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- ==Phrack Inc.==
-
- Volume One, Issue Six, Phile #8 of 13
-
- !.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!
-
- Jester Sluggo presents
- an insight on
- Wide-Area Networks
- Part 2
-
- !.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!
-
- Part 1 contains information on ARPANET and CSNET.
- Part 2 contains information on BITNET, MFENET, UUCP and USENET.
- It is best if you read both files to better understand each other.
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- These files will cover general information on wide-area networks, (I.E.
- ARPANET, CSNET, BITNET, MFENET, UUCP and USENET), but may contain information
- in relationship with other networks not emphasized in these files. These files
- are NOT a hacker's tutorial/guide on these systems.
-
- BITNET
- ~~~~~~
- BITNET. In 1981, City University of New York (CUNY) surveyed universities on
- the East Coast of the U.S. and Canada, inquiring whether there was interest in
- creating and easy-to-use, economical network for interuniversity communication
- between scholars. The response was positive. Many shared the CUNY belief in
- the importance of computer-assisted communication between scholars. The first
- link of the new network, called BITNET, was established between CUNY and Yale
- University in May 1981.
- The network technology chosen for BITNET was determined by the
- availability of the RSCS software on the IBM computers at the initial sites.
- [The name BITNET stands for Because It's Time NETwork.] The RSCS software is
- simple but effective, and most IBM VM-CMS computer systems have it installed
- for local communications, supporting file transfer and remote job entry
- services. The standard BITNET links are leased telephone lines running at 9600
- bps. Although all the initial nodes were IBM machines in university computer
- centers, the network is in no way restricted to such systems. Any computer
- with an RSCS emulator can be connected to BITNET. Emulators are available for
- DEC VAX-VMS systems, VAX-UNIX systems, and for Control Data Corp. Cyber systems
- and others. Today, more than one-third of the computers on BITNET are non-IBM
- systems.
- BITNET is a store-and-forward network with files and messages sent from
- computer to computer across the network. It provides electronic mail, remote
- job entry, and file transfer services, and supports and interactive message
- facility and a limited remote logon facility. Most BITNET sites use the same
- electronic mail procedures and standards as the ARPANET, and as a result of the
- installation of electronic mail gateway systems at the University of California
- at Berkley and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, most BITNET users can
- communicate electronically with users on CSNET and the ARPANET.
- BITNET has expanded extremely rapidly -- a clear indication that is
- providing service that people need and want. The simplicity of the connection
- to the network -- acquiring a 9600-bps leased line to the nearest neighboring
- computer node and in installing an additional line interface and modem --
- provides the service at the right price. By the end of 1985 the number of
- computers connected was expected to exceed 600, at more than 175 institutions
- of higher education throughout the U.S. BITNET is open without restriction to
- any college or university. It is not limited to specific academic disciplines,
- and may be used for any academic purpose. However, use for commercial purposes
- is prohibited. In special cases, connection of commercial organizations may be
- sponsored by universities. A particular case is the connection of Boeing
- Computer Services to BITNET, as part of the NSFnet initiative, to provide
- remote job entry services to their Cray X-MP/24 to NSF supercomputer grantees
- who have access to BITNET.
- Until recently BITNET had no central management structure, and was
- coordinated by an executive board consisting of members from the major
- institutions participating. This worked because most of the computers
- connected were managed and operated by professional service organizations in
- university computer centers. However, the growth in the network made it
- possible to continue in this ad hoc fashion, and a central support organization
- was established with support from an IBM grant. The central support
- organization, called the BITNET network support center (BITNSC), has two parts:
- A user services organization, the network information center (BITNSC), which
- provides user support, a name server and a variety of databases, and the
- development and operations center (BITDOC) to develop and operate the network.
- A major question facing the members of BITNET is how the funding of this
- central organization will be continued when the IBM grant expires in 1987.
- BITNET, with support from the NSFnet Program, is now examining ways to
- provide ARPANET-like services to existing BITNET sites. The project, which is
- similar to the CSNET CYPRESS project, will explore a strategy to provide an
- optional path to the use of the TCP-IP procedures on existing 9.6-kbps leased
- lines. The possibility of upgrading these lines to multiple alternate links,
- providing higher reliability and availability, or to higher speed 56-kbps links
- is also being studied. The project will offer a higher level of service to
- BITNET sites choosing this path and also enable a low-cost connection to
- NSFnet.
-
- MFENET
- ~~~~~~
- MFENET. The DOE's magnetic fusion energy research network was established in
- the mid-1970's to support access to the MFE Cray 1 supercomputer at the
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The network uses 56-kbs satellite
- links, and is designed to provide terminal access to the Cray time-sharing
- system (CTSS), also developed at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. The
- network currently supports access to Cray 1, Cray X-MP/2, Cray 2, and Cyber 205
- supercomputers. The network uses special-purpose networking software developed
- at Livermore, and, in addition to terminal access, provides file transfer,
- remote output queuing, and electronic mail, and includes some specialized
- application procedures supporting interactive graphics terminals and local
- personal computer (PC)-based editing. Access to the network is in general
- restricted to DOE-funded researchers. Recently the network has been expanded
- to include the DOE-funded supercomputer at Florida State University. MFENET is
- funded by DOE and managed by Livermore.
- MFENET has been successful in supporting DOE supercomputer users. However,
- the specialized nature of the communications protocols is now creating
- difficulties for researchers who need advanced graphics workstations that use
- the UNIX BSD 4.2 operating system and the TCP-IP protocols on LAN's. For these
- and other reasons, DOE is examining how best to migrate MFENET to the TCP-IP,
- and later to the OSI, protocols.
- The combination of the CTSS operating system and the MFENET protocols
- creates an effective interactive computing environment for researchers using
- Cray supercomputers. For this reason, two of the new NSF national
- supercomputer centers -- San Diego (SDSC) and Illinois -- have chosen the CTSS
- operating system. In SDSC's case, the MFENET protocols have also been chosen
- to support the SDSC Consortium network. In Illinois case, a project to
- implement the TCP-IP protocols for the CTSS operating system has been funded by
- the NSFnet program, and these developments will be shared with SDSC (and with
- DOE) to provide a migration path for the SDSC Consortium network.
-
- UUCP and USENET
- ~~~~ ~~~~~~
- UUCP and USENET. The UUCP network was started in the 1970's to provide
- electronic mail and file transfer between UNIX systems. The network is a
- host-based store-and-forward network using dialup telephone circuits and
- operates by having each member site dialup the next UUCP host computer and send
- and receive files and electronic mail messages. The network uses addresses
- based on the physical path established by this sequence of dialups connections.
- UUCP is open to any UNIX system which chooses to participate. There are
- "informal" electronic mail gateways between UUCP and ARPANET, BITNET, or CSNET,
- so that users of any of these networks can exchange electronic mail.
- USENET is a UNIX news facility based on the UUCP network that provides a
- news bulletin board service. Neither UUCP nor USENET has a central management;
- volunteers maintain and distribute the routing tables for the network. Each
- member site pays its own costs and agrees to carry traffic. Despite this
- reliance on mutual cooperation and anarchic management style, the network
- operates and provides a useful, if somewhat unreliable, and low-cost service to
- its members. Over the years the network has grown into a world-wide network
- with thousands of computers participating.
-
- OTHERS
- ~~~~~~
- Other Wide-Area Networks. Of necessity this file of wide-area networks has
- been incomplete: Other networks of interest include the Space Plasma Analysis
- Network (SPAN) -- a network of DEC VAX computers using 9.6-kbps links and the
- DECNET protocols for National Aeronautics and Space Administration's
- researchers; the planned Numerical and Atmospheric Sciences (NAS) network
- centered at Ames Research Center -- a network that is expected to use existing
- and planned NASA communications links and the TCP-IP protocols; and the planned
- high-energy physics network -- a network based largely on VAX computers and
- using the standard X.25 network level protocols plus the so called "coloured
- books" protocols developed in the United Kingdom. Also, many high-energy
- physicists, at the Stanford Linear Accelerator, at the Lawrence Berkley
- Laboratory, and at Fermi Laboratory, among others, have used DECNET to connect
- their DEC VAX computers together.
-
- /
- \
- / luggo !!
-
- Please give full credit for references to the following:
-
- Dennis M. Jennings, Lawrence H. Landweber, Ira H. Fuchs, David J. Faber, and W.
- Richards Adrion.
-
- Any questions, comments or Sluggestions can be emailed to me at Metal Shop, or
- sent via snailmail to the following address until 12-31-1986:
-
- J. Sluggo
- P.O. Box 93
- East Grand Forks, MN 56721
-
- !.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!.!
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