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- ==Phrack Inc.==
-
- Volume One, Issue Nine, Phile #8 of 10
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- "Introduction to Videoconferencing"
-
- by Knight Lightning
-
- Written On 10/3/86
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- Hi, KL here welcoming you to a look at Videoconferencing. This is a
- relatively new field that definitely bears investigation as videoconferencing
- is only a step away from everyone having video communication in the home. Well
- enough is enough, I hope you enjoy the file --KL.
- ______________________________________________________________________________
-
- Despite the growing use of videoconferencing, confusion still exists regarding
- what it can and cannot do. This file should begin to help answer some of the
- questions about videoconferencing and perhaps formulate new ideas as well.
- Videoconferencing is not just one thing. It takes several different forms and
- can be designed in many different ways. Most of these ways are probably still
- waiting to be discovered.
-
- First of all, there are two main categories of videoconferencing. There is
- Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint.
-
-
- Point-to-point/Two-Way Videoconferencing
- ----------------------------------------
- Two-way videoconferencing enables people to conduct meetings even though the
- participants are in separate locations. Using interactive video and audio
- equipment, participants in one location can see, hear, and interact with
- colleagues in another location.
-
- The most familiar example occurs regularly on TV. When a newscaster in
- Washington interviews a head of state on the opposite side of the world
- "live," that's point-to-point, full-motion, full-color videoconferencing.
-
-
- Point-to-multipoint/One-Way Videoconferencing
- ---------------------------------------------
- The one-way videoconference allows an organization to present video
- information to large audiences in multiple locations at the same time.
-
- One-way videoconferences are very different from two-way videoconferences in
- purpose and in implementation. Two-way videoconferences allow small groups in
- two, or possibly several, locations to interact audio-visually. In contrast,
- one-way videoconferences are designed to provide a one-way audio-visual
- presentation of information from an originating site to audiences at numerous
- receiving locations.
-
- The remote "audiences" are not seen by the initiators of the presentation.
- However, since both types of videoconferencing take place in real time, live,
- the audience can participate over the phone.
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
- There are two variations on the above listed categories of videoconferencing;
- Full-motion videoconferencing and freeze-frame videoconferencing. Each
- carries its own set of system requirements and each accomplishes quite
- different tasks.
-
-
- FULL-MOTION Videoconferencing
- -----------------------------
- Full-motion videoconferencing is like watching television. You can see
- participants in another location in color and in "real time" motion. You can
- identify who is present (provided that they are within camera range) and who
- is speaking. You can see facial expressions, hand gestures, and general body
- language. Motion video is used primarily for images of people.
-
-
- Motion Transmission On Wideband Channels
- ----------------------------------------
- There is far more information in moving pictures then in a still image.
- Consequently, the size of the communications channel required to transmit and
- receive motion is far greater than that required for a still image.
-
- Transmission of a television signal in its original analog form (as it would
- come from a TV camera), requires terrestrial television channels or a
- satellite transponder. Terrestrial television channels are not readily
- available for occasional corporate use; satellite transponders are available.
-
- Most systems therefore, incorporate digital compression techniques to reduce
- the bandwidth required for motion videoconferences. Example: An image in
- motion is refreshed on a television screen 30 times per second. This means
- that the bandwidth necessary to transmit the image is very high, usually 1.5
- megabits per second (Mbps).
-
- This bandwidth is beyond the capacity of the standard telephone cable. A
- device called a "codec" digitizes the analog television signal and compresses
- it by eliminating redundant information. Currently, codecs can reduce the
- bandwidth to 56 kilobits per second (Kbps) and it is hoped that this bandwidth
- can be compressed even further.
-
- The resulting signal can be transmitted over less than full bandwidth
- channels. The picture is of somewhat less quality than the original analog
- image, but more than sufficient for most meetings.
-
-
- FREEZE-FRAME Videoconferencing
- ------------------------------
- Freeze-frame videoconferencing is like a slide show. It captures still images
- either in color or black-and-white. Freeze-frame "stills" of people seem
- unnatural and can be distracting. Yet, freeze-frame video is best for still
- images of three-dimensional objects such as a product or a part, and for
- charts, drawings, graphics, and specially prepared presentation material.
-
-
- Freeze-Frame Transmission On Narrow Band Channels
- -------------------------------------------------
- A freeze-frame system captures an image by stopping, or freezing any motion
- that might be present. The image can be transmitted via analog or digital
- signals over narrow channels. These channels are considerably narrower than
- those used for full-motion video conferencing. In its simplest form,
- freeze-frame video can utilize ordinary telephone line transmission. A single
- freeze-frame image will require at least 30 seconds to a minute or more for
- transmission.
-
- In some systems, the freeze-frame image is displayed line by line as it is
- received. This creates a vertical "waterfall" effect or a horizontal scanning
- effect. In other systems, the incoming lines of picture information are
- stored in a buffer until the completed picture can be displayed as a whole.
- In still other systems, an image emerges in successively better resolution as
- additional picture information is received.
-
-
- Enhancements To Freeze-Frame Video Systems
- ------------------------------------------
- There are a number of ways to expand a freeze-frame video system's
- capabilities. One enhancement is telewriting. With a "pen" connected to a
- telewriting device, users can point out a portion of a freeze-frame video
- image, overlaying lines and markings in various colors that are displayed at
- all locations as they are drawn. Some telewriting devices include stored
- geometric shapes, logos, and symbols that can be transmitted as overlays to a
- freeze-frame image. Zoom capability enables close-up analysis of portions of
- a display.
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
- Personal Computers and Desktop Videoconferencing
- ------------------------------------------------
- Personal computers are beginning to be increasingly used with freeze-frame
- videoconferencing. PCs are used for control, for the creation of graphics,
- and for storage and retrieval of graphics material. There are signs that this
- evolution towards desktop videoconferencing has already begun.
-
- The MINX (Multimedia Information Network Exchange) work station, recently
- announced by Datapoint Corporation, combines a camera and speakerphone with a
- high-resolution-color video graphics display screen.
-
- The MINX can be configured with Datapoint's Vista-PC or with the IBM PC, AT,
- or XT, in which case the PC monitor is replaced by the MINX. A mode key on
- the workstation permits the user to shift between the video communications
- mode and the normal PC mode.
-
- Another indication of this revolution is provided by Northern Telecom
- (creators of DMS-100, 200, & 250), which recently added Meeting Communications
- Services (MCS) to its Meridian DV-1 voice/data system. This option allows up
- to 24 participants to conduct simultaneous audio communication and up to eight
- participants to view, modify, and exchange data using Meridian M4000
- integrated terminals.
-
- A third and final example is the Luma phone from Luma Telecom. This device,
- which uses regular phone lines, combines audio with black-and-white
- freeze-frame video on a three-inch-diagonal screen. Strictly a telephone
- product, the Luma phone has no computer features and will not transmit data.
- For more information on the Luma phone, please see the November, 1986 issue of
- The Sharper Image catalog.
-
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
- Videoconferencing is the way of the future and its only drawback is that of
- economic cost. Increased use of videoconferencing will depend a lot on the
- adoption of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), a standard,
- all-digital communications service promised by the regional Bell Operating
- Companies (BOCs).
-
- ISDN will offer users 144 Kbs or more which can be allocated among various
- communications tasks--data, voice, or video--in whatever proportion is
- necessary. This means that the available bandwidth could support simultaneous
- audio and video communication.
- ______________________________________________________________________________
-
- References:
- ----------
- "Electronic Meetings: Substitutes With Substance?," by Sam Dickey, Today's
- Office, July 1986.
-
- "Getting The Full Picture On Corporate Videoconferencing," by Marita Thomas,
- Facilities Design & Management, June 1986.
-
- "The Lid Is Off ISDN," Tomorrow's Communication Connection, April 1986
-
- "Videoconferencing; An Alternative Solution," Corporate Informations Systems,
- General Electric (GE).
- ______________________________________________________________________________
-
- Onto the next generation... --KL
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