The Hacker's Encyclopedia 1998

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==Phrack Magazine== Volume Four, Issue Forty-Four, File 18 of 27 **************************************************************************** Searching the Dialog Information Service By Al Capone (alcapone@mindvox.phantom.com) This file will show you how to use the Dialog Information Service. It is divided into the following parts: <> --- Background Information <> --- Accessing Dialog <> --- What to do when you're in <> --- Searching and Search Strategy As loyal Phrack readers may recall, there have been two articles written about Dialog already: Control-C wrote "Inside Dialog" in Issue 9 and much later Brian Oblivion wrote "The Complete Guide to The DIALOG Information Network" in Issue 39. Why another one? The online world changes so rapidly that things written just a couple of years ago can be out of date today. What differentiates this file from its two predecessors is that this file is: less 'manual derived', current (as of 11/93), more hands on, and hopefully is easier to read and put to immediate use. To obtain additional information about Dialog contact: Dialog Information Service Worldwide Headquarters 3460 Hillview Avenue P.O. Box 10010 Palo Alto, CA 94303-0993 Phone: 1-800-3-DIALOG (800-334-2564) <> Background Information ------------------------- "The United States is turning from an industrial age nation into an information age nation," U.S. Senator Gary Hart, The Tonight Show, 1993. From Big Brother creating dossiers on subversives to credit reporting agencies determining whether or not you get your credit card application approved, it all boils down to the more you know, the better you are able to succeed in society. Following through a hacker progression, huge databases have amassed providing online access to a seemingly infinite number of sources used for anything imaginable. Lawyers can access these databases to research such things as precedents for court cases. A graduate student trying to earn his or her masters degree can gain access to research a thesis, companies can get information on competitors, and so on. Databases are distributed into two categories: Research and Entertainment. Gaining prominence in the early 1980's, entertainment databases were comprised of the big two: The Source and Compuserve. Another prominent service, the Dow Jones News Retrieval Service was part research and part entertainment. A few other less significant databases also existed at this time. The Source was a subsidiary of the investment firm of Welsh, Carson, and Stowe. It provided some seven hundred and fifty features and services including electronic mail. Investment features included a discount brokerage firm, and a full range of stock, bond, and commodities information, with an option to search portfolios. It also allowed you to search other fellow users by location, account number, or interest. The Source was subsequently bought out by Compuserve and was shutdown on August 1, 1989. Compuserve is a division of H&R Block. It is the largest service worldwide offering some four hundred thousand subscribers a variety of news and financial information. It also offers access to Valueline and the Standard and Poor databases, which are online business references. It also has online games and a travelling service. The Dow Jones News/Retrieval is a part of the Wall Street Journal and provides online abstracts of printed papers published by Dow Jones and Co. It now includes profiles of over forty six hundred companies and has diversified to provide sports coverage. Today, most of you are aware of the myriad of other entertainment online services such as Genie, Prodigy, America OnLine (AOL), etc. All of these so called entertainment services have made attempts at offering various business and research services to their users. Its interesting to sit back and watch how each one tries to out-do the other. You will find that some databases are offered through some of these entertainment services as well as dialog and perhaps other commercial services. Be aware that the costs may differ substantially among them for the same exact database. If you are paying for access, be sure to shop around if the particular database is popular. If you travel to your local university library you will notice computer databases to which you can access such things as doctoral dissertations (get brownie points by telling your professor how interesting his/her thesis was), medical research (look up that newly acquired disease that your doctor mumbled that you now have), even national newspaper articles. This is just another source of information at your disposal (aside from books that is). Popping up more and more in libraries are "fee based research services". These are simply professional librarians who use research databases to retrieve the information you are too ignorant or stupid (or don't have enough time) to retrieve yourself. Fees range from their cost only (ie, online charges) to upwards of $100. per hour of their time spent PLUS any online charges. As you can probably deduce, it would be cost effective to use every possible free source of information before turning to online searchers. I recommend exhausting all the in-library databases before going online simply because the in-library databases are usually available on CD-ROM and you are not charged an hourly rate to use it. And don't forget about all those free Internet FTP sites, Gopher, WAIS, WWW, and even usenet! Most librarians are just starting to pay attention to and make use of the Internet. However once you have read this article you will be well versed on one of the major databases that is being used by these research services. If you run into an online database in your library, I suggest that you know what you are doing, as librarians are very skeptical due to the fact that you are using their money to do your searching. Running a research service seems to be a good idea. Not only does it provide a "legal" form of hacking to satisfy your thirst for information, there is definitely a substantial amount of money to be made. Entrepreneur magazine lists it as being in the top ten of prospective business opportunities. You are professionally known as an information broker, a degree in Library Studies (a traditional four year degree) helps, and if you don't decide to pursue the research angle, you could then become a librarian (how exciting). One of the research databases commonly used is the Dialog Information Service. Dialog is a subsidiary of Lockheed Missile and Space Corporation. It provides access to more than three hundred databases containing over one hundred million records. The significance of this service is that it joins all 300+ databases together, you can skip from one database to another simply by 'beginning' the database. In the past, the user would have to individually call each database and pay an exorbitant charge to use it. Dialog eliminates this and keeps all the databases together. Because of the vastness, all sources are summarized with keyword searches. Dialog has substantial signup charges ($295. last time I asked them) in addition to the fact that each individual database charges an hourly rate. Each rate varies according to things like the relative importance of the topic, cost to put the information online, and the main determining factor: what they think the users will pay. Some database providers seem to defy any logical reasoning as to how they determined the cost to access their information. Dialog can be accessed in about a dozen different ways. It is available through Westnet, Wangpac, Dunsnet, IBM Information Network, and TWX-TELEX. The following chart lists some other alternatives along with connection rates: Ways to Access Dialog with Connection Rates Table 1 +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Service Rate per Hour (U.S.Dollars) | | ------- --------------------------- | | | | Dialnet Direct Dial (Palo | | Alto Dialnet Nodes).................................$ 4.00 | | | | Dialnet-In Watts (Direct 800#)........................$24.00 | | | | GEIS-Marknet *........................................$25.00 | | | | GNS (Global Network Services - | | BT Tymnet) **.......................................$12.00 | | | | Internet Gateway..(ANSnet)............................$ 4.20 | | | | Journal of Commerce (JOC and | | KRU Network) ***...................................$24.00 | | | | Sprintnet (Formerly Telenet)..........................$12.00 | | | | | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ * = Available for users in Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Singapore, and the Philippines. ** = Available in Europe. *** = Available in the Far East and Asia. <> - Accessing Dialog --------------------- The following three scenarios will show you how to log in to Dialog to begin your searching. [] denunciates what you should type in: 1. - Accessing Dialog through the Internet via the telnet command: ------------------------------------------------------------------ $ Telnet dialog.com DIALOG INFORMATION SERVICES PLEASE LOGON: ?XXXXXXXX [Enter the Dialog Usernumber] ENTER PASSWORD: ?XXXXXXXX [Enter the Dialog Password] You're In! 2. - Accessing Dialog through Tymnet ------------------------------------ [a] please log in:[dialog] DIALOG: call connected DIALOG INFORMATION SERVICES PLEASE LOGON: ?XXXXXXXX [Enter the Dialog Usernumber] ENTER PASSWORD: ?XXXXXXXX [Enter the Dialog Password] You're In! 3. - Accessing Dialog through Sprintnet --------------------------------------- [Enter] [Enter] [Enter] TELENET 123 45K @ [41548] 415 48 connected DIALOG INFORMATION SERVICES PLEASE LOGON: ?XXXXXXXX [Enter the Dialog Usernumber] ENTER PASSWORD: ?XXXXXXXX [Enter the Dialog Password] You're In! Here let me say a few things about getting a correct logon/password combination. In order to familiarize yourself with the system, Dialog gives you a starter kit which includes your legit logon/password, along with some other perks like some free online time. This online time can be used the minute you get your starter kit. You may also illicitly obtain a correct logon/password combination using such an elaborate technique as looking over the shoulder of the person typing it in (shoulder surfing). Of course Dialog will immediately revoke the 'hacked' account the minute that the "scheme" is uncovered, but at least you will have by then done your research and quietly slipped away. Keep in mind that network nodes send port identifiers and if you are using a bogus credit card, then you might be in some hot water should they decide to track you down. It is assumed that if you intend to gain unauthorized access, you are somewhat versed in the various methods to negate the 'tracing' capability of the network(s). Dialog offers 6 'free' accounts to prospective and current subscribers. These are restricted accounts which provide access to their ONTAP training databases. There are two to three dozen databases which they scale down to include a fraction of the number of records and/or contain dated records from years ago. You search these databases the same way as the full-scale ones. The purpose is for you to verify your search strategy, and once you feel confident that your search strategy will pull up the info you want (not too many records yet not too little), you use your dialog account to access the same database at the going rate. This way, you don't lose lots of cash if you screw up, because you made all your mistakes using the free accounts. Since I use the free accounts on occasion, I don't think it would be a good idea to list them in this file. Suffice it to say that Dialog is happy to provide the phone number to you that has the pre-recorded userid and password combinations for the ONTAP accounts. Note that these passwords are changed every month, with new passwords being provided at the first of each month and that only one person may use each account at a time. Also note that Dialog occasionally offers a 'free file of the month' in which you use your normal Dialog account to do searches in the particular database. They usually allow you to rack up to $50 or sometimes an hour's worth of search charges -- I guess that is Dialog's definition of 'free'. The only charges you pay when you access any free files of the month are telecommunications charges (see Table 1 above). Once you leave the free file of the month, you will start to incur normal Dialog online time charges. <> What to do When You're In ---------------------------- Once you have gained access to Dialog the system will show you something like this: Welcome to DIALOG Dialog level 29.01.04B Logon file227 22may93 12:27:30 COPR. (c) DIALOG INFORMATION SERVICES, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO CLAIM TO ORIG. U.S. GOVT. WORKS. ***Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Data Available in CENDATA Menu 22.7 ***Preformatted Patent REPORTS are now available for File 28,351 New: CINCINATTI/KENTUCKY POST (PAPERS) (File 722) New: ST. PETERSBURG TIMES (File 735) New: WICHITA EAGLE (PAPERS) (File 723) >>> Enter BEGIN HOMEBASE for Dialog Announcements <<< >>> of new databases, price changes, etc. <<< >>> Announcements last updated 07may93 <<< SYSTEM: The "SYSTEM:" prompt directs you to pick a file. A file in this case is the number to a database. In the above welcome message you will notice that the St. Petersburg Times appears in File 735. This simply means that if I wanted to look up an article in the St. Pete Times, I would type in "b735" at the "SYSTEM:" prompt. The "b" stands for begin, as if you are beginning in that database. Like I said earlier, each database charges a different rate which typically depends on the 'importance' of the information. Therefore, it will probably charge more for biochemistry information than for newspaper articles. The following list shows costs for the some of the "A" databases in the Dialog system. HOMEBASE is the Dialog tutorial. It provides all sorts of help needed by the beginner hacker...errr user. Homebase lists announcements, dates and locations of training seminars ($70 to $140 for half/full day seminars, I have been to a few for dialog and some of their individual databases and highly recommend going especially if they are offered for free), and lists dialups in various area codes. Individual Dialog databases by the Letter A Table 2 +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | File Number | Database Name | Rate per Minute/Hour | |---------------|--------------------------------|-------------------------| | 15 | ABI/Inform | 2.20/132.00 | | 88 | Academic Index | 1.40/84.00 | | 108 | Aerospace Database | 1.50/90.00 | | 163 | AGELINE | 1.00/60.00 | | 581 | Agribusiness U.S.A. | 1.60/96.00 | | 10 | Agricola 1979-present | .75/45.00 | | 110 | Agricola 1970-1978 | .75/45.00 | | 203 | Agris International | 1.00/60.00 | | 306 | The Agrochemicals Handbook | 4.41/265.00 | | 157 | AIDSline 1980- | .60/36.00 | | 708 | Akron Reacon Journal | 1.60/96.00 | | 38 | America:History and Life | 1.08/65.00 | | 625 | America:Banker Full Text | 2.00/120.00 | | Banknews | American Banker News | 2.00/120.00 | | 460 | American Library Directory | 1.25/75.00 | | 236 |American Men and Women of Scien.| 1.58/95.00 | | 305 | Analytical Abstracts | 2.66/160.00 | | 257 | API Energy Business News | 1.60/96.00 | | 897 | API Energy Business News | 1.60/96.00 | | 354 | APILIT (non-subscriber) | 3.08/154.00 | | 954 | APILIT (Subscriber) | 1.83/110.00 | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ This list continues for some fifteen more databases (those that start with the letter A). If I were to list the entire database list, this covers some ten pages of documents, not withstanding that it's constantly being revised/updated. If you look at my example in logging on, the St. Petersburg Times was recently added as a database. This would not reflect in my database list as I have compiled, outdating it before I even listed it. I suggest that you contact Dialog at the phone/address at the beginning for an updated list of databases. The document is called "Price List". However Dialog has online an entire list of all its databases. This list is located in File 411. Also contained in this list is the Dun and Bradstreet databases (Files 514 through 522). Dun and Bradstreet provides corporate information to subscribers. It can be used for anything from competitive intelligence on another business to credit reports on prospective clients to background intelligence. File 519 contains full disclosure on financial information on a company. Each record costs $106. (at this time). The other databases are significantly cheaper, but not by much. The way D&B gathers this information is they send out employees to "interview" various corporations and their officers and simply translate the info into a record which they then market. One thing about each database is that they each contain their own language within the general Dialog language (which will be discussed further in this file). In Dun and Bradstreet you can search by company, PIC and SIC codes (these are simply manufacturing categories which the searcher can use to find companies. Example: if I wanted to find the top ten companies in long-distance services, I could use a PIC code), or various other categories. The following is an exploration of Phrack's old buddies, BellSouth: $ s dp=10-667-8006 $ t s2/co/all (The "dp" command displays all subsidiaries of a company (only the direct subsidiaries, the ones that report directly to BellSouth. The result is the following:) Company Name -------------------------------- Mobil Communications Corp Bellsouth DC Inc American Cellular Communications Bellsouth Enterprises Inc Bellsouth Financial Services Bellsouth Advertising & Publishing Mobile Communications Corporation Mobilecomm of Nashville, Inc. Bellsouth Telecommunications Here is the record disclosure from File 516: D&B Market Identifiers: 2655560 DIALOG File 516: D&B Duns Market Identifiers Bellsouth Corporation 1155 Peachtree St Ne Atlanta, GA 30367-6000 TELEPHONE: 404-249-2000 COUNTY: Fulton MSA: 0520 (Atlanta, GA) REGION: South Atlantic BUSINESS: Telecommunications Services PRIMARY SIC: 4813 Telephone communication, except radio 48130000 Telephone communication, except radio, nsk 48130102 Local telephone communications 48130103 Long distance telephone communications 48130104 Voice telephone communications SECONDARY SIC(S): 4812 Radiotelephone communication, nsk 48129901 Cellular telephone services 48129902 Paging services 2741 Miscellaneous publishing, nsk 27410304 Directories, telephone: publishing only, not printed on site 5065 Electronic parts and equipment, nec, nsk 50650100 Telephone and telegraphic equipment 50650103 Telephone equipment LATEST YEAR ORGANIZED: 1983 OWNER CHANGE DATE: NA STATE OF INCORPORATION: GA DATE OF INCORPORATION: 10/13/1983 ANNUAL SALES REVISION DATE: 04/19/1993 LATEST TREND BASE YEAR YEAR YEAR (1991) (1989) SALES $ 15,201,600,000 $ 14,445,500,000 $ 13,600,000,000 EMPLOYEES TOTAL: 97,100 96,975 102,000 EMPLOYEES HERE: 982 SALES GROWTH: 6 NET WORTH: $ 11,996,800,000 EMPLOYMENT GROWTH: -5 SQUARE FOOTAGE: 480,000 OWNED NUMBER OF ACCOUNTS: NA ACCOUNTING FIRM: Coopers & Lybrand Atlanta GA BANK: Chase Manhattan Bank NA Inc BANK DUNS: 00-698-1815 THIS IS: A HEADQUARTERS LOCATION AN ULTIMATE LOCATION A CORPORATION A PUBLIC COMPANY A MILLION DOLLAR DIRECTORY COMPANY DUNS NUMBER: 10-667-8006 CORPORATE FAMILY DUNS: 10-667-8006 CHAIRMAN: Clendenin, John L /Chb-Pres-Ceo PRESIDENT: Clendenin, John L /Chb-Pres-Ceo VICE PRESIDENT: O Neill, Robert W /Vp Assoc Gen Counsel Markey, David J /Vp-Govt Affairs Fiedler, Mark L /Vp-Corp Development Gunter, John R /V Pres-Corp Responsibility & C Casey, Patrick H /V Pres-Comptroller Yokley, Arlen G /V Pres-Sec-Treas SECRETARY: Yokley, Arlen G /V Pres-Sec-Treas TREASURER: Yokley, Arlen G /V Pres-Sec-Treas VICE-CHAIRMAN: Holding, Harvey R /V Chb-Finance & Administration McCoy, William O /V Chb COUNSEL: Alford, Walter H /Exec V Pres-Gen Counsel FINANCE: Holding, Harvey R /V Chb-Finance @ Administration RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: Fiedler, Mark L /Vp-Corp Development EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT: McGuire, Raymond L /Exec V Pres-Govt Affairs Alford, Walter H /Exec V Pres-Gen Counsel Mauldin, Earle /Exec Vp & Cfo SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT: Reddersen, William F /Sr Vp-Broadband Strategies CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER: Clendenin, John L /Chb-Pres-Ceo ADMINISTRATION: Reddersen, William F /Sr Vp-Broadband Strategies McCoy, William O /V Chb McGuire, Raymond L /Exec V Pres-Govt Affairs Mauldin, Earle /Exec Vp & Cfo Holding, Harvey R /V Chb-Finance & Administration CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER: Mauldin, Earle /Exec Vp & Cfo MANAGEMENT: O Neill, Robert W /Vp Assoc Gen Counsel SALES-MARKETING VP: Gunter, John R /V Pres-Corp Responsibility & C FINANCE VP: Casey, Patrick H /V Pres-Comptroller ENGINEERING VP: Fiedler, Mark L /Vp-Corp Development Record 519 goes on and displays news and personal information on the executive officers, including the following: At divestiture, AT&T transferred to this corporation its 100 ownership in South Central Bell Telephone Company, Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company and Bellsouth Mobility Inc. Shareholders of AT&T as of Dec 30 1983 received one share of Bellsouth stock for every 10 common shares of AT&T stock. Business started 1983. The common stock is listed on the New York, Boston, Midwest, Pacific and Philadelphia stock exchanges under the symbol "BLS". As of Jan 31 1993, there were 1,286,670 shareholders of record. The majority of the outstanding common stock is owned by the general public. Officers and directors own less than 1 of the outstanding stock. ............RECENT EVENTS......... In Jan 1992, the company and RAM Broadcasting Corporation formed a business venture to own and operate certain mobile data communications networks worldwide as well as certain cellular and paging operations in the US (Further details on file at the Woodbury, NY office of Dun & Bradstreet). During 1992, the company made several small acquisitions, principally related to cellular phone service. On Sep 20 1991, the company acquired several properties in Indiana, Wisconsin and Illinois from McCaw Cellular Communications, Inc in exchange for $361 million, including BellSouth's interest in Rochester, NY's non-wireline cellular provider. On Sep 17 1991, the company completed the acquisition of Graphic Scanning Corp for an adjusted total cash purchase price of $168 million. In addition, certain liabilities of Graphic Scanning amounting to approximately $142 million were assumed by BellSouth. On Mar 28 1991, the company acquired from GTE Mobilnet Incorporated two cellular partnerships in which it held minority interests, which resulted in BellSouth Enterprises, Inc gaining an additional 21 interest in the Atlanta-Athens Limited Partnership and an additional 42 interest in the Lexington, Kentucky MSA Limited partnership. ........MANAGEMENT BACKGROUND........ CLENDENIN born 1934 married. 1955 Northwestern University BS. 1955-1978 Illinois Bell Telephone Co, Chicago, IL. 1975 Vice President. 1978-1980 Pacific Northwest Telephone Co, Seattle, WA, Executive Vice President. 1980-1981 AT&T Vice President. 1981 Southern Bell Telephone. 1984-present Chairman of Board, President, and CEO, Bellsouth Corporation. MCCOY born 1933. Graduate of University of North Carolina, 1955 BS, BA and MIT and 1968 MS Management. 1955-1959 U S Marine Corps. 1959-present BellSouth Corporation; 1993 Vice Chairman, BellSouth Corporation. YOKLEY born 1937. Graduate of Catawba College, Salisbury, NC 1959. 1959 joined subject. MCGUIRE born 1933 married. Graduate of Mississippi College 1957 and University of Mississippi 1960. 1961-1965 law clerk of the U S Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit and trial attorney for tax division at the Department of Justice, Washington, DC and 1966 became Assistant U S Attorney, Northern District of Mississippi. 1967 joined Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company (Inc), Atlanta, GA. Mar 1985 elected to present position. Explanation of Bellsouth search results: ---------------------------------------- WOW! All they made in sales was 15 billion dollars -- and they call hackers crooks. The data showing the news is helpful, and all the personal information could really be used for harassment purposes if necessary. Take a look at their credentials. A prospective employee could use this data to ass-kiss a little. Their college references clearly show why the E911 document created such a fiasco in the company.... <> - Searching and Search Strategy: Contrived and Free Text Searching --------------------------------------------------------------------- There are two different types of searching to find the topic you need: contrived and free text. After selecting the "file" or database number that you want, Dialog gives you a "?" as a prompt. At this point you can begin your searching. Contrived word searches should begin offline though. The database in question will send you a thesaurus (for a fee usually) which will tell you exactly what words correlate with your topic, so that you can go directly to the topic eliminating a lot of extra online time. Keep in mind that each database has a different thesaurus so unless this database you have chosen is going to be your primary database of use down the road, then you may want to just use free text searching. The only problem with free text searching is if your word is anywhere in an article it is counted and shown to you whether relevant or not. Imagine searching for the word "aircraft" in an aeronautical database or "student" in an educational database. The result could be apocalyptic as you would have to sort the data by its relevancy or irrelevancy. That is why you need to develop what is called a "search strategy". Although Dialog permits you to expand a too narrow search or condense a broad search, a perfect strategy will not require the use of these commands (I will discuss them later though). A perfect strategy is both effective, time efficient, and doesn't generate too many headaches. The only things I feel that a search strategy needs to be considered a good one is the correct use of the system's language (you need to know exactly what you are typing in and why, just as with any other language - Fortran, C, etc.) and a synonym dictionary. Occasionally my mind will go blank in searching through a database for a topic because once I have input the primary topic, I run out of ideas with which to draw correlations. That is why you need the dictionary. If I were searching with the word "student", I could use the word "pupil" and "scholar" as other points of venue to search with after I have looked up "student" in the dictionary. By using this technique, you are sort of using a modification of the contrived word search as the costly thesaurus does the same action as your two dollar synonym dictionary. Beginning Your Search: The SELECT Command ----------------------------------------- After completing the login procedure, began the database that you want to search, and viewed the welcome banner, etc. you will be shown the following message: Set Items Description --- ----- ----------- ? This question mark tells you to start your search. Functionally the Select command will search through the database looking for the terms that you have specified. The correct way to do this is as follows: ? S [term] ex. ? S COMPUTER Although very broad, the select command will search the entire database for the word "Computer" and will compile a total list. It will display it to you as the following: ? S COMPUTER S1 27263 COMPUTER After each search the S# will increment itself by one. What this does is ease in the resurrection of searching. If I ever wanted to use the word "Computer" again, all I would have to type in is: "S1" for an easy substitution. Especially when I am using CD-ROM, I like to use a very broad topic to begin my searching, and then I will narrow it down. The word "Computer" fits this description. Adding meaning to the SELECTion ------------------------------- Here I would like to talk a little about the words "and" and "or". These words are definitely the most important words to search with. Specifically they will narrow down your search because you are using one more word to help you find and article. ex. ? S COMPUTER AND CRIME or S S1 AND CRIME 27263 S1 356 CRIME S2 49 S1 AND CRIME Notice how "CRIME" had 356 articles that contained its word, however when combined with the word "Computer" only had 49! This makes it very easy to narrow your search down to specifics, but not all the way as I will further explain. Another command I would like to discuss is the "SS" command. This is an abbreviation of the Select command known as "Select Steps". What this does is break up a search into individual steps. ex. ? SS COMPUTER AND CRIME S4 27263 COMPUTER S5 356 CRIME S6 49 COMPUTER AND CRIME This is specifically used if I want to individualize a search and use the terms for other topics. Keep in mind that the assigning of these steps and the individual searches that it must conduct may result in slower processing times thereby running up your total online bill. When Dialog is asked to do a search, it retrieves the following in what is called fields: Title, Abstract, Descriptors, and Identifiers. The two most important fields are the descriptors and identifiers. When scanning a database that has come up with fifteen sources the easiest way to determine if these articles are worth keeping or tossing into the circular file is through the descriptors and identifiers. The "Descriptor" will in two words or less explain the entire article, which is why they are otherwise known as the controlled vocabulary terms. Identifiers, on the other hand, are the free language terms. These are the ones we can relate to on an easier plane. You can also search specifically for descriptors or identifiers as well as a lot more terms by the following commands. Ex. S COMPUTER AND CRIME/DE This will search for computer and will use crime as a descriptor. /ID works as well for identifiers. Other suffixes can be used as according to the following table: Index Listing - Part 1 Table 3 +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Suffix | Field Name | Indexing | Examples | |--------|--------------------|------------------|-------------------------| | /AB | Abstract | Word | S COMPUTER AND CRIME/AB | | | | | | | /DE | Descriptor | Word and Phrase | S COMPUTER AND CRIME/DE | | | | | | | /ID | Identifier | Word and Phrase | S COMPUTER AND CRIME/ID | | | | | | | /TI | Title | Word | S COMPUTER AND CRIME/TI | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Truncation ---------- Truncation permits you to search for different forms of a search term. On Dialog, the symbol is "?". For instance, if I wanted to search for a word and I didn't know its exact spelling, I would do the following: ex. [Searching for the word Capone or Capoan, but not quite sure] ? S CAPO? S1 122753 CAPO? This also can be used in several other ways. For instance, plurality, or maximum number of letters following a word. Example: ex. ? S CAPO?? This maximizes the word search at two letters past the "O". ex. ? S CAPONE? This finds the plurality in the word capone. ex. ? S CAP? ? This finds the letters between the two question marks. Proximity and Field Operators ----------------------------- Proximity operators specify the position of search terms in relation to each other within a record or field. If I wanted to search for the words "Legion" and wanted to make sure that the word "Doom" was within a certain area around it, I would use a proximity operator. For instance: ? S LEGION(3W)DOOM 932 LEGION 812 DOOM 27 LEGION(3W)DOOM In the above example Doom was searched within three words of Legion. You can use any number in place of the three. The good thing about this proximity operator is that it searches the second word from the first on both sides. Using the above example here is a picture of it: Doom <---- 3 words ----> Legion <---- 3 words ----> Doom A field operator allows two words to be within a field in any order. For example: ? S COMPUTER(F)CRIME/DE 14321 COMPUTER/DE 2720 CRIME/DE 95 COMPUTER(F)CRIME/DE This shows that in the descriptor section of a search, the words computer and crime show up ninety-five times together. They could be completely unrelated, although this is doubtful. The L operator is used exclusively for the descriptor section. This operator simply "links" the words together. A search term looks like this: ? S COMPUTER(L)CRIME The N operator is used similar to the W operator in that it searches for a proximity of one word from another. Here is an example of a search: ? S COMPUTER(5N)CRIME This searches for the words computer and crime within five words of each other. Another way the N is used is to search with words that are the same, for instance the words: air-to-air, or protein(N)protein. The below example when using the "N" operator shows in the text just why the file would be flagged by the search program. Notice the "protein/protein". ? S PROTEIN(N)PROTEIN ... surfaces presumably as a result of dynamic process of protein adsorption and desorption and protein / protein interaction. Sample Record ------------- In order for me to discuss critical points in a found record I first need to show the record itself. The following record was searched in the ERIC database (File number 1 - - $.50 per minute and $30.00 per hour). ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- EJ330267 JC504091 Invitation to a Hacker. Archer, Chalmers, Jr.; Archer, A. J. Finch Community, Junior and Technical College Journal, v56 n4 p26-28 Feb-Mar 1986 Available From: UMI Language: English Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080) Journal Announcement: CIKMAY86 Examines the susceptibility of computerized institutional records to security violations by "hackers," wishing to access the systems. Points to practices that encourage security abuses and risk confidentiality. Outlines procedures used by Northern Virginia Community College to protect its computer system. (LAL) Descriptors: Community Colleges; *Computer Oriented Programs; *Computers; Confidentiality; *Confidential Records; Two Year Colleges Identifiers: *Hackers; School Records ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Let us examine this search more closely. EJ330267 : This is what is known as the Dialog Accession Number. All files contained in the Dialog system, no matter what database has an accession number. You can search for an article exactly by this. Use the index AN=. Example: S AN=EJ330267 | Will call up the above article. Invitation to a Hacker : This is the title, use /TI as the index for this. Archer, Chalmers, Jr. : This is the author, Use the index AU=. Example: S AU=ARCHER, CHALMERS, JR. Community, Junior ... : This is the location, the source of the publication. Use the index SO=. English : This is the language. Dialog lets you search for articles in different languages. Use the index LA=. CIJMAY86 : This is the Journal Announcement. You can use the index JA= And you know the Abstract, descriptors and identifiers. The following table shows all the indexes including the ones above for convenience. Index Listing - Part 2 Table 4 +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Prefix | Field Name | Indexing | |--------|---------------------------------------------|-------------------| | AN = | DIALOG Accession Number | Phrase | | AU = | Author | Phrase | | BN = | International Standard Book Number (ISBN) | Phrase | | CD = | Conference Date | Phrase | | CL = | Conference Location | Word | | CS = | Corporate Source | Word | | CT = | Conference Title | Word | | CY = | Conference Year | Phrase | | DT = | Document Type | Phrase | | JA = | Journal Announcement | Phrase | | JN = | Journal Name | Phrase | | LA = | Language | Phrase | | PY = | Publication Year | Phrase | | SN = | International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)| Phrase | | SO = | Source Publication | Word | | SP = | Conference Sponsor | Word | | UD = | Update | Phrase | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ The TYPE Command ---------------- The TYPE command is used to display your search results. Once you "S" the topic, you can display it in eight different formats. Each format costs a different price and varies with each database. It is usually more to display a full record than abstracts though. The command is listed as follows: T (or TYPE) set/format/range of records ex. T s1/5/1-20 This will "type" the results found in s1, show the whole record (format 5), and display the first twenty records. The command can also be used to directly display an accession number as displayed in the following: T (or TYPE) accession number/format ex. T EJ330267/5 This will display the full record of the "Invitation to a Hacker" (the sample record). Note that most Dialog databases contain citations and sometimes abstracts of articles but NOT the full text of the article. There are some databases that do contain the full text of articles but most don't. The reason most people search these databases is to get a bibliography of articles that have been written on their topic. After reviewing the results of their search, they can decide which if any, of the articles published that they want a copy of. Obtaining full text copies of articles is referred to as 'Document Delivery' service. Sometimes you will see that the newspaper, magazine, or journal that a specific article you obtained a citation of is in your library and can just photocopy it yourself. Other times, the journal may be in another library perhaps hundreds of miles away, in which you can request it via ILL (Inter-Library Loan). And if you have no clue where to find a copy of the source of an article, you can ask Dialog or the individual database supplier to get a copy for you, typically at a cost in upwards of $15.00 for an article from 1 to 20 pages. Fifteen bucks is a bit steep for a 2 page article, so be sure you really need it before ordering. Besides, most articles don't contain as much info that the title or abstract implies it does. If you need direct record access, with any options in the Dialog command system, just input the accession number. All eight formats are shown in the following table. Predefined Formats Table 5 +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Format Number | Record Content | |------------------------------------|-------------------------------------| | 1 | DIALOG Accession Number | | 2 | Full Record except Abstract | | 3 | Bibliographic Citation | | 4 | Full Record with Tagged Fields | | 5 | Full Record | | 6 | Title and DIALOG Accession Number | | 7 | Full Record except Indexing | | 8 | Title and Indexing | +--------------------------------------------------------------------------+ User Defined Format Options --------------------------- If you are not satisfied with the eight formats, you can modify the output to display exactly what you want. The command would look like the following: ex. TYPE S3/AU,TI/1-5 This would exclusively show the author and the title in records one through five. The EXPAND Command ------------------ The EXPAND command allows you to look through the database like looking through a dictionary. The command would look like this: ex. ? E AU=CAPONE, F Ref Items Index-term E1 4 AU=CAPONE, A E2 10 AU=CAPONE, B E3 55 AU=CAPONE, C E4 8 AU=CAPONE, D E5 4 AU=CAPONE, E E6 2 AU=CAPONE, F E7 10 AU=CAPONE, FA E8 912 AU=CAPONE, FB This is an especially useful term or name if you don't know exactly what you are looking for. Conclusion ---------- This file should give you an overview of the Dialog Information System. I exited the hacking world shortly after The Leftist, The Urvile/Necron 99, and The Prophet were arrested in Operation Sundevil, and Digital Logic's Data Service went down permanently along with my sysop access. It wasn't until a few years later did I reenter the computer world to find a whole lot of things to have changed including my hacker ethic. I felt writing this file would be a natural progression from my original hacking talents to "hacking" on a legal basis. I would like to thank Erik Bloodaxe (for encouragement and project ideas) and Lex Luthor (for more project ideas and editing). If you have any questions or comments my Internet address is: alcapone@mindvox.phantom.com. On IRC, I am usually on either #mindvox or #hack so look me up and say "Hey!".