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- ==Phrack Inc.==
-
- Volume One, Issue Five, Phile #9 of 12
-
- Mobile Telephone Communications
-
- By Phantom Phreaker
-
- Presented by The Alliance
- (618)667-3825
-
-
- Mobile telephone communications is not the same thing as Cellular. Mobile
- telephone service is not as advanced as Cellular, and not as efficient. Mobile
- telephone service limits the number of customers sharply, while Cellular is
- designed to solve the problems of Mobile telephone service.
-
- The signals for Mobile communications are sent by high-power transmitters and
- antennas that provide an area of approx. 20-30 miles with service.
-
- A base unit of a Mobile communications system transmits and receives on
- different frequencies at the same time. Typical power for the radio base
- station transmitter is 200-250 watts.
-
- Mobile telephone facilities tie in with the normal fixed-position telephone
- system, however base units can be owned by a Radio Common Carrier (RCC). RCCs
- running mobile telephone systems are charged by the telephone company for use
- of the normal phone system.
-
- DIAGRAM:
- --------
- ^-Base antenna Mobile unit
- | |
- |- - - - - - - - - /-- --\
- | ^Signal^ | (Car) |
- ---------------------------------------
- ^-------<-20-30 Miles->---|
- ^ |-From
- /===========\ | mobile
- |Receiver/ | | antenna
- |Transmitter| =============
- /===========\ |Receiver/ | |-|
- |Control | |Transmitter|-|*|
- |Terminal | ============= |-|
- \===========/ ^
- | Handset
- | <-Telephone
- | <-Land line
- |
- ======= =======
- | C.O.| | C.O.|---[-*-]
- ======= ======= |*|
- | | -----
- | | Fixed
- ========= ========= Phone
- |Switch |--------------|Switch |
- |Network| Transmission |Network|
- ========= Link =========
-
- ---------------------------------------
- (Above diagram from 'Understanding Telephone Electronics' chapter 10.)
-
- As you can see from the above diagram, calls placed from the Fixed position
- telephone are routed through a Central Office as normal, through a Switch
- Network, to another Switch network, and to another CO. From the second CO
- (nearest to the Mobile unit), the signals are sent on a telephone line to the
- control terminal, to the receiver, then to the base unit (antenna). From the
- base unit, the radio signals are sent to the site of the mobile telephone.
- Calls from the mobile telephone operate in the same manner. An idle radio
- channel is selected (like seizure of a trunk for a LD call) and the signals are
- sent over the mobile network.
- If no channel is available for use, then a busy indication is triggered
- (similar to a re-order). If a channel is available, the customer will be
- prompted with a dial tone, similar to normal fixed-position telephone service.
- The area that this would work in is called the subscriber's home area. When a
- mobile telephone service subscriber leaves the service area, he is then
- referred to as a Roamer. Since the mobile unit is out of the service area,
- special preparations have to be made to continue communications to/from that
- mobile unit.
-
- SIGNALLING
- ----------
- Mobile signalling tones are selected (like touch tones) to avoid possible
- reproduction of the signalling tone on the voice link, to cause a signalling
- mistake. The IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service) uses in band signalling
- of tones from 1300Hz-2200Hz. Another method of signalling is the MTS (Mobile
- Telephone System). MTS is older than IMTS, and MTS uses in band signalling of
- tones from 600Hz-1500Hz, and some use 2805 Hz in manual operation.
-
- CALL COMPLETION
- ---------------
- In this instance, let's say a call is being placed from a normal telephone to
- a Mobile unit. First off, the base station selects one idle channel and places
- a 2000Hz idle tone on it. All on hook Mobile units active in that service area
- find and lock onto the channel that carries the 2000Hz idle tone. Now each
- Mobile unit listens for it's specific number on that channel. When an idle
- channel becomes busy, a new channel is selected for use, and the process is
- repeated.
- Now the caller's call is sent through the telephone network the same way as a
- normal telephone call. When this call reaches the control terminal, the
- terminal seizes the already marked idle channel (with every on-hook mobile unit
- listening to it) and applies a 1800Hz seize tone. This tone keeps other mobile
- units from using it to complete other calls. The called number is outpulsed
- over the base station transmitter at ten pulses per second, with idle tone
- represented as a mark, and a seize-tone represented as a space.
- Since every idle mobile unit is waiting on that channel, they compare the
- number being outpulsed with their own number. If the first digit of the called
- mobile unit is three, and a specific mobile unit 'listening' on the channel has
- a first digit of four, it stops listening to that channel, and moves to the
- next channel with 2000Hz applied.
- When the mobile unit receives the correct destination number, all other
- mobile units are no longer listening on that particular channel. When the 7
- digit number is received, the mobile supervisory unit turns on the mobile
- transmitter and sends an acknowledgement signal (2150Hz guard tone) back to the
- control terminal. If this signal isn't received in three seconds after
- outpulsing, the seize tone is removed from that channel, and the call is
- dropped. If the signal is received at the control terminal, then the mobile
- phone will ring (standard two seconds on, four seconds off). If the mobile unit
- being called doesn't answer in forty five seconds, the call is also dropped.
- When the person answers the mobile phone and takes it off hook, the mobile
- supervisory unit sends a connect tone of 1633Hz, for an answer signal. When
- this is received by the control terminal, the ringing stops, and a voice path
- between the two phones is established. When the mobile subscriber hangs up, a
- disconnect signal is sent which consists of alternating disconnect/guard tone
- (1336Hz and 2150Hz respectively) signals. Then the mobile unit begins searching
- for another idle channel, and readies itself for more calls.
- For an outgoing call placed by the Mobile subscriber, the mobile unit must
- already be locked on the idle channel. If the unit is not, a warning light will
- flash advising the user of the problem. This is similar to a re-order signal.
- If the unit is already on an idle channel, the calling number will be sent to
- the control terminal for billing purposes.
-
- CELLULAR TELEPHONES
- -------------------
- To improve over the problems of mobile telephone service such as low amount of
- users, high price, etc. AT&T invented the Cellular Concept, or the AMPS
- (Advanced Mobile Phone System). This is the cellular phone concept that is used
- in major cities. Los Angeles, Ca. currently has the largest cellular
- communication system in the world.
-
- Calls sent to cellular telephones are sent through the MTSO (Mobile
- Telecommunications Switching Office). The MTSO handles all calls to and from
- cellular telephones, and handles billing.
- All incoming calls from the MTSO are sent to a Cell site in each cell, to the
- actual cellular telephone. The major difference between mobile and cellular is
- that cellular can use the same channel many more times than a mobile telephone
- system can, providing more customers and making the service less expensive.
- Once a vehicle goes out of range of one cell site, the signal is transferred
- immediately, with no signal loss, to another cell site, where the call is
- continued without interruption. This is called a Cellular hand-off.
- Cellular communications areas are divided up into several cells, like a
- honeycomb.
-
- DIAGRAM
- -------
- /---\ /---\ /---\
- / * \/ * \/ * \
- ==== |Cell ||Cell ||Cell |
- |CO| | Site|| Site|| Site |
- ==== /---\\ /\ /\ /
- | / * \\---/ \---/ \---/
- | |Cell | /---\ /---\
- | | Site|/ * \/ * \
- | \ /|Cell ||Cell |
- ====== \---/ | Site|| Site |
- |MTSO| \ /\ /
- ====== \---/ \---/
-
- ---------------------------------------
- More cell sites are used for the area they are needed for. The signals are
- sent from the MTSO to the each cell site. So if you were travelling in the cell
- site to the far left, the signal from the MTSO would be sent to that cell. As
- you move, the signal is moved.
-
- Here is a quote from AT&T's Cellular Telephones pamphlet.
-
- 'AT&T cellular phone transmission sounds as good as your home and office
- phone. Basically it's a simple concept. Each metropolitan area is divided into
- sectors which form a honeycomb of cells. Each cell incorporates its own
- transmitter and receiver which connects to the local phone network.
- As you drive from cell to cell, sophisticated electronic equipment transfers
- or 'hands off' the call to another cell site. This automatic sequence maintains
- service quality throughout the conversation without interruption.'
-
-
- I hope this file has been of some assistance to anyone who is curious about
- the more technical aspects of the telephone system.
-
- References
- ----------
- Understanding Telephone Electronics-by Texas Instruments 1983
- TELE Magazine issues three and four
- AT&T Mobile communications pamphlet
- AT&T Cellular concept pamphlet
-
- -End of file-
- 4/14/86
- ==============================================================================
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