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- ---[ Phrack Magazine Volume 7, Issue 51 September 01, 1997, article 15 of 17
-
-
- -------------------------[ A Brief Introduction to CCS7
-
-
- --------[ Narbo[SLF] <narbo@xeo.net>
-
-
- 0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0
- o Introduction o
- 0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0
-
- Every day it seems that the telcos introduce some funky new calling
- feature to make your life easier. I'm sure at one point or another you've
- probably wondered exactly how all of these calling features work. The
- answer? Common Channel Interoffice Signaling or CCS7.
-
- CCS7 is somewhat analogous to TCP/IP in that it is a protocol that
- allows networked computers (in this case telephone switches) to talk to each
- other. It maps onto the OSI 7 Layer Reference Model model as such:
-
- --------------- ------------------------------
- Application 7 OMAP | ASE |
- --------------- -------------
- Presentation 6 TCAP |
- --------------- -------------
- Session 5 |
- --------------- | ISDN-UP
- Transport 4 |
- --------------- --------------
- SCCP |
- Network 3 ------------------------------
- MTP Level 3
- --------------- ------------------------------
- Data Link 2 MTP Level 2
- --------------- ------------------------------
- Physical 1 MTP Level 1
- --------------- ------------------------------
-
- Legend:
-
- OMAP: Operations, Maintenance and Administration Part
- ASE : Application Service Layer
- TCAP: Transaction Capabilities Application Part
- SCCP: Signaling Connection Control Part
- ISDN-UP: Integrated Systems Digital Network User Part
- MTP : Message Transfer Part
-
- This article will provide an introduction to how the network is
- set up, how messaging is done, and a brief example of a call setup/takedown.
-
- 0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0
- o History o
- 0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0
-
- AT&Ts introduction of CCIS (Common Channel Interoffice Signaling)
- in 1976 brought a radical change to the way signaling was handled. Before
- the advent of CCIS all signaling was done in band using the same trunks that
- would be used for customer conversations. Instead of sending all information
- over the voice circuits (trunks) a new network was created specifically for
- signaling.
-
- AT&T began immediate deployment of CCIS technology and the CCITT
- (Consultative Committee for International Telephone and Telegraph) adopted it
- as an international standard called SS6 (Signaling System 6). The current
- version of the protocol is CCS7 (Common Channel Signaling System 7) and is
- prevalent throughout North America.
-
- 0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0
- o Switches o
- 0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0
-
- CCS7 networks are based on a mesh of links connecting switches like the
- following:
-
-
- ###(SP) {SCP}---A---[STP] -B-- [STP]
- # | / | \ / | \
- # F / | \ / | \
- # | / C BB C \ ###########
- ###(SSP) D | / \ | \ # #
- # | \ / [STP] -B-- [STP] D (SSP)---F #
- # A A / / / \ \ A | #
- # | \ / / A \ \ | | #
- # [STP] --B- [STP] / / \ [STP] --B- [STP]-A-(SSP)##
- # | \ / | D {SCP} D | \ / | | #
- # | \ / | / \ | \ / | | #
- # C BB C / \ C BB C | #
- # | / \ | / \ | / \ | | #
- # [STP] --B- [STP] [STP] --B- [STP] | #
- # | | | #
- # |--(SSP) |--------E---------| #
- # # #
- ###########################################################################
-
- # = Trunks
- - = CCS7 links
-
- Explanation:
-
- STP (Signal Transfer Point):
-
- STPs are tandem switches which act as the routers of the CCS7 network.
- They transfer messages between incoming and outgoing signaling links but do not
- originate messages other then those used for network management. Since their
- sole function is to act as routers, STPs have NO trunks attached to them. STPs
- are grouped into mated pairs. These pairs are grouped into the quads you see
- in the above diagram. This is all done for the sake of redundancy.
-
- SCP (Signal Control Point):
-
- SCPs act as the application database servers for the CCS7 network.
- SSPs make database queries through the STPs to the SCPs for such things as
- 800 number lookups. As they are not used for direct line connections SCPs also
- do not have trunks attached to them. SCPs are the least common type of switch;
- for instance, in Canada, there are only two SCPs, one of which is in Calgary,
- the other in Toronto.
-
- SSP (Service Switching Point) and SP (Service Point):
-
- SSPs and SPs are the most common switches (despite my diagram :)) and
- are deployed as EO (End Office) switches and in PBXs (Private Branch Exchanges).
- On average each SSP can handle about 100,000 - 125,000 lines. Of course the
- amount of trunks actually available on the switch is considerably smaller then
- the amount of incoming lines; the telcos have various modeling algorithms that
- predict the maximum amount of trunks that will actually be used which is why
- occasionally when, say, a U2 concert hits town a switch can run out of
- available trunks as people rush the phones for tickets. SSPs and SPs differ
- only on that the former can enact SCP database queries while the latter cannot.
-
- 0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0
- o Links o
- 0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0
-
- A CCS7 link is nothing more then a dedicated 56/64K trunk. There are
- various classifications of link types: (Refer to the previous diagram for
- examples)
-
- A Links:
-
- Connect SSP/SPs and SCPs to STPs.
-
- B (Bridge) Links:
-
- Connect two STP pairs together to form an STP quad.
-
- C (Cross) Links:
-
- Connect mated STP pairs together.
-
- D Links:
-
- Interconnect STP quads.
-
- E Links:
-
- Connect SSP/SPs or SCPs to a STP pair other than their "home" pair.
-
- F Links:
-
- Connect SSP/SPs and SCPs to each other.
-
- Links are joined together to form linksets. A linkset is defined as all
- the links connecting one node in the network to another node. Directly
- analogous to linksets are routesets which map out the paths to all the other
- nodes in the network by associating a cost with each possible linkset the
- message could go out on.
-
- If that sounded confusing (and I know it did) here is a small example.
- Consider the following subsection from our bigger network:
-
- ###(SP1)
- # |
- # |
- # |
- ###(SSP1)
- # | \
- # L1 L2
- # | \
- # [STP1] ---- [STP2]--
- # | \ / | |
- # | \ / | |
- # | \/ | |
- # | / \ | |
- # [STP3] ---- [STP4] |
- # \ /
- # (SSP2)
- # #
- ######################
-
-
- Say SSP1 wants to send a message to SSP2. The routeset to SSP2 on SSP1
- will be datafilled with two possible linksets that could be used; namely the
- ones going to STP1 and STP2. However, it's obvious that using L2 would be more
- efficient, taking 2 hops instead of 3, via L1. On the switch this would be
- noted by L2 having a lower cost than L1.
-
- 0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0
- o Call Setup Example o
- 0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0o0
-
- Call setup and takedown using CCS7 is handled by a subset of the
- protocol called ISDN-UP (Integrated Services Digital Network User Part). There
- are many messages belonging in this subset but only five are needed to make a
- phone call.
-
- Let's say I want to call Dr. Sardu using the network from the previous
- example. The good doctor's phone is serviced by SSP2 while mine is serviced
- by SSP1. When I pick up my phone the switch will detect that it is off the
- hook and send a dial tone. After dialing, an IAM (Initial Address Message)
- will go out on the network from SSP1 to SSP2. Assuming all goes well (the
- phone is not busy, etc...) an ACM (Address Complete Message) will come back
- from SSP2 to SSP1. It is at this time that I hear the first ring tone in my
- receiver. The moment the other party picks up and all the trunks are seized
- an ANM (Answer Message) is sent from SSP2 to SSP1 and upon reception of this
- message billing starts (A few ms of free phone time. Woo woo!). When the
- conversation is complete and one party hangs up, its switch will send an REL
- (Release Message) and upon reception the other party will hear the "click" of
- the phone being hung up. When he then hangs up the final RCL (Release Complete)
- message will be sent and the seized trunks will return to idle.
-
-
- ----[ EOF
-