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*mmddyyyy Birthdays *-------- ----------------------------------------------------------- B10171817 Samuel Ringgold Ward, minister, abolitionist, author, born B1017 on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. B10021800 Nat Turner, leader of major slave rebellion, born in South B1002 ampton County, Virginia. *mmddyyyy Events *-------- ----------------------------------------------------------- S10081775 Council of general officers decided to bar slaves and free S1008 blacks from Continental Army. S10231775 Continental Congress approved resolution barring blacks S1023 from the army. S10171787 Boston blacks, led by Prince Hall, petitioned legislature S1017 for equal school facilities. S10091806 Death of mathematician Benjamin Banneker (74), in Ellico S1009 tt's Mills, Maryland. S10061847 National black convention met in Troy, N.Y., with more than S1006 sixty delegates from nine states. Nathan Johnson of Massa S1006 chusetts was elected president. S10161849 George Washington Williams, the first major black historian, S1016 born in Bedford Springs, Pennsylvania. S10161849 Charles L. Reason named professor of belles-lettres and S1016 French at Central College, McGrawville, New York. William S1016 G. Allen and George B. Vashon also taught at the predomin S1016 antly white college. S10161849 Avery College established in Allegheny, Pennsylvania. S10011851 Black and white abolitionists smashed into a courtroom at S1001 Syracurse, N.Y., and rescued a fugitive slave. Abolition S1001 ist William C. Nell published Services of Colored Americans S1001 in the Wars of 1776 and 1812, the first extended work on S1001 the history of American blacks. Revised edition of the S1001 book was published in 1855 with new title, The Colored Pat S1001 riots of the American Revolution. S10161855 More than one hundred delegates from six states held a S1016 black convention in Philadelphia. John Mercer Langston, S1016 one of the first blacks to win public office, elected clerk S1016 of Brownhelm Township, Lorain County, Ohio. In 1856 he S1016 was elected clerk of the township of Russia, near Oberlin. S1016 In 1857 he was elected to the council of the incorporated S1016 village of Oberlin. From 1871 to 1878 Langston was presi S1016 dent of the board of health of Washington, D.C. In 1889 S1016 he was elected to the U.S. Congress from Virginia. The S1016 pioneer black lawyer also served as minister to Haiti and S1016 Vice President of Howard Univerity. S10161859 John Brown attacked Harpers Ferry, Va., with thirteen white S1016 men and five blacks. Two of the five blacks were killed, S1016 two were captured and one escaped. S10281862 First Kansas Colored Volunteers repulsed and drove off sup S1028 erior force of rebels at Island Mound, Missouri. This was S1028 the first engagement for black troops. S10041864 New Orleans Tribune, first black daily newspaper, founded S1004 by Dr. Louis C. Roudanez. The newspaper, published in both S1004 English and French, started as a tri-weekly but soon became S1004 an influential daily. S10041864 National black convention met in Syracuse, New York. S101867 Monroe Baker, a well-to-do black businessman, named mayor S10 of St. Martin, Louisiana. He was probably the first black S10 to serve as mayor of a town. S10061868 Black state convention at Macon, Georgia, protested expul S1006 sion of black politicians from Georgia legislature. S10261868 White terrorists killed several black in St. Bernard Parish, S1026 near New Orleans. S10261868 B.F. Randolph, state senator and chairman of the state Re S1026 public party, assassinated in daylight at Hodges Depot in S1026 Abbevile, South Carolina. S10051869 First Reconstruction legislature (27 blacks, 150 whites) S1005 met in Richmond, Virginia. S10191870 First blacks elected to the House of Representatives. S1019 Black Republicans won three of the four congressional seats S1019 in South Carolina: Joseph H. Rainey, Robert C. Delarge S1019 and Robert B. Elliott. Rainey was elected to an unexpired S1019 term in the Forty-first Congress and was the first black S1019 seated in the House. S10191870 Republicans swept South Carolina elections with a ticket S1019 of six whites and two blacks: Alonzo Ransier, lieutenant S1019 governor; Francis L. Cardozo, secretary of state. S10061871 Fisk Jubilee Singers began first national tour. S10171871 President Grant suspended the writ of habeas corpus and S1017 declared martial law in nine South Carolina counties af S1017 fected by Klan disturbances. S10161872 South Carolina Republicans carried election with a ticket S1016 of four whites and four blacks: Richard H. Gleaves, lieu S1016 tenant governor; Henry E. Hayne, secretary of state; Fran S1016 cis L. Cardozo, treasurer; Henery W. Purvis, adjutant gen S1016 eral. Blacks won 97 of the 158 seats in the General Assem S1016 bly and four of the five congressional districts. S10071873 Henry E. Hayne, secretary of state, accepted as a student S1007 at the University of South Carolina. Scores of blacks at S1007 tended the university in 1874 and 1875. S101874 South Carolina Republicans carried election with reduced S10 margin. Republican tickets was composed of four whites S10 and four blacks: R.H. Gleaves, lieutenant governor; Franc S10 is L. Cardozo, treasurer; Henry E. Hayne, secretary, of S10 state; H.W. Purvis, adjutant general. S10161876 Race riot, Cainhoy, South Carolina. Five whites and one S1016 black killed. S10261876 President sent federal troops to South Carolina. S10151877 Forty-fifth Congress (1877-79) convened. One U.S. senator, S1015 Blanche K. Bruce, Mississippi. Three U.S. congressmen: Ri S1015 chard H. Cain, Joseph H. Rainey, Robert Smalls, South Car S1015 olina. Jackson College (Miss.) established. S10151883 U.S. Supreme Court declared Civil Rights Act of 1875 uncon S1015 stitutional. S10171888 Capital Savings Bank of Washigton, D.C., the first black S1017 bank, opened in Washington, D.C. The Savings Bank of the S1017 Order of True Reformers (Richmond, Va.) was chartered on S1017 March 2, 1888. S10151890 Alabama Penny Savings Bank organized in Birmingham. Eighty S1015 -five blacks reported lynched in 1890. Savannah State Col S1015 lege established. S101895 National Medical Association founded in Atlanta. S10201898 North Carolina Mutual and Provident Insurance Company foun S1020 ded by John Merrick and associates in Durham, North Caro S1020 lina. S10161901 Booker T. Washington dined at the White House with Presi S1016 dent Roosevelt and was critized in the South. S10031904 Mary McLeod Bethune opened Daytona Normal and Industrial S1003 School in Daytona Beach, Florida. In 1923 the school merg S1003 ed with Cookman Institute and became Bethune-Cookman Col S1003 lege. Seventy-six blacks reported lynched in 1904. S10221906 Three thousand blacks demonstrated and rioted in Philadel S1022 phia to protest a theatrical presentation of Thomas Dixon's S1022 The Clansman. Sixty-two blacks reported lynched in 1906.2 S10231911 Three organizations the Committee for Improving the Indus S1023 trial Conditions of Negroes in New York, the Committee on S1023 Urban Conditions and the National League for the Protection S1023 of Colored Women merged, under the leadership of Dr. George S1023 E. Hayne and Eugene Kinckle Jones, to form the National Ur S1023 ban League. Eugene Kinckle Jones was named executive se S1023 cretary. Sixty blacks reported lynched in 1911. S10281914 Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, founded at Howard University, S1028 incorporated. S10251915 Atty. James L. Curtis named minister of Liberia. S10131919 Race riot, Elaine, Phillips County, Arkansas. Five whites S1013 and twenty-five to fifty blacks reports killed. Seventy- S1013 six blacks were reported lynched in 1919. Kansas City Call S1013 founded by Chester Arthur Franklin. Spingarn Medal presen S1013 ted to Archibald Grimke, President of the American Negro S1013 Academy and former U.S. consul to Santo Domingo. S10261921 Solomon Porter Hood named minister to Liberia. S10241923 Department of Labor said some 500,000 blacks had left the S1024 South in the preceding twelve months. S10291923 Runnin' Wild opened at Colonial Theater, Broadway. Miller S1029 and Lyles production introduced Charleston to New York and S1029 the world. S10291924 Dixie to Broadway, "the first real revue by Negroes," open S1029 ed at Broadhurst Theater, New York City, with Florence S1029 Mills in starring role. S10291929 Collapse of stock market and the beginning of the Great De S1029 pression. By 1937, 26 per cent of black males were unem S1029 ployed. S10261934 At a New York City conference, representatives of the NAACP S1026 and the American Fund for Public Service planned a coordi S1026 nated legal campaign against segregation and discrimination. S1026 Charles H. Houston, Vice-dean of the Howard University Law S1026 School, was named director of the NAACP legal campaign. S10241935 Italy invaded Ethiopia. American blacks held mass meetings S1024 of protest and raised funds for the Ethiopian defenders. S10011937 Pullman Company formally recognized the Brotherhood of S1001 Sleeping Car Porters. Spingarn Medal awarded to Walter S1001 WHite, NAACP secretary, for his leadership and work in the S1001 antilynching movement. S10091940 The White House released a statement which said that gover S1009 nment "policy is not to intermingle colored and white en S1009 listed personnel in the same regimental organizations." S10161940 Benjamin Oliver Davis Sr. named the first black general S1016 in the regular army. S10251940 Committe on the Participation of Negroes in the National S1025 Defense Program met with President Roosevelt. National S1025 Newspaper Publishers Association founded. Spingarn Medal S1025 presented to Dr. Louis T. Wright for his civil rights lead S1025 ership and his contributions as a surgeon. S10201942 Sixty leading Southern blacks issued "Durham Manifesto" S1020 calling for fundamental changes in race relations after S1020 a Durham, North Carolina, meeting. S10191943 Theater Guild presentation of Othello opened at Shubert S1019 Theater with Paul Robeson in title role. Production ran S1019 for 296 performances and set record for Shakespearean drama S1019 on Boardway. S10121945 Jesse James Payne was lynched in Madison County. Florida. S10231947 NAACP petition on racism, "An Appeal to the World," presen S1023 ted to United Nations at Lake Success. S10291947 President's Committee on Civil Rights condemned racial S1029 injustices in America in formal report, "To Secure These S1029 Rights." Texas Southern University established. Spingarn S1029 Medal awarded to Dr. Percy L. Julian for his achievements S1029 as a scientist. S10011948 California Supreme Court voided state statue banning inter S1001 racial marriages. Edward Dudley named ambassador to Libe S1001 ria. Spingarn Medal Presented to Channing H. Tobias for S1001 his 'consistent role as a defender of fundamental American S1001 liberties." S10031949 WERD, first black-owned radio station, opened in Atlanta. S10151949 William Hastie nominated for the U.S. Circuit Court of Ap S1015 peals. He was the first black to sit on the court. S10011951 Twenty-fourth Infantry Regiment, last of all-black units S1001 military units authorized by Congress in 1866, deactivated S1001 in Korea. S10271954 B.O. Davis Jr. became the first black general in the U.S. S1027 Air Force. S10301954 Defense Department announced elimination of all segregated S1030 regiments in the armed forces. S10251958 Ten thousand students, led by Jackie Robinson, Harry Bela S1025 fonte and A. Phillip Randolph, participated in the Youth S1025 March for Integrated Schools in Washington. Daisy Bates, S1025 head of the Arkansas chapter of the NAACP, and the nine S1025 students who integrated Little Rocks's Central High School S1025 were awarded the Spingarn Medal for their courage and lead S1025 ership in the civil rights struggle. S10011960 Nigeria proclaimed independent. S10191960 Martin Luther King Jr. arrested in Atlanta sit-in and ord S1019 ered to serve four months in the Georgia State Prison for S1019 violating a probated traffic sentence. S10191960 John F. kennedy, Democratic presidential candidate, called S1019 Mrs. Martin Luther King Jr. and expressed his concern about S1019 the imprisonment of Dr. King. S10271960 Martin Luther King Jr. released on bond from the Georgia S1027 State Prison in Reidsville. Politicial observers said the S1027 Kennedy call increased the number of blacks voters who S1027 insured his election. S10101961 Otis M. Smith appointed to Michigan Supreme Court. S10011962 Some twelve thousand federal soldiers restored order on S1001 the University of Mississippi campus. James H. Meredith, S1001 escorted by federal marshalls, registered at the Univer S1001 sity of Mississippi. Edwin A. Walker, former major gene S1001 ral in the U.S. Army, was arrested and charged with in S1001 citing insurrection and seditious conspiracy. Walker, S1001 who led federal troops during the Little Rock integration S1001 crisis, had call for "Volunteers" to oppose federal forces S1001 in Mississippi. Witnesses said he led students in charges S1001 against federal marshalls during the campus riot. S10091962 Uganda proclaimed independent. S10221963 Some 225,000 students boycotted Chicago schools in Freedom S1022 Day protest of de facto segregation. S10241964 Zambia proclaimed independent. S101966 Black Panther party founded in Oakland (Calif.) by Huey S10 Newton and Bobby Seale. S10161968 John Carlos and Tommie Smith staged Black Power demonstra S1016 tion on victory stand after winning 200-meter event at S1016 Olympics in Mexico City. Carlos and Smith said they were S1016 protesting racism in America. S10081969 Police officers and blacks exchanged sniper fire on Chica S1008 go's West Side. One youth was killed and nine policemen S1008 were injured. S10141969 Race riot, Springfield, Massachusetts. S10171969 Dr. Clifton R. Wharton Jr. elected president of Michigan S1017 State University and became the first black to head a ma S1017 jor, predominantly white university in the twentieth cen S1017 tury. S10291969 U.S. Supreme Court said school systems must end segrega S1029 tion "at once" and "operate now and hereafter only unitary S1029 schools." In Mississippi case, Alexander V. Holmes, the S1029 Court abandoned the principle of "all deliberate speed. S10311969 Race riot, Jacksonville, Florida. S10131970 Angela Davis arrested in New York City and charged with S1013 unlawful flight to avoid persecution for her alleged role S1013 in California courthouse shootout. S10141971 Two killed in Memphis racial disturbances. S10111972 Prison uprising, Washington, D.C., jail. S10121972 Forty-six black and white sailors injured in race riot on S1012 the aircraft carrier Kitty Hawk of North Vietnam. S10241972 Death of Jack Roosevelt ("Jackie") Robinson (53), first S1024 black in major leagues in twentieth century, in Stamford, S1024 Connecticut. S10161973 Maynard Jackson elected mayor of Atlanta. S10031974 Frank Robinson named manager of the Cleveland Indians and S1003 became the first black manager in the major leagues. S10151974 National Guard mobilized to restore order in Boston school S1015 busing crisis. S10301974 Muhammad Ali defeated George Foreman for heavyweight box S1030 ing title in Zaire. S10251976 Gov. George Wallace granted a full pardon to Clarence S1025 ("Willie") Norris, the last known survivor of the nine S1025 Scottsboro Boys who were convicted in 1931 of the alleged S1025 rape of two white women on a freight train. S10301976 Rev. Joseph H. Evans elected president of the United S1030 Church of Christ. S10261977 Dr. Clifford R. Wharton Jr. named chancellor of the State S1026 University of New York. S10101978 Death of Congressman Ralph H. Metcalfe (68), in Chicago. S10271978 President Carter signed Hawkins-Humphrey full employment S1027 bill. S10031979 Death of artist Charles White (61), in Los Angeles. S10301979 Richard Arrington elected mayor of Birmingham. S10131980 Unprovoked slayings of six blacks in Buffalo, New York, S1013 triggered demands for national investigation. Spingarn S1013 Medal warded to Rayford W. Logan, historian and auther, S1013 "in tribute to his lifetime of service as an educator and S1013 historian." S10271981 Andrew Young, Former UN Ambassador, elected mayor of At S1027 lanta. S10281981 Edward M. McIntrye elected first black mayor of Augusta, S1028 Georgia. S10291981 Death of William O. Walker (85), publisher of the Cleve S1029 land Call Post, in Cleveland.