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- =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
- - P.I.S.S. Philez Number 48 =
- = -
- - Understanding Phones =
- = -
- - by Skrike =
- =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
-
- For those of you first entering the "scene" welcome. In this
- article I aim my attentions, at you, who do not understand many basic
- principles of our lovely phone system. All modern communication
- devices rely on the electromagnetic spectrum to send and manipulate
- data. In order to understand how this works first picture a wave. A
- starting point, rising to a crest and then dipping into a trough and
- rising again. These waves can be described in 2 different ways, the key
- characteristics of an analog signal are made up of this. 1. strength,
- or amplitude of the wave (the vertical distance between a wave trough
- and crest) and the frequency (the number of times per second the wave
- cycle repeats) Most telephones work by copying the variations of sound
- waves generated at the transmitting end onto analog electromagnetic
- waves, which are converted back into sound waves when they arrive at
- the receiving end. The specific qualities of a sound -- its loudness
- and its pitch, for example -- depend on the waves' amplitude, or
- strength, and on their frequency, or how closely together waves are
- spaced (measured in cycles per second, called hertz). The
- electromagnetic spectrum ranges from extremely low-frequency radio
- waves of 30 hertz -- with a wave length of the Earths diameter -- to
- high frequency cosmic rays of more than 10 million trillion hertz,
- with wavelengths smaller than the nucleus of an atom.
-
- The range of frequencies making up a signal is called a
- bandwidth. The human voice, for example, can typically generate
- frequencies from 100 to 10,000 hertz, for a bandwidth of 9,900 hertz;
- laser optical fibers, in contrast, operate over a band of 200 trillion
- hertz. Because the ear does not require a vast range of frequencies to
- elicit meaning from ordinary speech, the phone company typically allots
- a total bandwidth of 4,000 hertz for voice transmission.The wide bands
- of fiber optics and other high frequency media, such as microwaves, can
- thus accomodate many phone conversations, once the signal has been
- translated to a higher frequency.
-
- Phone transmissions are implemented by multiplexing. This
- multiplexing allows multiple streams of electronic messages to be
- transmitted over the same connection in the time otherwise required for
- one message. Multiplexing is effected in two major ways:
- frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) and time-division multiplexing
- (TDM). The older of the two, FDM, is used with analog transmission. The
- analog signal is impressed on another analog signal of different
- frequency -- a carrier -- altering the carriers shape so that it bears
- the pattern of the message. The carrier frequency generally remains
- constant; only its amplitude varies, at a rate corresponding to that of
- the message signal. Since each carrier has a different frequency,
- carriers can be stacked one atop the other and sent together over a
- cable or microwave radio link capable of carrying a broad range of
- frequencies; the carriers are then separated at the other end. The
- greater the mediums bandwidth, the more carriers it can transmit, and
- the more messages it can handle simultaneously.
-
- Time division multiplexing operates by a kind of round robin,
- employing a device that scans individual channels in rotation -- taking
- a byte from each channel and transmitting the bytes in a string,
- according to a sequence determined at the outset. In the TDM method,
- each byte is also condensed so that many can be sent during the time
- ordinarily required for one: Each byte is briefly stored in a buffer,
- then released as a series of much shorter pulses, leaving a space of
- unused time between series. Into these spaces, similarly condensed
- bytes from other channels can be inserted.
-
- TDM is implemented on digital transmissions. It works on a
- principle similar to a token ring network.
-
- I hope this helped you a little. More on phones next month.
-
- -- Skrike
- skrike@ida.net
- http://compound.dyn.ml.org/skrike
- shoutouts to akseez who got me started in all this
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
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