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- [ The Anatomy of Pseudo-Science ] [ By The GNN ]
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- THE ANATOMY OF PSEUDO-SCIENCE
- by THE GNN/DualCrew-Shining/uXu
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-
- The concept 'science' bears a special quality: it is often connected with
- test tubes, chemicals, microscopes, white coats, etc. When one talks about
- 'science' the first thing that pops into mind is physics, chemistry,
- astronomy and perhaps psychology.
- In this file, however, I will not refer to any of these particular
- disciplines. What I will discuss is the general and uncontroversial
- _scientific method_ that all these disciplines use. It is uncontroversial,
- because it has no inherent value; either it can be _done_ good, or it can be
- done bad. I believe this method is a reliable and true method, on the matters
- it operates with. We cannot prove the existence of God with the scientific
- method, but we surely can find answers to many more worldly questions.
- Unfortunately, there are many dubious disciplines that claim that the use
- the scientific method to prove their claims. Astrologists, ufologists, and
- especially supporters of 'alternative medicine' such as zone therapists,
- healers and various other wonder workers, to mention a few, all claim to be
- based upon the method in question. When one examines how the scientific
- method is structured and how it works, one quickly realizes that such
- disciplines deserve to be called a pseudo-science.
-
- Science is based upon certain reliable methods to extract laws, theories and
- principles from hypotheses. The logical method is inductive, and in the
- center of this, we will find the _experimental method_. If I believe that
- occurrence X is due to the phenomenon Y, I can try to verify (prove) this by
- an experiment. (Please remember that this is a general method, and it is not
- concentrated to chemistry, physics etc., even though the concept 'experiment'
- is often connected with those disciplines.)
- The results from experiments are correct and always the same. There is no
- possibility that an experiment could go 'wrong', if it is done right. If
- Q turns into W when I pour some B into the mixture, I have proven that
- (Q /\ B) --> W ; ('If (Q and B) then W') If it turns into A, I have proven
- that the case is (Q /\ B --> A). If I had expected that Q would turn into H,
- this does not mean that the answer I get is not correct. It only shows that
- my _hypothesis_ was wrong, and that is another question.
- If I, however, perform the same experiment twice and get different
- answers, it shows that I have done something wrong. In an experiment, you
- _idealize_ situations and therefore the answer must always be one and the
- same, unless the situation is altered. If Q+B turns out to become E one day,
- and the other day it turns out to be P, I must have done something wrong. I
- could, for example, have forgotten to clean the instruments, or forgotten
- some parameter that is crucial (but yet undiscovered).
-
- Hypotheses in pseudo-science, on the other hand, cannot be proven by the
- experimental method. Even in idealized situations, they get different answers
- all the time. Say that someone claims that it is scientifically proved that a
- particular Chinese super-mega-tea cures cancer. To convince the sceptic, they
- show that a number of people actually have had cancer, consumed the tea, and
- been cured. This would have counted as a proven fact, _if and only if_ all
- (or a large percent) of those who had cancer and consumed the tea had
- actually been cured.
- But that is never the case. Often, only a minor number gets cured. Out of
- a thousand people (even though those who perform pseudo-scientific
- 'experiments' seldom include so many people in their 'tests') perhaps two are
- relived of their cancer. But as we all know, cancer may disappear out of no
- apparent reason. To claim that it was the tea that was responsible for that
- is to make a mistake.
- In the same manner, it is possible to claim that if you every morning
- flush down a glass of water in your toilet, your aching back will be cured. A
- thousand people with bad backs perform this action. After two weeks, three of
- them are relieved of their pain. The first conclusion we certainly would not
- jump to was that it was due to the flushing. But in pseudo-science, such
- conclusions are the only ones.
- Pseudo-scientists could claim that the reason why the tea did not work for
- all people, were because these people contained some parameter that failed to
- make the tea work. But, since they are pseudo-scientists, they are not
- interested in finding this parameter. This is not because they are simply
- lazy, it is because finding such a parameter would probably show that it was
- not the tea that 'cured' the illness, but something else. And then the tea
- would not sell any more.
- If you want to verify the result of an experiment in true science, it is
- no problem. But the results from pseudo-scientific experiments are very
- secret. Few people have access to the methods, and those who have are often
- the same as those who invented them. This is not strange, because if the
- 'tests' of pseudo-science were open to the public, everyone would notice that
- they were false. Therefore, they are never openly performed.
- As an example, there are some followers of transcendental-yoga that claim
- that they are able to levitate. But they have no proofs, and they refuse to
- perform their flying in public. Still, many people believe them, and spend
- thousands of dollars and years in their institutions because they believe
- they will to learn how to fly. But no one have seen them succeed.
-
- Pseudo-science is dangerous. Since it dresses itself in the costume of being
- real science, people believe them. Pseudo-science is controversial. It is
- based upon earning money and fooling people. It is not cheap to buy
- alternative medicine nor participate in zone therapy. Even worse, it kills
- people. Some, who would have been cured by an ordinary cure of penicillin,
- could reject that treatment in favor for some more dubious cure. People with
- incurable diseases spend their last money and hope on magicians who promise
- to help them, but seldom can. Pseudo-science is an industry for making money.
- It is not constructed for the public good.
- I know that some people still refuse to accept my arguments. "Some people
- are actually helped by those disciplines you refer to as pseudo-science! What
- do you say to them? That they are wrong? That they are not cured at all? That
- they just believe that they are cured?"
- I do not believe they are not cured. But I am very certain that it was not
- the particular pseudo-scientific discipline that helped them. It was
- something else. Recall, if you had an aching back and flushed down a glass of
- water into the toilet every day and were suddenly relieved of your pain, I
- would not believe it was the flushing that did it. The reason why you believe
- pseudo-science can help, is because it has dressed itself in the prestigious
- costume of 'science'.
- "But!" the hard-core sceptic may continue, "Even though it may have not
- been the Chinese tea that helped my sick mother, but something else, the tea
- might have helped her psychologically. As we all know, those who live in hope
- to be cured are more easily cured. And the tea gave her such hope!"
- Pseudo-science does not claim to give people hope. They claim that they
- will actually _cure_ people. If, however, the tea gave hope to the mother,
- fine with me. But the discipline is still pseudo-science. All sick mothers
- that drink tea are not cured, and to claim that pseudo-science is 'helpful'
- is to jump to too many conclusions too fast.
- Disciplines that are based upon pseudo-science are not helpful. They steal
- money from naive people, with the help of promises and false prophets. That
- is the truth, and it can be proven with the help of the real scientific
- method, if necessary.
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-
- ---
- I wish to thank Mr. Sven-Ove Hansson and the Uppsala Society Against
- Pseudo-Science for making this file possible.
-
-
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