM resident at the time you modify or create a lookup table, the calculator program must be unloaded before it can read in your new table. Use the End button to terminate the calculator program then, re- run the program. 5. ORDER FORM LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator Registration/Order Form Please fill out this form, then mail it along with a check, money order or warrent to: Lawrence Stone Research Group P.O. Box 5715 Charleston, Oregon 97420 Thanks for your support! Name:_________________________________________________________ Title:________________________________________________________ Company:______________________________________________________ Address:______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ City: _____________________ State: _________ Zip:______ Telephone:__________________________________ If Customized Hot Key configuration is requested, please enclose an extra $5 US, and list at least five key combinations desired on the back of this form. +============================================================================+ |Please send me ____ copies of LSRGCALC @ $_____/each for a total of $______ | | Please send me ____ copies of the pre-printed manual @ $10 / each $______ | | I am adding $5 US and requesting Customized Hot Key Configuration $______ | | | | TOTAL ENCLOSED $______ | | Call or write for multiple copy (site license) prices. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +===================== Check One ====================+ | [__] 5 1/4" Diskettes [__] 3 1/2" Diskette | +----------------------------------------------------+ Where did you get the LSRGCALC calculator from (check one - fill in line)? 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