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- ==Phrack Magazine==
-
- Volume Four, Issue Forty-Three, File 9 of 27
-
- How to "Hack" BlackJack
- By
- Lex Luthor
- and
- The Legion of Gamblerz!! (LOG)
- lex@mindvox.phantom.com (or) lex@stormking.com
-
- Part 1 of 2 (50K)
-
-
- BLURB:
- "I learned a lot of things I didn't know from Lex's File" ---Bruce Sterling
-
-
- Introduction:
- -------------
-
- With the DEF CON 1 hacker/cyberpunk/law enforcement/security/etc convention
- coming up in Las Vegas, Nevada on July 9-12 1993, I felt that now would be a
- good time to write a "phile" on something the attendants could put to use to
- help legally defray the costs of going. The thought of a bunch of ex-hackers
- running around Las Vegas without shirts (having 'lost' them in the various
- Casinos) frightened me into immediate action. Besides, I don't write articles
- on 'Underground' topics anymore and since I have done a lot of research and
- playing of Casino BlackJack, the CON in Vegas provided me the perfect excuse
- to finally write an article for PHRACK (not withstanding the pro-phile in
- Issue 40 which doesn't really count).
-
- Regardless of whether you go to this DEF CON 1 thing, if you ever plan to
- hit a casino with the purpose of MAKING MONEY, then you really should
- concentrate on ONE game of chance: BlackJack. Why? Because BlackJack is the
- *ONLY* casino game that affords the educated and skilled player a long-term
- mathematical advantage over the house. All the other casino games: Craps,
- Roulette, Slots, etc. have the long-term mathematical advantage over the
- player (see table below). BlackJack is also the only casino game for which the
- odds are always changing. Don't be fooled by all the glitter, a casino is a
- business and must make a profit to survive. The profit is ensured by using a
- set of rules which provides them with an edge. Now you say: wait a sec, how do
- they make money if BlackJack can be beaten? There are a couple of reasons. One
- reason is that there are very few good players who make it their profession to
- beat casinos at BlackJack day in and day out. There are many more who THINK
- they are good, THINK they know how to play the game, and lose more money than
- the really good players win. Notwithstanding the throngs of vacationers who
- admit to not being well versed in the game and consequently are doomed to
- lose...plenty. Another reason is that if a casino thinks you are a "counter"
- (a term just as nasty as "phreaker" to the phone company) there is a good
- chance that they will ask you to leave. See the section on Social Engineering
- the Casino to avoid being spotted as a counter. Also, the house secures its
- advantage in BlackJack from the fact that the player has to act first. If you
- bust, the dealer wins your bet regardless of whether the dealer busts later.
-
- The following table illustrates my point regarding house advantages for the
- various casino games and BlackJack strategies. The data is available in most
- books on casino gambling. Note that negative percentages denote player
- disadvantages and are therefore house advantages.
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- GAME Your Advantage (over the long run)
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Craps -1.4 % overall average
- Baccarat -1.1 % to -5.0 %
- Roulette -2.7 % to -5.26 %
- Slots -2.5 to -25 % depending on machine setting
- Keno -25 % more or less
-
- BlackJack (WAG Player) -2 % to -15 %
- BlackJack (Mirror Dealer) -5.7 %
- BlackJack (Basic Strategy) -0.2 % to +0.3 %
- BlackJack (Basic Strategy & Up to +3.1 % depending on card counting
- Card Counting) system and betting range.
-
- A -2 % player advantage (2 percent disadvantage) means that if you play a
- hundred hands at a dollar each, then ON AVERAGE, you will lose two dollars.
- Note that the typical "pick three" State Lottery game is a disaster as your
- advantage is -50 %. If you make 1000 $1 bets, you will lose $500 on average.
- Some people say that state lotteries are taxation on the stupid...
-
- This article contains thirteen sections. It was written in a fairly modular
- fashion so if there are sections which do not interest you, you may omit them
- without much loss in continuity however, all the sections are networked to
- some degree. For the sake of completeness, a fairly comprehensive list of
- topics has been presented. Due to email file size restrictions, I had to
- divide this article into two parts. Note that I am NOT a Professional
- BlackJack player, the definition being someone whose livelihood is derived
- solely from his/her winnings. I did however, dedicate a summer to gambling 5
- evenings a week or so, keeping meticulous records of wins, losses and expenses
- incurred. I averaged 1-2 nights a week playing BlackJack with the other nights
- divided among 3 different forms of Pari-Mutual gambling. At the end of the
- summer I tallied the wins/losses/expenses and am proud to say the result was a
- positive net earnings. Unfortunately it was instantly apparent that the net
- money when divided up by the number of weeks gambling was not enough to
- warrant me to quit school and become a professional gambler. Besides that
- one summer, I have played BlackJack off and on for 7 years or so. In case you
- were wondering, no, I have never been a member of GA [Gamblers Anonymous]
- contrary to what one of those Bell Security "Hit-Lists" circulated many years
- ago would have you believe. The topics contained herein are:
-
- o Historical Background of the BlackJack Card Game
- o Useful Gambling, Casino, and BlackJack Definitions
- o Review of BlackJack Rules of Play
- o Betting, Money Management, and the Psychology of Gambling
- o Basic Strategy (End of Part 1)
- o Card Counting (Beginning of Part 2)
- o Shuffle Tracking
- o Casino Security and Surveillance
- o "Social Engineering" the Casino
- o Casino Cheating and Player Cheating
- o Some Comments Regarding Computer BlackJack Games for PC's
- o A VERY Brief Description of Other Casino Games
- o Selected Bibliography and Reference List
-
- Notes:
-
- a) I made extensive use of my many books, articles, and magazines on
- gambling and BlackJack along with actual playing experience. References are
- denoted by square brackets [REF#] and are listed in the Selected Bibliography
- and Reference List section.
-
- b) It's hard to win at something you don't understand. If you want to win
- consistently at anything, learn every thing you can about it. BlackJack is no
- exception.
-
-
- History of BlackJack:
- ---------------------
-
- I provide this historical background information because I find it rather
- fascinating and it also provides some insight into contemporary rules and
- play. I think it is worth reading for the sole reason that you might some day
- use one of the historical tid-bits to answer a question on Jeopardy!#@%!
- Seriously, the first couple of paragraphs may read a bit like a book report,
- but bear with it if you can as I did all of the following research
- specifically for this file.
-
- First, a brief history of cards: Playing cards are believed to have been
- invented in China and/or India sometime around 900 A.D. The Chinese are
- thought to have originated card games when they began shuffling paper money
- (another Chinese invention) into various combinations. In China today, the
- general term for playing cards means "paper tickets". The contemporary 52 card
- deck used in the U.S. was originally referred to as the "French Pack" (circa
- 1600's) which was later adopted by the English and subsequently the Americans.
-
- The first accounts of gambling were in 2300 B.C. or so, and yes, the
- Chinese again get the credit. Gambling was very popular in Ancient Greece even
- though it was illegal and has been a part of the human experience ever since.
- Today, with the all too common manipulation of language to suit one's own
- purposes, gambling is no longer a term used by casinos....they prefer to use
- the word GAMING instead. Just as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder has replaced
- the term Shell Shock in military jargon. Since this manipulation of language
- is all the rage these days, why don't we water down the name Computer Hacker
- and replace it with Misguided Information Junky or someone who is afflicted
- with a Compulsive Curiosity Disorder?
-
- The history of the BlackJack card game itself is still disputed but was
- probably spawned from other French games such as "chemin de fer and French
- Ferme", both of which I am completely unfamiliar with. BlackJack originated in
- French Casino's around 1700 where it was called "vingt-et-un" ("twenty-and-
- one" in French) and has been played in the U.S. since the 1800's. BlackJack is
- called Black-Jack because if a player got a Jack of Spades and an Ace of
- Spades as the first two cards (Spade being the color black of course), the
- player was additionally remunerated.
-
- Gambling was legal out West from the 1850's to 1910 at which time Nevada
- made it a felony to operate a gambling game. In 1931, Nevada re-legalized
- casino gambling where BlackJack became one of the primary games of chance
- offered to gamblers. As some of you may recall, 1978 was the year casino
- gambling was legalized in Atlantic City, New Jersey. As of 1989, only two
- states had legalized casino gambling. Since then, about 20 states have a
- number of small time casinos (compared to Vegas) which have sprouted up in
- places such as Black Hawk and Cripple Creek Colorado and in river boats on the
- Mississippi. Also as of this writing, roughly 70 Native American Indian
- reservations operate or are building casinos, some of which are in New York
- and Connecticut. In addition to the U.S., some of the countries (there are
- many) operating casinos are: France, England, Monaco (Monte Carlo of course)
- and quite a few in the Caribbean islands (Puerto Rico, Bahamas, Aruba, etc.).
-
- Now: The first recognized effort to apply mathematics to BlackJack began in
- 1953 and culminated in 1956 with a published paper [6]. Roger Baldwin et al
- (see Bibliography) wrote a paper in the Journal of the American Statistical
- Association titled "The Optimum Strategy in BlackJack". These pioneers used
- calculators, and probability and statistics theory to substantially reduce the
- house advantage. Although the title of their paper was 'optimum strategy', it
- wasn't really the best strategy because they really needed a computer to
- refine their system. I dug up a copy of their paper from the library, it is
- ten pages long and fairly mathematical. To give you an idea of its importance,
- the Baldwin article did for BlackJack playing what the November 1960 issue of
- The Bell System Technical Journal entitled, "Signalling Systems for Control of
- Telephone Switching", did for Blue Boxing.
-
- To continue with the analogy, one can consider Professor Edward O. Thorp to
- be the Captain Crunch of BlackJack. Dr. Thorp, then a mathematics teacher,
- picked up where Baldwin and company left off. In 1962, Thorp refined their
- basic strategy and developed the first card counting techniques. He published
- his results in "Beat the Dealer" [3], a book that became so popular that for a
- week in 1963 it was on the New York Time's best seller list. The book also
- scared the hell out of the Casino's. Thorp wrote "Beat the Market" in 1967, in
- which he used mathematics and computer algorithms to find pricing
- inefficiencies between stocks and related securities. Currently he is using an
- arbitrage formula to exploit undervalued warrants in the Japanese stock
- market.
-
- The Casinos were so scared after Beat the Dealer, that they even changed
- the rules of the game to make if more difficult for the players to win. This
- didn't last long as people protested by not playing the new pseudo-BlackJack.
- The unfavorable rules resulted in a loss of income for the casinos. Not making
- money is a sin for a casino, so they quickly reverted back to the original
- rules. Because Thorp's "Ten-Count" method wasn't easy to master and many
- people didn't really understand it anyway, the casinos made a bundle from the
- game's newly gained popularity thanks to Thorp's book and all the media
- attention it generated.
-
- Beat the Dealer is rather difficult to find these days, I picked up a copy
- at the library recently and checked the card in the back to see how popular
- it is today. I was surprised as hell to find that it was checked out over 20
- times in the past year and a half or so! How many books from 1962 can claim
- that? I do not recommend reading the book for anything other than posterity
- purposes though, the reason being that newer books contain better, and easier
- to learn strategies.
-
- Another major contributor in the history of winning BlackJack play is
- Julian Braun who worked at IBM. His thousands of lines of computer code and
- hours of BlackJack simulation on IBM mainframes resulted in THE Basic
- Strategy, and a number of card counting techniques. His conclusions were used
- in a 2nd edition of Beat the Dealer, and later in Lawrence Revere's 1977 book
- "Playing BlackJack as a Business".
-
- Lastly, let me mention Ken Uston, who used five computers that were built
- into the shoes of members of his playing team in 1977. They won over a hundred
- thousand dollars in a very short time but one of the computers was
- confiscated and sent to the FBI. The fedz decided that the computer used
- public information on BlackJack playing and was not a cheating device. You may
- have seen this story in a movie made about his BlackJack exploits detailed in
- his book "The Big Player". Ken was also featured on a 1981 Sixty Minutes show
- and helped lead a successful legal challenge to prevent Atlantic City casinos
- from barring card counters.
-
-
- Useful Definitions:
- -------------------
-
- Just as in Social Engineering the Phone Company, an essential element for
- success is knowing the right buzzwords and acronyms. Therefore, I list some
- relevant definitions now, even though the reader will probably skip over them
- to get to the good stuff. The definitions merely serve as a reference for
- those who are uninitiated with the terminology of gambling, casinos, and
- BlackJack. If you encounter a term you don't understand in the article, look
- back here. The definitions are not in alphabetical order on purpose. I grouped
- them in what I feel is a logical and easy to remember fashion.
-
- Action: This is a general gambling term which refers to the total amount of
- money bet in a specific period of time. Ten bets of ten dollars each
- is $100 of action.
-
- Burn Card: A single card taken from the top of the deck or the first card in
- a shoe which the dealer slides across the table from his/her left
- to the right, and is placed into the discard tray. The card may or
- may not be shown face up (which can affect the count if you are
- counting cards). A card is burned after each shuffle. I have
- not been able to find out how this started nor the purpose for
- burning a card. If you know, drop me some email.
-
- Cut Card: A solid colored card typically a piece of plastic which is given to
- a player by the dealer for the purpose of cutting the deck(s) after
- a shuffle. Cutting the cards in the 'right' location is part of
- the 'shuffle tracking' strategy mentioned later in Part 2.
-
- Hole Card: Any face down card. The definition most often refers to the
- dealer's single face down card however.
-
- Shoe: A device that can hold up to eight decks of cards which allows the
- dealer to slide out the cards one at a time.
-
- Hard Hand: A hand in which any Ace is counted as a 1 and not as an 11.
-
- Soft Hand: A hand in which any Ace is counted as an 11 and not as a 1.
-
- Pat Hand: A hand with a total of 17 to 21.
-
- Stand: To decline another card.
-
- Hit: To request another card.
-
- Bust: When a hand's value exceeds 21....a losing hand.
-
- Push: A player-dealer tie.
-
- Pair: When a player's first two cards are numerically identical (ie, 7,7).
-
- Point Count: The net value of the card count at the end of a hand.
-
- Running Count: The count from the beginning of the deck or shoe. The running
- count is updated by the value of the point count after each
- hand.
-
- True Count: The running count adjusted to account for the number of cards left
- in the deck or shoe to be played.
-
- Bankroll: The stake (available money) a player plans to bet with.
-
- Flat Bet: A bet which you do not vary ie, if you are flat betting ten dollars,
- you are betting $10 each and every hand without changing the betting
- amount from one hand to the next.
-
- Black Chip: A $100. chip.
-
- Green Chip: A $25.00 chip.
-
- Red Chip: A $5.00 chip.
-
- Foreign Chip: A chip that is issued by one casino and is honored by another
- as cash. A casino is not necessarily obligated to accept them.
-
- Settlement: The resolving of the bet. Either the dealer takes your chips,
- pays you, or in the case of a push, no exchange of chips occurs.
-
- Toke: Its not what some of you may think...to "toke" the dealer is just
- another word for tipping the dealer.
-
- Marker: An IOU. A line of credit provided by the casino to a player.
-
- Junket: An organized group of gamblers that travel to a casino together.
- Junkets are usually subsidized by a casino to attract players.
-
- Comp: Short for complimentary. If you wave lots of money around, the casino
- (hotel) may give you things like a free room or free f00d hoping you'll
- keep losing money at the tables in their casino.
-
- Heat: The pressure a casino puts on a winning player, typically someone who
- is suspected of being a card counter.
-
- Shuffle Up: Prematurely shuffling the cards to harass a player who is usually
- suspected of being a counter.
-
- Nut: The overhead costs of running the casino.
-
- Pit: The area inside a group of gaming tables. The tables are arranged in
- an elliptical manner, the space inside the perimeter is the pit.
-
- House: The Casino of course.
-
- Cage: Short for cashier's cage. This is where chips are redeemed for cash,
- checks cashed, credit arranged, etc.
-
- House Percentage: The casino's advantage in a particular game of chance.
-
- Drop Percentage: That portion of the player's money that the casino will win
- because of the house percentage. It is a measure of the
- amount of a player's initial stake that he or she will
- eventually lose. On average this number is around 20 percent.
- That is, on average, Joe Gambler will lose $20 of every $100
- he begins with.
-
- Head-On: To play alone at a BlackJack table with the dealer.
-
- WAG Player: Wild Assed Guessing player.
-
- SWAG Player: Scientific Wild Assed Guessing player.
-
- Tough Player: What the casino labels an '3L33T' player who can hurt the casino
- monetarily with his or her intelligent play.
-
- Counter: Someone who counts cards.
-
- High Roller: A big bettor.
-
- Mechanic: Someone who is elite in regards to manipulating cards, typically for
- illicit purposes.
-
- Shill: A house employee who bets money and pretends to be a player to attract
- customers. Shills typically follow the same rules as the dealer which
- makes them somewhat easy to spot (ie, they don't Double Down or Split).
-
- Pit Boss: An employee of the casino whose job is to supervise BlackJack
- players, dealers, and other floor personnel.
-
-
- Review of BlackJack Rules of Play:
- ----------------------------------
-
- The rules of BlackJack differ slightly from area to area and/or from casino
- to casino. For example, a casino in downtown Vegas may have different rules
- than one of the Vegas Strip casinos which may have different rules from a
- casino up in Reno or Tahoe (Nevada). The rules in a casino in Freeport Bahamas
- may differ from those in Atlantic City, etc. Therefore, it is important to
- research, a priori, what the rules are for the area/casino(s) you plan on
- playing in. For Nevada casinos you can order a copy of [1] which contains
- rules info on all the licensed casinos in the state. Later in this article,
- you will see that each set of rule variations has a corresponding Basic
- Strategy chart that must be memorized. Memorizing all the charts can be too
- confusing and is not recommended.
-
- The BlackJack table seats a dealer and one to seven players. The first seat
- on the dealer's left is referred to as First Base, the first seat on the
- dealer's right is referred to as Third Base. A betting square is printed on
- the felt table in front of each player seat. Immediately in front of the
- dealer is the chip tray. On the dealer's left is the deck or shoe and beside
- that should be the minimum bet sign--something that you ought to read before
- sitting down to play. On the dealer's immediate right is the money drop slot
- where all currency and tips (chips) are deposited. Next to the drop slot is
- the discard tray. Play begins after the following ritual is completed: the
- dealer shuffles the cards, the deck(s) is "cut" by a player using the marker
- card, and the dealer "burns" a card.
-
- Before any cards are dealt, the players may make a wager by placing the
- desired chips (value and number) into the betting box. I used the word "may"
- because you are not forced to bet every hand. Occasionally a player may sit
- out a hand or two for various reasons. I have sat out a couple of hands at
- times when the dealer was getting extremely lucky and everyone was losing. If
- you attempt to sit out too many hands especially if there are people waiting
- to play at your table, you may be asked to leave the table until you are ready
- to play. If you don't have any chips, put some cash on the table and the
- dealer will exchange them for chips.
-
- Once all the bets are down, two cards (one at a time) are dealt from left
- to right. In many Vegas casinos, players get both cards face down. In Atlantic
- City and most every where else the player's cards are dealt face up. Should
- the cards be dealt face up, don't make the faux pas of touching them! They are
- dealt face up for a reason, primarily to prevent a few types of player
- cheating (see section on cheating in Part 2) and the dealer will sternly but
- nicely tell you not to touch the cards. As most of you know the dealer receives
- one card down and one card up. The numerical values of the cards are:
- (10, J, Q, K) = 10 ; (Ace) = 1 or 11 ; (other cards) = face value (3 = 3).
-
- Since a casino can be as noisy as an old Step-by-Step Switch with all those
- slot machines going, marbles jumping around on roulette wheels, demoniacal
- shrieks of "YO-LEVEN" at the craps table, people screaming that they hit the
- big one and so on, hand signals are usually the preferred method of signalling
- hit, stand, etc.
-
- If the cards were dealt face down and you want a hit, lightly flick the
- cards across the felt two times. If the cards were dealt face up, point at the
- cards with a quick stabbing motion. You may also want to nod your head yes
- while saying "hit". The best way to indicate to the dealer that you want to
- stand regardless of how the cards were dealt is to move your hand from left
- to right in a level attitude with your palm down. Your hand should be a few
- inches or so above the table. Nodding your head no at the same time helps,
- while saying "stay" or "stand".
-
- Permit me to interject a comment on the number of decks used in a game.
- Single deck games are pretty much restricted to Nevada casinos. In the casinos
- that have one-deck games, the tables are usually full. Multiple deck games
- typically consist of an even number of decks (2, 4, 6, 8) although a few
- casinos use 5 or 7 decks. The two main reasons many casinos use multiple decks
- are:
- 1) They allow the dealer to deal more hands per hour thereby increasing
- the casino take.
-
- 2) They reduce but in no way eliminate the player advantage gained
- from card counting.
-
- Dealer Rules - The rules the dealer must play by are very simple. If the
- dealer's hand is 16 or less, he/she must take a card. If the dealer's hand is
- 17 or more, he/she must stand. Note that some casinos allow the dealer to hit
- on soft 17 which gives the house a very small additional advantage. The
- dealer's strategy is fixed and what you and the other players have is
- immaterial to him/her as far as hitting and standing is concerned.
-
- Player rules - The player can do whatever he/she wants as far as hitting and
- standing goes with the exception of the following special circumstances. See
- the section on Basic Strategy for the appropriate times to hit, stand, split,
- and double down. The aim is to have a hand which is higher than the dealers'.
- If there is a tie (push), neither you nor the dealer wins. Should a player get
- a BlackJack (first 2 cards are an Ace and a ten) the payoff is 150% more than
- the original bet ie, bet $10.00 and the payoff is $15.00.
-
- DOUBLE DOWN: Doubling down is restricted to 2-card hands usually totalling
- 9, 10, or 11 although some casinos allow doubling down on any 2-card hand. If
- your first two cards provide you with the appropriate total and your cards
- were dealt face down, turn them over and put them on the dealer's side of the
- betting square. If your first two cards provide you with the appropriate total
- and your cards were dealt face up, point to them and say "double" when the
- dealer prompts you for a card and simultaneously put an equal amount of chips
- NEXT TO (not on top of) those already in the betting box. The dealer will give
- you one more card only, then he/she will move on to the next hand.
-
- SPLITTING PAIRS: If you have a pair that you want to split and your cards are
- dealt face down, turn them over and place them a few inches apart. If your
- cards were dealt face up, point to your cards and say "split" when the dealer
- prompts you for a card. The original bet will go with one card and you will
- have to place an equal amount of chips in the betting box near the other card.
- You are now playing two hands, each as though they were regular hands with the
- exception being that if you have just split two aces. In that case, you only
- get one card which will hopefully be a 10. If it is a ten, that hand's total
- is now 21 but the hand isn't considered a BlackJack. That is, you are paid 1:1
- and not 1:1.5 as for a natural (BlackJack).
-
- Combined example of above two plays: Say you are dealt two fives. You split
- them (you dummy!). The next card is another 5 and you re-split them (you
- chucklehead!!). Three hands have grown out of one AND you are now in for
- three times your original bet. But wait. Say the next card is a six. So one
- hand is a 5,6 which gives you eleven; another just has a 5 and the other hand
- has a 5. You decide to double down on the first hand. You are dealt a 7 giving
- 18 which you stand on. Now a ten is dealt for the second hand and you decide
- to stay at 15. The last hand is the lonely third 5, which is dealt a four for
- a total of nine. You decide to double down and get an eight giving that hand a
- total of 17. Shit you say, you started with a twenty dollar bet and now you
- are in for a hundred! Better hope the dealer doesn't end up with a hand more
- than 18 lest you lose a C-note. The moral of this example is to not get caught
- up in the excitement and make rash decisions. However, there have been a
- couple of times where Basic Strategy dictated that certain split and double
- down plays should be made and I was very low on chips (and cash). Unless you
- are *really* psychic, don't go against Basic Strategy! I didn't and usually
- came out the better for it although I was really sweating the outcome of the
- hand due to my low cash status. The reason it was stupid to split two fives is
- that you are replacing a hand that is great for drawing on or doubling down
- on, by what will probably be two shitty hands.
-
- INSURANCE: This option comes into play when the dealer's up card is an Ace. At
- this point all the players have two cards. The dealer does not check his/her
- hole card before asking the players if they want insurance. The reason being
- evident as the dealer can't give away the value of the hole card if the dealer
- doesn't know what the hole card is. If a player wants insurance, half the
- original amount bet is placed on the semicircle labeled "insurance" which is
- printed on the table. If the dealer has a BlackJack the player wins the side
- bet (the insurance bet) but loses the original bet, thus providing no net loss
- or gain since insurance pays 2 to 1. If the dealer does not have a BlackJack,
- the side bet is lost and the hand is played normally. If you are not counting
- cards DO NOT TAKE INSURANCE! The proper Basic Strategy play is to decline. The
- time to take insurance is when the number of non-tens to tens drops below a
- 2 to 1 margin since insurance pays 2 to 1. It's simple math check it yourself.
-
- SURRENDER: This is a fairly obscure option that originated in Manila
- (Philippines) in 1958 and isn't available in many casinos. There are two
- versions, "early surrender" and "late surrender". Early surrender allows
- players to quit two-card hands after seeing the up card of the dealer. This
- option provides the player an additional 0.62 percent favorable advantage
- (significant) and therefore the obvious reason why many Atlantic City casinos
- abandoned the option in 1982. Late surrender is the same as early except that
- the player must wait until the dealer checks for a BlackJack. If the dealer
- does not have a BlackJack then the player may surrender. The following table
- was taken verbatim from [5] and is valid for games with 4+ decks. It details
- the best strategy regarding late surrender as determined from intensive
- computer simulation:
-
- TWO-CARD HAND TOTAL DEALER'S UP-CARD
- ------------- ----- ----------------
- 9,7 16 ACE
- 10,6 * 16 * ACE
- 9,7 * 16 * 10
- 10,6 * 16 * 10
- 9,7 * 16 * 10
- 10,5 * 15 * 10
- 9,7 16 9
- 10,5 16 9
-
- "In a single-deck game, you would surrender only the above hands
- marked with an asterisk, as well as 7,7 against a dealer's 10
- up-card." [5]
-
- Casino variations - Note that some casinos do not permit doubling down on
- split pairs, and/or re-splitting pairs. These options provide the player with
- a slight additional advantage.
-
-
- Betting, Money Management, and the Psychology of Gambling:
- ----------------------------------------------------------
-
- Let me begin this section with the following statement: SCARED MONEY RARELY
- WINS. Most gambling books devote quite a bit of time to the psychology of
- gambling and rightfully so. There is a fine line to responsible gambling. On
- one hand you shouldn't bet money that you cannot afford to lose. On the other
- hand, if you are betting with money you expect to lose, where is your
- confidence? When I used to gamble, it was small time. I define small time as
- bringing $250.00 of 'losable' money. I've lost that much in one night. I
- didn't like it, but I still ate that week. One pitfall you can easily fall
- into happens AFTER you lose. You scold yourself for losing money you could
- have done something productive with. "DAMN, I could have bought a 200 MB hard
- drive with that!#&!". You should think about these things BEFORE you play.
-
- Scared money is more in the mind than real. What I mean by that is even if
- you gamble with your last $10.00 in the world, it is important to play as
- though you have thousands of dollars in front of you. I don't mean piss the
- ten bucks away. I mean that there are certain plays you should make according
- to your chosen strategy which are the optimum mathematically. Don't make
- changes to it out of fear. Fear is not your friend.
-
- The "risk of ruin" is the percent chance that you will lose your entire
- bankroll. This percentage should not exceed 5% if you plan on playing multiple
- sessions to make money. The risk of ruin is dependent on the sizes of your
- bets during a session. The "Kelly Criterion" provides a zero percent risk of
- ruin. The system requires that you bet according to the percent advantage you
- have at any one time. For example, if you are counting cards and your
- advantage for a certain hand is 2% then you may bet 2% of your total bankroll.
- If your total is $1000. then you can bet $20. Note that if you won the hand
- your bankroll is now $1020 and if your advantage dropped to 1.5%, taking .015
- times 1020 (which will determine your next bet size) in your head isn't all
- that easy. The literature provides more reasonable systems, but do yourself a
- favor and stay away from "betting progressions". See Reference [16] (available
- on the Internet) for more information regarding risk of ruin & optimal wagers.
-
- If you are gambling to make money, it is important to define how much cash
- you can lose before quitting. This number is called the "stop-loss limit". My
- stop-loss limit was my entire session bankroll which was $250 (50 betting
- units of $5.00 or 25 betting units of $10.00). This concept is especially
- important if you expect to play in the casinos for more than one session. Most
- books recommend that your session bankroll be about a fifth of your trip
- bankroll. Unfortunately, most people who have $500 in their wallet with a self
- imposed stop-loss limit is $200 will violate that limit should they lose the
- two hundred. Discipline is what separates the great players from the ordinary
- ones.
-
- Obviously you don't want to put a limit on how much you want to win.
- However, if you are keeping with a structured system there are certain limits
- to what your minimum and maximum bets should be. I am not going to go into
- that here though.
-
- In my gambling experience, there has been one non-scientific concept that
- has proven itself over and over again. NEVER BUCK A TREND! If you have just
- won three hands in a row, don't think that you are now 'due' for a loss and
- drastically scale back your bet. If you are winning go with it. A good friend
- of mine who was my 'gambling mentor' won $30,000 in a 24 hour period with a
- $200 beginning bankroll. This was not accomplished by scaling back bets. By
- the same token, if you see that the players at a certain table are losing
- consistently, don't sit down at that table. One problem that I've seen is when
- someone has won a lot and starts to lose. Mentally, they keep saying, "if I
- lose another $100 I will stop". They lose the hundred and say "no, really, the
- NEXT $100 I lose, I will stop", etc. When they go broke, that's when they stop.
- Live by the following graph typically designated as The Quitting Curve and you
- won't fall into that trap:
-
- | * <-+
- | * * | Loss
- ^ | * * | Limit
- | | * * <----QUIT! <-+
- | | *
- W | *
- i | *
- n | *
- n | *
- i | *
- n | *
- g | *
- |
- |_________________________________________
- Time ---------------->
-
- Determine your loss limit and stay with it. Obviously the loss limit will
- change as you keep winning. Standard loss limits are 10 to 20 percent of the
- current bankroll. Note that this philosophy is also used in stock market
- speculation.
-
-
- Basic Strategy:
- ---------------
-
- If you only read one section of this file, and you don't already know what
- Basic Strategy is, then this is the section you should read. Knowing Basic
- Strategy is CRITICAL to you gaining an advantage over the house. The Basic
- Strategy for a particular set of rules was developed by intensive computer
- simulation which performed a complete combinatorial analysis. The computer
- "played" tens of thousands of hands for each BlackJack situation possible and
- statistically decided as to which play decision favored the player. The
- following 3 charts should be duplicated or cut out from a hardcopy of this
- file. You don't want to wave them around at a BlackJack table but its nice to
- have them on hand in case you fail to recall some plays, at which time you can
- run to the rest room to refresh your memory.
-
- I hope you don't think this is weird but I keep a copy of a certain Basic
- Strategy chart in my wallet at ALL times...just in case. Just in case of what
- you ask? Permit me to go off on a slight(?) tangent. The following story really
- happened. In 1984 I was visiting LOD BBS co-sysop, Paul Muad'dib up in New York
- City. After about a week we were very low on cash despite the Pay Phone
- windfall mentioned in my Phrack Pro-Phile ;->. I contacted a friend of mine
- who was working in New Jersey and he offered us a job for a couple of days. I
- spent just about the last of my cash on bus fair for me and Paul figuring that
- I would be getting more money soon. Some how, the destination was
- miscommunicated and we ended up in Atlantic City, which was not the location of
- the job. We were stuck. Our only recourse was to attempt to win some money to
- get us back on track. First we needed a little more capital. Paul, being known
- to physically impersonate phone company workers, and a Department of Motor
- Vehicles computer technician among others, decided to impersonate a casino
- employee so he could "look around". Look around he did, found a storage closet
- with a portable cooler and a case of warm soda, not exactly a gold mine but
- hey. He proceeded to walk that stuff right out of the casino. We commandeered
- some ice and walked around the beach for an hour selling sodas. It wasn't all
- that bad as scantily clad women seemed to be the ones buying them. To cut the
- story short, Paul knew ESS but he didn't know BlackJack. He lost and we
- resorted to calling up Sharp Razor, a fellow Legion member residing in NJ, who
- gave us (or is it lent?) the cash to continue our journey. For the record, I
- was fairly clueless about BlackJack at the time which really means that I
- thought I knew how to play but really didn't because I didn't even know Basic
- Strategy. The same goes for Paul. Had we had a chart on hand, we would at least
- have made the correct plays.
-
- Here are the charts, memorize the one that is appropriate:
-
-
- Las Vegas Single Deck Basic Strategy Table
-
- Dealer's Up-Card
- Your +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- Hand | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | A |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 8 | H | H | H | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 9 | D | D | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 10 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 11 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 12 | H | H | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 13 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 14 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 15 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 16 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 17 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,2 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,3 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,4 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,5 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,6 | D | D | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,7 | S | D | D | D | D | S | S | H | H | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,8 | S | S | S | S | D | S | S | S | S | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,9 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,A | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 2,2 | H | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 3,3 | H | H | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 4,4 | H | H | H | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 6,6 | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 7,7 | P | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | S | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 8,8 | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 9,9 | P | P | P | P | P | S | P | P | S | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- |10,10| S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- H = Hit S = Stand D = Double Down P = Split
-
-
-
- Las Vegas Multiple Deck Basic Strategy Table
-
- Dealer's Up-Card
- Your +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- Hand | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | A |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 8 | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 9 | H | D | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 10 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 11 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 12 | H | H | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 13 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 14 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 15 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 16 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 17 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,2 | H | H | H | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,3 | H | H | H | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,4 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,5 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,6 | H | D | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,7 | S | D | D | D | D | S | S | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,8 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,9 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,A | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 2,2 | H | H | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 3,3 | H | H | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 4,4 | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 6,6 | H | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 7,7 | P | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 8,8 | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 9,9 | P | P | P | P | P | S | P | P | S | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- |10,10| S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- H = Hit S = Stand D = Double Down P = Split
-
-
-
- Atlantic City Multiple Deck Basic Strategy Table
-
- Dealer's Up-Card
- Your +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- Hand | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | A |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 8 | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 9 | H | D | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 10 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 11 | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 12 | H | H | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 13 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 14 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 15 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 16 | S | S | S | S | S | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 17 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,2 | H | H | H | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,3 | H | H | H | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,4 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,5 | H | H | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,6 | H | D | D | D | D | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,7 | S | D | D | D | D | S | S | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,8 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,9 | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | A,A | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 2,2 | P | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 3,3 | P | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 4,4 | H | H | H | P | P | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 6,6 | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 7,7 | P | P | P | P | P | P | H | H | H | H |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 8,8 | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P | P |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- | 9,9 | P | P | P | P | P | S | P | P | S | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- |10,10| S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
- +-----+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+----+---+
- H = Hit S = Stand D = Double Down P = Split
-
-
- End of "How To Hack BlackJack": File 1 of 2
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