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1991-01-12
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GAS WELL RESERVOIR SIMULATOR PROGRAM DOCUMENTATION
--------------------------------------------------
PURPOSE: TO HISTORY MATCH AND PROJECT FLOW FROM HYDRAULICALLY
FRACTURED WELLS, ACIDIZED WELLS AND NATURAL COMPLETIONS.
THE GAS WELL SIMULATOR IS A ONE DIMENSIONAL MODEL USING
FINITE DIFFERENCES TO PREDICT THE BEHAVIOR OF A GAS WELL
OR A GAS CONDENSATE WELL. IT USES BOTH LINEAR AND RADIAL
FLOW EQUATIONS. IT ALSO ACCOUNTS FOR NONDARCY FLOW (I.E.
TURBULENCE) AND WELLBORE/FRACTURE STORAGE.
OPTIONS: (1) CONSTANT WELLHEAD PRESSURE - USED TO PROJECT LONG
TERM DELIVERABILITY OF THE WELL.
(2) CONSTANT PERCENT OF CAPACITY - USED TO RESTRICT LONG
TERM DELIVERABILITY.
(3) TIME STEP OPTION - USED TO SELECT A CHOKE SETTING AND A
LINE PRESSURE FOR EACH TIME STEP.
(4) HISTORY MATCHING MODE - THIS HAS AN AUTOMATIC FEATURE
WHICH TELLS YOU WHAT PERMEABILITY AND STORAGE VOLUME TO
USE NEXT FOR A BETTER MATCH. IT ALSO HAS FEATURES WHICH
WHICH ALLOW YOU TO CHANGE PERMEABILITY BY AUTOMATICALLY
CALCULATING A NEW SKIN FACTOR WHICH WILL MAINTAIN THE
HISTORY MATCH IF STILL IN LINEAR FLOW.
(5) INTERFERENCE TEST MODE - THE PRESSURES WITHIN EACH GRID
BLOCK FOR EACH TIME STEP ARE PRINTED FOR INTERFERENCE
OR INFILL DRILLING STUDIES.
INPUT: INITIAL RESERVOIR PRESSURE ACRES DRAINED
RESERVOIR TEMPERATURE SURFACE TEMPERATURE
WET GAS GRAVITY (CONDENSATE WELL) DRY GAS GRAVITY
SKIN FACTOR PERMEABILITY
ROCK COMPRESSIBILITY FORMATION THICKNESS
TOTAL POROSITY WATER SATURATION
FLOW STRING DIAMETER WELL DEPTH
WELLBORE/FRACTURE STORAGE VOLUME NON DARCY FLOW FACTOR
NUMBER OF GRID BLOCKS
LINE PRESSURE, CHOKE SETTING & WET GRAVITY FOR EACH TIME STEP
UP TO 500 TIME STEPS CAN BE ENTERED
OUTPUT: PROJECTION OF RATES, CUMULATIVE GAS PRODUCED, BOTTOM HOLE
FLOWING PRESSURES, WELLHEAD FLOWING PRESSURES, WELLBORE
STORAGE RATES, EFFECT OF TURBULENCE, ETC FOR EACH TIME STEP.
USES: THIS PROGRAM CAN BE USED TO EVALUATE:
(1) LONG TERM DELIVERABILITY OF GAS AND CONDENSATE WELLS
(2) SHUT IN GAS WELLS BY USING USING SHORT TERM TEST DATA
(3) PROSPECTIVE WELLS USING ANALOGOUS RESERVOIR PROPERTIES
(4) EFFECT OF PIPELINE PRESSURE CHANGES ON DELIVERABILITY
(5) EFFECT OF INSTALLING A COMPRESSOR ON DELIVERABILITY
(6) EFFECT OF PIPELINE CURTAILMENTS ON DELIVERABILITY
(7) EFFECT OF CHOKE CHANGES ON DELIVERABILITY
(8) ECONOMICS OF DRILLING INFILL WELLS
(9) DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF INTERFERENCE TESTS
INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
-------------------------
FOR FLOPPY DISK DRIVE - THIS DISK IS READY TO USE. YOU MAY ALSO WANT
TO COPY YOUR PRINT.COM FILE ON THIS DISK TO
SIMPLIFY PRINTING OF REPORTS AND DATA FILES.
FOR HARD DISK DRIVE - COPY THIS DISK TO YOUR HARD DRIVE. IT IS
THEN READY TO USE.
EXECUTABLE MODULES
------------------
THE FOLLOWING EXECUTABLE MODULES ARE ON THIS DISK:
GASMODEL - TO PROJECT FUTURE DELIVERABILITIES FOR FRACTURED AND
UNFRACTURED GAS WELLS AND ALSO FOR HISTORY MATCHING.
DDTOGM - CONVERTS "DRAWDOWN" DATA FILES TO FORMAT USED BY THE
GASMODEL PROGRAM. THIS ELIMINATES THE NEED TO RETYPE
ANY DATA. IT ALSO SIMPLIFIES THE CREATION OF THE
GASMODEL INPUT FILE. THIS PROGRAM WILL ALSO CONVERT
OIL AND WATER PRODUCTION INTO AN EFFECTIVE GAS GRAVITY.
BUTOGM - CONVERTS "BUILDUP" DATA FILES TO FORMAT USED BY THE
GASMODEL PROGRAM. THIS SIMPLIFIES THE CREATION OF THE
GASMODEL INPUT FILE.
DATA FILES
----------
THE FOLLOWING DATA FILES ARE ON THIS DISK:
GASWELL.GM0 - EXAMPLE WELL SHOWING HISTORY MATCHING MODE
GASWELL.GM1 - EXAMPLE WELL SHOWING NO CHOKE AT SURFACE
GASWELL.GM3 - EXAMPLE WELL SHOWING CHOKE AT SURFACE
GASWELL.GM4 - EXAMPLE WELL SHOWING PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION BY GRIDS
NEW DATA FILES CAN ALSO BE CREATED BY COPYING ANY OF THESE THREE
EXAMPLES AND CHANGING THE NECESSARY VARIABLES WITH ANY TEXT EDITOR.
DATA FORMAT
-----------
THE FORMAT FOR THE GAS WELL SIMULATOR INPUT DATA FILE IS AS FOLLOWS:
LINE # FORMAT DESCRIPTION
------ ------ ---------------------------------------------------
LINE 1: 40A1 - WELL NAME
LINE 2: 40A1 - OPERATOR NAME
LINE 3: 40A1 - LOCATION OF WELL (SEC-TOWNSHIP-RANGE)
LINE 4: 40A1 - LOCATION OF WELL (COUNTY-STATE)
LINE 5: 40A1 - TEST DATE (MM/DD/YY) & COMMENTS
LINE 6: F8.3 - PERMEABILITY OF RESERVOIR IN MILLIDARCIES
F8.1 - DRAINAGE RADIUS OF WELL IN FEET
F8.3 - ROCK COMPRESSIBILITY IN PSI^-1 X 10^6
OR "0" FOR COMPUTER TO CALCULATE ROCK COMPRESSIBILITY
F8.1 - INITIAL RESERVOIR PRESSURE IN PSIA
F8.3 - GAS GRAVITY
F8.3 - FRACTIONAL POROSITY (INCLUDING WATER AND GAS FILLED)
F8.2 - NET PAY IN FEET
F8.4 - NON DARCY FLOW FACTOR (F) FOR TURBULENCE CORRECTION
LINE 7: F8.3 - RADIAL SKIN FACTOR
F8.1 - WELLBORE & FRACTURE STORAGE VOLUME IN FT^3
OR "0" FOR COMPUTER TO CALCULATE WELLBORE STORAGE
F8.1 - SURFACE TEMP IN DEG FAH
F8.1 - RESERVOIR TEMP IN DEG FAH
F8.3 - FRACTIONAL WATER SATURATION
F8.1 - WELL DEPTH TO PRODUCTION INTERVAL IN FEET
F8.3 - TUBING I.D. IN INCHES
I8 - BTU VALUE OF ONE STANDARD CUBIC FOOT OF GAS
LINE 8: I8 - FLOW OPTION
0 = HISTORY MATCHING MODE
1 = NO CHOKE AT SURFACE
3 = CHOKE AT SURFACE
I8 - PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OPTION
0 = DON'T PRINT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OF GRID
1 = PRINT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION FOR EACH TIME STEP
I8 - NUMBER OF GRIDS IN SIMULATOR (1 TO 49)
I TYPICALLY USE 31 BUT YOU SHOULD USE AT LEAST 25
8X - FILLER
F8.2 - PERCENT DISCOUNT RATE FOR PRESENT VALUE ANALYSIS
F8.2 - INITIAL GAS PRICE IN $/MCF
F8.2 - INFLATION RATE IN PERCENT PER YEAR
LINE 9: I8 - NUMBER OF TIME STEPS FOR THIS LINE
F8.1 - HOURS PER TIME STEP
F8.1 - FLOW RATE IN MCFD
USED WHEN FLOW OPTION = 0
F8.1 - PIPELINE OR GATHERING LINE PRESSURE IN PSIA
USED WHEN FLOW OPTION = 1 OR 3
F8.1 - OBSERVED BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE IN PSIA
USED WHEN FLOW OPTION = 0
3X - FILLER
F5.2 - CHOKE SETTING (14.64 MEANS 14/64)
USED WHEN FLOW OPTION = 3
F8.3 - WET GAS GRAVITY (CAN BE LEFT BLANK)
USED WHEN FLOW OPTION = 1 OR 3
REPEAT LINE 9 FOR UP TO 500 TIME STEPS TO DESCRIBE TEST OR PROJECTION
SAMPLE DATA FILE
----------------
BELOW IS A COPY OF AN INPUT DATA FILE. IT USES THE DATA FORMATS
WHICH ARE DESCRIBED ABOVE. THIS EXAMPLE USES A CHOKE AT SURFACE.
DEMO GAS WELL
OKLAHOMA PRODUCTION CO.
NW SEC. 00-00N-00W
ANYWHERE CO., OKLA.
010191
0.668 2108.0 4.5 1365. 0.57 .1200 18.0 0.0000
-5.317 0.0 80.0 194.0 0.20 2700.0 1.995 1000
3 0 31 15.0 1.75 5.0
1 24.0 .0 350.0 0.0 14.64 .625
3 48.0 .0 325.0 0.0 16.64 .620
2 180.0 .0 300.0 0.0 18.64 .615
1 202.5 .0 275.0 0.0 20.64 .610
5 730.5 .0 250.0 0.0 22.64 .605
6 730.5 .0 225.0 0.0 24.64 .600
2 4383.0 .0 200.0 0.0 26.64 .595
8 8766.0 .0 200.0 0.0 28.64 .590
10 8766.0 .0 200.0 0.0 32.64 .585
6 43830.0 .0 200.0 0.0 34.64 .580
OUTPUT FILES CREATED
--------------------
THE PROGRAM HAS AN OPTION TO WRITE OUTPUT TO A FILE CALLED "REPT"
OR TO SEND OUTPUT DIRECTLY TO THE PRINTER. IF YOU SEND THE OUTPUT
DIRECTLY TO THE PRINTER THEN BE SURE THAT YOUR PRINTER IS SET UP
CORRECTLY FIRST. IF YOU WRITE THE OUTPUT TO THE "REPT" FILE THEN
A FILE CALLED "REPT" MUST ALREADY EXIST, AND THE NEW RESULTS WILL
OVERWRITE ANY PREVIOUS DATA IN THE "REPT" FILE.
PRINTING OUTPUT FILES
---------------------
TO PRINT THE OUTPUT FILE, SIMPLY TYPE "PRINT REPT" AFTER RUNNING
THE GASMODEL PROGRAM. BE SURE THAT YOUR PRINTER IS SET UP FIRST.
CONSIDERATIONS WHEN RUNNING THE PROGRAM
---------------------------------------
PROGRAM LIMITATIONS
-------------------
THIS MODEL IS DESIGNED FOR SINGLE PHASE GAS FLOW. ITS SHOULD NOT
BE USED FOR OIL WELLS. IT MAY NOT BE RELIABLE FOR SOLUTION GAS
AND GAS CAP RESERVOIRS. IT IS, HOWEVER, ALSO RELIABLE FOR GAS WELLS
WHICH PRODUCE SOME WATER AND CONDENSATE. IT CAN TYPICALLY BE USED
FOR GAS CONDENSATE WELLS FLOWING WITH GAS-LIQUID RATIOS GREATER THAN
10,000 SCF PER STB.
HOW TO HANDLE WATER AND CONDENSATE PRODUCTION
---------------------------------------------
GAS WELLS WHICH PRODUCE CONDENSATE AND/OR WATER SHOULD BE HANDLED
IN ONE OF TWO WAYS. ONE OPTION ASSUMES THAT THE EFFECTIVE WET GAS
GRAVITY REMAINS CONSTANT. THE SECOND OPTION ASSUMES THAT THE
EFFECTIVE WET GAS GRAVITY VARIES WITH TIME.
OPTION 1: CONSTANT WET GAS GRAVITY
----------------------------------
THE INCREASED PRESSURE DROP CAUSED BY THE WATER AND/OR CONDENSATE IN
THE FLOW STRING IS ACCOUNTED FOR INTERACTIVELY BY ANSWERING "YES" TO
THE QUESTION "DOES THIS WELL PRODUCE WATER OR CONDENSATE OR BOTH?".
THEN, THE PROMPT WILL SAY "ENTER INITIAL EFFECTIVE GAS GRAVITY OF WELL
FLUID?". THE VALUE YOU ENTER HERE SHOULD BE GREATER THAN THE DRY GAS
GRAVITY WHICH IS IN THE DATA FILE. THE WET GAS GRAVITY WHICH IS
ENTERED WILL BE USED TO ESTIMATE THE INITIAL WELL HEAD SHUTIN PRESSURE
FROM THE INITIAL RESERVOIR PRESSURE. IT WILL ALSO BE USED FOR ALL
PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONS IN THE FLOW STRING. HOWEVER, THE DRY GAS
GRAVITY WILL BE USED FOR VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS OF GAS IN PLACE AND
ALL OTHER CALCULATIONS.
NOTE: THE WET GAS GRAVITY HAS NO EFFECT WHEN IN THE HISTORY MATCHING
MODE BECAUSE YOU ARE COMPARING BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURES.
OPTION 2: VARYING WET GAS GRAVITY
---------------------------------
THE INCREASED PRESSURE DROP CAUSED BY THE WATER AND/OR CONDENSATE
IN THE FLOW STRING CAN ALSO BE ACCOUNTED FOR INTERACTIVELY AND
THROUGH THE DATA FILE BY ANSWERING "YES" TO THE QUESTION "DOES
THIS WELL PRODUCE WATER OR CONDENSATE OR BOTH?". THEN THE PROMPT
WILL SAY "ENTER INITIAL EFFECTIVE GAS GRAVITY OF WELL FLUID?"
THE VALUE YOU ENTER HERE SHOULD BE THE INITIAL WET GAS GRAVITY.
IT WILL BE USED TO ESTIMATE THE INITIAL WELL HEAD SHUTIN PRESSURE.
FROM THE INITIAL RESERVOIR PRESSURE. THE INDIVIDUAL WET GAS
GRAVITIES FOR EACH TIME STEP WILL BE USED FOR PRESSURE DROP CALCULA-
TIONS IN THE FLOW STRING. HOWEVER, THE DRY GAS GRAVITY WILL BE USED
BE USED FOR VOLUMETRIC CALCULATIONS OF GAS IN PLACE AND ALL OTHER
CALCULATIONS.
NOTE: THE WET GAS GRAVITY HAS NO EFFECT WHEN IN THE HISTORY MATCHING
MODE BECAUSE YOU ARE COMPARING BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURES.
MODIFYING TOTAL COMPRESSIBILITY
-------------------------------
ANOTHER OPTION WHICH OCCURS INTERACTIVELY DURING PROGRAM EXECUTION
IS IN THE FORM OF THE QUESTION "DO YOU WANT TO ADJUCT CT?", WHERE
CT REPRESENTS TOTAL COMPRESSIBILITY. IF YOU ANSWER "YES" THEN IT
WILL ASK YOU TWO ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS:
(1) "ENTER SG FRACTION DESIRED FOR CT CALCULATION?"
- WHERE SG IS GAS SATURATION TERM IN CT CALCULATION
(2) "ENTER VALUE DESIRED FOR CR"
- WHERE CR IS ROCK COMPRESSIBILITY IN CT CALCULATION
ADJUSTING THESE VALUES WILL HAVE NO EFFECT ON THE GAS IN PLACE, BUT
IT WILL ADJUST THE TIMING OF THE GAS DELIVERABILITIES. THIS OPTION
WOULD BE USED VARY RARELY. ONE POSSIBLE USE WOULD BE IN A DEEP HIGH
PRESSURE GAS WELL WHERE ROCK COMPRESSIBILITY BECOMES A MORE CRITICAL
TERM IN TOTAL COMPRESSIBILITY. THE PROGRAM WILL AUTOMATICALLY
CALCULATE ROCK COMPRESSIBLITY BASED ON AN EMPIRICAL CORRELATION,
AND THIS CAN BE OVERRIDED HERE.
RESTRICTING PRODUCTION TO PERCENT OF CAPACITY
---------------------------------------------
ANOTHER OPTION WHICH OCCURS INTERACTIVELY DURING PROGRAM EXECUTION IS
IN THE FORM OF THE QUESTION "DO YOU WANT TO RESTRICT PRODUCTION?".
IT ONLY APPEARS WHEN THE FLOW OPTION = 1 (I.E. FLOW WITH NO CHOKE).
THE PURPOSE OF THIS OPTION IS TO PERMIT YOU TO MAKE A LONG TERM FORECAST
OF THE WELL ASSUMING YOU FLOW THE WELL AT A CONSTANT PERCENT OF MAXIMUM
CAPACITY. THIS IS TYPICAL OF MANY GAS PURCHASE CONTRACTS WHICH STATE
THAT THE TAKES WILL BE 75% OF DELIVERABILITY, OR WHATEVER. IF YOU
WANTED 75% OF DELIVERABILITY, THEN ANSWER ".75" WHEN IT ASKS FOR THE
FRACTIONAL CAPACITY YOU WANT.
THIS OPTION WILL IGNORE THE LINE PRESSURES FOR EACH TIME STEP, BUT
YOU NEED TO AT LEAST HAVE LINE PRESSURES WHICH ARE GREATER THAN ZERO
FOR THE PROGRAM TO RUN.
PRINTING PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION BY GRID BLOCK FOR EACH TIME STEP
---------------------------------------------------------------
THE "PRINT OPTION" WHICH IS CONTROLLED BY THE SECOND COLUMN ON LINE 8
IS USUALLY SET TO 0 (ZERO). IF IT IS SET TO 1, THEN A PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE RESERVOIR WILL BE PRINTED AFTER EACH TIME STEP.
ONE PRESSURE VALUE WILL BE PRINTED FOR EACH GRID BLOCK FOR EACH TIME STEP.
THIS CAUSES A LOT MORE DETAIL TO BE PRINTED, BUT CAN BE INVALUABLE TO
DETERMINE WHAT THE PRESSURES ARE A GIVEN DISTANCE FROM THE WELLBORE AT
ANY TIME. A TYPICAL APPLICATION FOR THE USE OF THE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONIS OF
WITHIN THE WELL IS THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF INTERFERENCE TESTS.
ANOTHER APPLICATION OF THE PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION WOULD BE TO ESTIMATE
WHAT THE INITIAL PRESSURE OF AN OFFSET WELL WOULD BE IF IT WAS PARTAILLY
PRESSURE DEPLETED BY THIS WELL.
DRAINAGE RADIUS (ACRES VS FEET)
-------------------------------
NOTE THAT THE INPUT DATA FILE USES DRAINAGE RADIUS IN FEET INSTEAD
OF ACRES. THE PROGRAM ASSUMES A CIRCULAR RESERVOIR. SOME COMMON
CONVERSIONS ARE:
ACRES RE
------ ----
10 372
20 527
40 745
80 1053
160 1489
200 1665
320 2106
640 2979
NON-DARCY TURBULENCE FACTOR (F)
-------------------------------
FOR THEORETICAL BACKGROUND ON THE NON-DARCY FLOW COEFFICIENT (F)
REFER TO THE FOLLOWING REFERENCES:
1. FUNDAMENTALS OF RESERVOIR ENGINEERING, DAKE.
2. THEORY AND PRACTICE OF THE TESTING OF GAS WELLS, ERCB, 1975.
3. PREDICTION OF GAS WELL PERFORMANCE INCLUDING THE EFFECT OF
NON-DARCY FLOW, JOURNAL OF PETR. TECH., JULY 1962, PP. 791-798,
SWIFT AND KIEL.
4. USE OF OPEN FLOW POTENTIAL TEST DATA IN DETERMINING FORMATION
CAPACITY AND SKIN FACTOR, JOURNAL OF PETR. TECH., JULY 1971,
PP. 879-887, ESSIS AND THOMAS.
I USUALLY LET THE TURBULENCE FACTOR = 0.0 EXCEPT WHEN ANALYZING VERY
SHORT TERM TESTS SUCH AS A FOUR POINT TEST.