The Hacker's Encyclopedia 1998/hackers_encyclopedia.iso/zines/cud/cud920.txt

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Computer underground Digest    Sun  Mar 16, 2097   Volume 9 : Issue 20
                           ISSN  1004-042X

       Editor: Jim Thomas ([e-mail])
       News Editor: Gordon Meyer ([e-mail])
       Archivist: Brendan Kehoe
       Shadow Master: Stanton McCandlish
       Shadow-Archivists: Dan Carosone / Paul Southworth
                          Ralph Sims / Jyrki Kuoppala
                          Ian Dickinson
       Field Agent Extraordinaire:   David Smith
       Cu Digest Homepage: http://www.soci.niu.edu/~cudigest

CONTENTS, #9.20 (Sun, Mar 16, 2097)

File 1--State of the Japanese Internet, 1997
File 2--Cu Digest Header Info (unchanged since 13 Dec, 1996)

CuD ADMINISTRATIVE, EDITORIAL, AND SUBSCRIPTION INFORMATION APPEARS IN
THE CONCLUDING FILE AT THE END OF EACH ISSUE.

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Date: Thu, 27 Feb 1997 17:26:40 +0900 (JST)
From: "Bruce M. Hahne" <[e-mail]>
Subject: File 1--State of the Japanese Internet, 1997

To all readers: attached is an essay which I've written both to provide a
snapshot of what Japan's Internet is like today, and as a mini historical
record of the experiences of someone who has spent several years "in the
trenches" building Internet networks in Japan.  Please feel free to
circulate it to friends.

GLOCOM (the Center for Global Communications) has kindly offered to archive
this essay on their web site at http://ifrm.glocom.ac.jp/doc/hahne.html

Sincerely,
Bruce Hahne
[e-mail]
February 20, 1997

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

STATE OF THE JAPANESE INTERNET, 1997: SUCH DISTANCE TRAVELED, SO FAR TO GO

Tokyo (February 20, 1997)

I spent a day at the "Net & Com '97" exposition at Makuhari Messe last week,
trying to soak up some useful technical information admidst a sea of booth
staffers waving marketing survey clipboards in my face.  The show, sponsored
by Nikkei Business Publications, used to be called "Open Systems Expo /
Network Expo", but has now been renamed and given an internet / intranet
spin in order, presumably, to attract a wider base of exhibitors and
attendees.  Whether this strategy was successful or not remains an open
question, since my rough estimate of the day's traffic through the
convention floors put the ratio of booth staff to conference attendees at
roughly 1:1...  certainly a ratio bound to warm your heart if you're an
attendee looking for personal attention from a salesperson, but less so if
you're an exhibitor looking for a good marketing return on your booth
expenses.

As this was the last network show that I expect to attend in Japan (I'm
presently laying plans for a return to the U.S.), and as I've been known to
occasionally inflict my opinions onto an unsuspecting public, I thought I
might provide this essay as a parting gift, or at least a parting
stirring-up of the waters, to the electronic community which keeps an eye on
network developments, and particularly Internet development, in Japan.
Perhaps by looking at where we've been, and where we are, we might gain some
insight into where we'd like to be in the future and how to get there.

  ** Too many choices **

Unlike the U.S. Internet, where engineers are presumably regularly heard
complaining loudly when their ping times between Boston and San Jose push
above 20 milliseconds, in Japan you can count yourself lucky if your
round-trip ping time to California is under 300 ms., not including the heavy
additional delays involved in going through your modem.  The basic leased
line speed in Japan, after all, is still the 64Kbps link, 1/24 the speed of
the "plain vanilla" 1.5Mbps T1 link so common for leased-line Internet
access in the U.S.  Some Japanese providers have a T1 to their upstream site
these days, but the majority are still working off of links somewhere in the
64Kbps to 512Kbps range.  You'll get 40 ms. ping times just going across a
single 64Kbps link.  Still, even though it seems sometimes that the Internet
world (or at least the traffic) in Japan moves at 1/24 speed, there's still
a demand for bandwidth.  If anything, the bandwidth problem is worse in
Japan, since the equipment available to the end user is the same speed
available anywhere else in the world (28.8Kbps analog, 64Kbps for ISDN), but
the domestic IP backbone isn't as built up as it is in the west.

One issue that Internet providers are going to have to deal with is the
basic question of which speeds to offer.  Back when the 28.8Kbps "V.FAST"
pseudo-standard came out, the joke was that the creators had nicknamed it
"V.LAST", since that was the last amount of bandwidth anyone would be able
to squeeze out of a POTS (analog) line.  That got bumped up to 33.6Kbps not
too long afterwards, and now it's about to go to 56Kbps downstream, 33.6Kbps
upstream.  In the meantime, we still have the older 38.4Kbps "baby ISDN"
equipment, i.e. just about every external ISDN terminal adapter on the
market.  This gear looks to your computer's external serial port like a
standard asynchronous modem (and in fact it usually does a reasonable
imitation of the Hayes AT command set), but it connects to an ISDN line and
expects a similar piece of ISDN TA equipment to answer its call at the ISP
side.  This type of connection was popular back before the wide availability
of true 64Kbps ISDN cards.  The baby ISDN equipment has now been geared up
to 57.6Kbps, still running out your PC's serial port, still compatible with
essentially none of the standard central-site equipment that ISPs like to
use.  Nowadays, we're seeing more of a push towards true 64Kbps ISDN, and
once users get the hang of that they're going to start kicking and screaming
for 128Kbps bonded ISDN, which means that we will then have reached the
point where one dial-up Internet user will be able to single-handedly swamp
the upstream leased line connection of a large percentage of the ISPs in
Japan.

Now, counting using my fingers and toes, I see 28.8Kbps (analog), 38.4Kbps
(ISDN), 56Kbps (analog), 57.6Kbps (ISDN again), 64Kbps (ISDN, one channel),
and 128Kbps (ISDN, 2 channels bonded) as the full set of speeds which a
truly dedicated and overworked ISP engineering department in Japan might
choose to offer to its end users.  Coming up with a pricing plan for just
one of these speeds is a pain in the neck, and billing for it is a hassle,
particularly if you choose to meter instead of charging a flat-rate price.
But setting price points and creating a metered charging and billing system
for SIX different connection speeds is enough to make any ISP throw in the
towel.  Matters are made worse by the fact that RADIUS, the authentication,
access, and billing protocol used by any ISP worth its salt, and the most
likely candiate protocol for bailing ISPs out of the multiple-speed mess,
has only recently made it beyond the "Internet draft" standard in the IETF,
plus Ascend has hacked up the draft standard with its own attributes to such
a degree that we may never see convergence between Ascend and the rest of the
RADIUS-speaking world.  And anyway, typically the ISP doesn't get enough
information back from its central-site chassis to be able to determine,
after the fact, whether a user's connection was at 28.8Kbps, 64Kbps,
33.6Kbps, 57Kbps, or 1200 baud for that matter.

Without a doubt, the answer is simplification, and my prediction is that we
will see pricing for all speeds from 28.8Kbps to 64Kbps merged into a single
entry on the typical ISP's pricing sheet, with 128Kbps commanding a
premium.  There will be some holdout ISPs, typically those which don't have
PRI-based central-site equipment, which try to provide a 3-level pricing
system consisting of 28.8Kbps, 64Kbps, and maybe 128Kbps, but when your
competitor down the street is offering 56Kbps service for the same price as
28.8Kbps, it's going to be hard to maintain the distinction.

  ** Speed: too much is never enough **

Japan is well positioned to be able to offer 64Kbps and 128Kbps connections
to the end user due to the reasonably easy availability of ISDN connections
in major cities.  You still have to pay the usual highway robbery rate of
Y72,000 plus construction charges per line (for the yen-illiterate: current
exchange rates are about Y125 per US$1.00, so after construction charges
we're talking about $700 per individual phone line) that you install into
your home or business, just like you do for an analog line, but at least if
you're in Tokyo, Osaka, or somewhere else large, you have a good chance of
getting an ISDN line within 3 weeks after you order it.  However, to go
beyond 128Kbps speeds to the end user, you have to start looking at other
technologies.  The recent APRICOT (Asia Pacific Regional Internet Conference
on Operational Technologies) conference which I had the good fortune to
attend in Hong Kong in January presented a series of sessions spelling out
what the main options are: XDSL, Internet via cable TV feed, and Internet via
satellite.  XDSL is high-speed transmission over copper phone lines, and
requires equipment located at the phone company's central office to tap into
the copper.  This technology is getting a lot of attention in the states
these days, but if it's ever offered in Japan, and I haven't heard any
rumors that it will be soon, you can expect it to only be offered by NTT,
since they control all the copper.  Internet over cable TV lines is seeing
some dabbling in Japan, but due to the low penetration of cable TV into
Japanese households and the typical need for the cable company to replace
existing "downstream only" central-site equipment with new two-way
equipment, I don't expect to see easy availability of Internet-over-cable
services this decade either.  Internet over satellite means that the
consumer actually buys a dish, points it towards the sky in the right
direction, plugs the cable from the dish into an interface card on his/her
PC, and fires up the web browser.  Typically, the satellite feed is an
incoming-only feed TO the consumer, with an analog phone line used
simultaneously as the backchannel connection allowing the end user to
transmit Internet packets.  This technology presents some difficulties in
Japan since transmission to satellites is, like every other form of
communication technology in Japan, heavily (over)regulated.  "However," I
was recently speculating to myself, "what if some company were to move the
satellite transmission offshore, broadcasting from Australia or California
and simply selling the end-user dish equipment in Japan?"  And, in fact, this
is exactly what we're going to see within the next 6 months.  Press releases
have announced that Direct Internet, a joint venture including Hitachi
Cable, Sony Music Entertainment Inc., and Japan Telecom, will be providing
high-speed (300 to 400 Kbps) Internet connections to end users in the
Asia-Pacific region, including Japan, via a satellite uplink from Napa,
California.

  ** Telco bashing **

Bandwidth within Japan, and from Japan to elsewhere, remains a pricy
problem.  Domestically, NTT pretty much has a lock on local loop circuits,
plus they own almost all of the relevant national infrastructure, plus the
government doesn't seem particularly intent on forcing some pricing sanity
into the monopoly areas of the market.  Since I've always wanted to copy out
some of NTT's local loop pricing for posterity, hoping that perhaps some day
in the distant future some net archeologist will stumble upon my writings
and have a good laugh at what things must have been like in the bad old
days, I'll take the opportunity to do so here.  To avoid copying NTT's
entire tariff chart and putting everybody to sleep, I'll stick with 64Kbps,
256Kbps, and T1 pricing.  These are the recurring prices; installation and
construction charges aren't included, nor are the prices of renting NTT
DSU's at each end.

       ----------------------------
       The Only Table In This Essay

      NTT leased line prices for various distances.
      Prices are in thousands of yen per month.

          to 15km  to 30 km  to 50 km  to 100 km  to 160 km  to 200 km
  64Kbps    *53     **104      132        140        147        150
  256Kbps   #137    ##275      376        410        433        447
  T1        337     655        777        956        1080       1160

      *Y53,000/month at present, but will increase to Y77,000/month
       over the next 15 months.
      **Y104,000/month at present, but will increase to Y113,000/month
       over the next 15 months.
      #Y137,000/month at present, but will increase to Y200,000/month
       over the next 15 months.
      ##Y275,000/month at present, but will increase to Y307,000/month
       over the next 15 months.
                --------------------------------------------

The first thing you're likely to notice about these prices is that they're
high.  The average Internet provider in the U.S. is paying perhaps $500 per
month for a T1 local loop from a baby bell to connect to its upstream
backbone provider.  In Japan, a 25km T1 local loop costs Y655,000 plus DSU
rental charges per month, putting us close to $6000/month for that T1
circuit.  Basically, U.S. ISPs, when I hear you complain about how much
you're paying your telco for your local loop, I just don't have any
sympathy.  We're paying 12 times that rate here in Japan.

The second thing you might notice about the NTT leased line tariff chart, if
you had the entire sheet in front of you, is that the speeds on the chart
max out at 6 Mbps.  There IS no pricing on NTT's standard leased line rate
chart for the T3 (45Mbps) lines which the U.S.  Internet backbone has
criss-crossing the country, and let's not even think about higher speeds
like OC3.  Once you go beyond 6 Mbps (and, in reality, it's actually once
you go beyond 1.5Mbps), you're off the chart, lost in the NTT bandwidth
twilight zone of "maybe it's available, maybe it's not, and if it's not
available today then you can just sit on your hands until we're good and
ready to upgrade our equipment to serve your needs".  Given this situation,
it's no wonder that many of the more well-funded Internet providers in Japan
have chosen to locate their equipment inside the KDD building, where they
can get high-speed connections to KDD's international transmission equipment
without having to purchase corresponding high-speed NTT local loops.

The third thing you might notice, if I had put the 192Kbps speeds into my
chart, is that there's a large price jump, inconsistent with the 64Kbps
pricing, between 128Kbps and 192Kbps.  This is because for leased line
speeds above 128Kbps, and for ISDN PRI connections, NTT uses fiber
exclusively, all the way to the equipment in your office.  Never mind that
installing fiber typically requires you or NTT to rip up the street, punch a
hole in the wall of your building, run new conduits through your ceiling,
and drill holes in the interior building wall to mount a special NTT fiber
containment box; never mind that getting that fiber from NTT to you will
take a bare minimum of 3 months (4 to 6 months is more common, and that's in
Tokyo) the first time you pull it in; never mind that T1 speeds and ISDN PRI
could easily be run over 4-wire copper without requiring any of the above
delays or expensive construction.  NTT has decreed that 192Kbps and up shall
be run over fiber, and so fiber it is.  The result is that when a Japanese
Internet provider outgrows its office space and its bandwidth and needs to
look for a new location, it gets to play the "find the bandwidth" game.  This
game typically involves calling as many NTT managers as you know and trying
to divine from them which of Tokyo's 23 wards actually has the fiber AND the
NTT central-site switching capacity to handle your immediate and future
needs.  Once you've chosen your ward, don't forget to ask NTT to bless your
building as well...  if you choose a building far away from the fiber, they
may have to tear up the street, and it takes a while to get a permit to do
that (regulations, you know).  If you're particularly unlucky, there might
be a strip of "national roadway" (just about any numbered highway will do...
there are several within Tokyo) between your building and NTT's closest
fiber drop.  This situation will require an additional round of internal NTT
and governmental paperwork while NTT obtains the right to do construction to
pull your fiber under the national roadway.

Over the few years that I've been in the Internet business in Japan, I've
seen all of the following behaviors from NTT:
  - Insufficient planning has caused chronic shortages in many locations.
Back in 1994, it took 3 months after an order was placed to receive a 64Kbps
leased line from NTT, in central Tokyo.  We're thankfully over that problem
in Tokyo now; usually you can have your 64Kbps line in under 4 weeks these
days.  But Shinjuku-ku remains a truly lousy location for someone trying to
pull high-speed lines into your building.  Yokohama is rumored to have
similar problems.
  - NTT will never, ever, commit to an install date for a leased circuit or
a PRI circuit.  If you're lucky, you'll be able to pry a good guess out of
them for a 64Kbps leased line, and a target month out of them for an INS1500
line.  For the higher-speed lines (anything running over fiber), NTT will as
likely as not call you a few days before the line is projected to go in and
tell you they've postponed it by another month.  At the first Internet
provider I worked for, we got the "we've postponed installation again"
treatment for several months from NTT before we finally got all of the
INS1500 lines we had requested before we even moved into the building.  The
victims of the delays, of course, were the end users who were getting busy
signals every night due to our phone line capacity shortage.
  - NTT will look at you with a straight face and tell you that it will take
9 months or more to get basic INS64 (copper-based ISDN) into many
semi-remote areas.  Since they're the only ones who can provide it, there's
nothing you can do about it.  There's nobody else you can take your business
to.  Sure, Japan has ISDN...  if you live in Tokyo, Osaka, maybe Yokohama.
If you live in Kurashiki, Omiya, or anyplace else that NTT hasn't bothered
to install sufficient INS64-capable switching equipment, be prepared to
wait.  A long time.
  - NTT will do what it can to prevent its competitors from reaching you.  I
suppose this is more of a regulatory problem than an NTT problem, since it's
in the nature of all money-loving businesses to try to squash their
competition.  Back in 1995, when we were looking at pulling our first fiber
into our building, one company we talked to was TTnet, a struggling
competitor to NTT in the Tokyo local loop market.  TTnet did some checking
and determined that in order to run their fiber into our building, they would
need to string it across the phone pole that sat right outside our window, a
few meters from the building.  It turns out that in Japan, that phone pole
was not considered a public right-of-way point; it was NTT property, and NTT
denied TTnet's request to run fiber over the pole.  Sorry, came the reply
back to us from TTnet, but we will be unable to provide you with service...
NTT won't let us connect to you.

Ah, you say, but the recent restructuring of NTT should solve all of these
problems.  At last, Japan will have real competition in the marketplace.
Actually the much-ballyhooed "breakup" plans which hit the press in December
are, if anything, going to strengthen NTT's power while not doing anything
for the consumer.  The typical press blurb from December '96 on this topic
ran something like this:  "NTT will be divided into two domestic companies,
with a third company providing international service.  All three companies
will be held by a single holding company.  The restructuring plan is subject
to government approval."  Here, for the benefit of the reader who doesn't
speak NTT-ese, is what this press announcement actually means:

- "NTT will be divided into two domestic companies"
  Translation: we will redraw a few of the lines on our management chart to
  present the impression to the outsider that there are two distinct
  operating companies.
- "with a third company providing international service."
  Translation:  we also get to enter an area of business that we were
  forbidden to compete in before.  Now we can exploit our domestic monopoly
  to provide international end-to-end solutions that undercut the pricing
  structures of other international carriers.  All we have to do is keep our
  interconnect prices to competitors high, just like we've already done
  successfully to domestic competitors like DDI and TWJ.
- "All three companies will be held by a single holding company."
  Translation:  this isn't really a breakup.  There will be centralized
  management giving all of the orders and making sure that all three
  companies work together.
- "The restructuring plan is subject to government approval."
  Translation:  the government will pass laws WEAKENING Japan's anti-trust
  legislation to allow us to create the holding company.

In the words of GLOCOM researcher and long-time NTT watcher Stephen
Anderson, "The debate is over and NTT has won."  I'm afraid I have similar
sympathies.  The next time somebody tells you that NTT has been "broken up",
you have my permission to laugh.

  ** International restrictions **

For international leased lines connecting to Japan, only type 1 carriers can
have facilities-based services.  There are only three type 1 carriers (KDD,
IDC, ITJ), and their international half-circuit prices are regulated by the
government.  Today, the Japanese side of a U.S.-to-Japan international
leased circuit will cost you about twice as much as the U.S. side of the
circuit.  Of course, most Internet providers aren't even in a situation
where they have to worry about half-circuit prices, since with the standard
"type 2" telecommunications license held by the vast majority of ISPs in
Japan, purchasing your own international leased circuit, or IPL
(international private line), is illegal.  In order to buy an IPL from one
of the type 1 carriers, you have to have a "special type 2" license.  In
order to receive a special type 2 license, you have to have money (a few
hundred million yen would be a good start) and know which bureaucratic
strings to pull with MPT.  Since most ISPs don't have anything close to
hundreds of millions of yen in working capital, typically the best they can
hope to do is buy from a special type 2 upstream such as IIJ or Tokyo
Internet.  Such a heavily controlled environment contrasts starkly with the
situation in most other nations.  In Hong Kong for example, any ISP is
allowed to lease its own international circuit to anywhere, including to the
U.S. Internet backbone.  Some have done so, and some haven't, giving the
Hong Kong consumer a wider range of options when choosing an ISP.

  ** Wanted: more exchange points **

One way to reduce the amount of IP traffic that you, as an ISP, send
internationally is to connect to an Internet exchange, or IX.  At an IX,
multiple providers connect to a common high-speed LAN and route packets to
each other, reducing the traffic on more expensive international or
long-haul leased lines.  Japan presently only has two IXes, both located in
Tokyo, with a third in the planning stages in Osaka.  All of them are run
under the guidance of WIDE, Japan's academic Internet system.  NSPIXP1 is
the original IX and allows connection rates of up to T1.  NSPIXP2 is
modelled after the higher-capacity IXes in the U.S. and allows connection
speeds of 45Mbps.  Not surprisingly, NSPIXP2 is also colocated inside of the
KDD building, allowing providers who already have equipment located there to
connect to NSPIXP2 without paying NTT for a 45Mbps local loop.

For at least a time, IXes in Japan were at best in a legal grey area, since
Japan places heavy restrictions on interconnecting networks.  (Never mind
that interconnecting networks is what the Internet is all about...)
Participation in NSPIXP1 was carefully phrased as "a collaborative research
project" sponsored by WIDE, and the recurring connection charges paid to
WIDE by the providers at the IX were "joint research fees".  Such phrasing
apparently allowed the IX to pass beneath government radar.  Given the
fairly obvious non-research nature of NSPIXP2, it would seem that IXes are
something the government is willing to accept, but it is telling that there
are still only 2 operational IXes in Japan today, both operating under the
umbrella of WIDE.  Boardwatch magazine counts 13 IXes operating today in the
U.S., and they've missed some of the newer regional IXes such as the Atlanta
Internet Exchange.  Perhaps Japan, with its "Tokyo is the center of the
universe" mentality, will never need more than one IX in Tokyo and one in
Osaka, but it would be nice to see a few more.

  ** OCN terrors **

I could scarcely claim to be writing an essay about the Internet in Japan
circa 1997 without a mention of NTT's "Open Computing Network" (OCN) plan
for getting into the Internet business.  Some have gone on record as saying
that OCN will have more of an impact on Japan's Internet in 1997 than any
other driving force.  I tend to disagree.  Rather, I'd say it's likely that
the FEAR of OCN will have more of an impact than any other driving force.
In the past 6 months, almost certainly due to fears that OCN will slash and
burn leased line Internet prices, we've seen two of the formerly
high-and-mighty backbone leased line providers do an about-face and suddenly
announce that they're now serious about competing in the dial-up PPP
business.  AT&T Jens is rolling out the AT&T WorldNet dial-up service in
Japan, and in the best "how low will the mighty stoop" case study I've seen
in a long time, old-timer IIJ has been taking out full-size billboard and
magazine ads for its new "IIJ-4-U" dialup service featuring two nude women
(don't worry, Senator Exon, they've cropped the photo before we get too far
down below the neck) and one computer.  This from IIJ, "the backbone
provider with an attitude and a mile-long investor list", as I like to call
them.  So what's the deal, IIJ?  Do I get the nude women when I sign up for
your dial-up Internet service? Or have all your marketing people just been
reading too many issues of Young Jump?

To me the whole OCN fiasco looks like just another face on the same old
telco monopoly game: charge your competitors more to access your network and
compete with you than the price that you're charging directly to the
consumer.  Although OCN involves both NTT's entry into the dial-up and
leased line markets, the dial-up pricing is harmless; 15 hours per month for
a few thousand yen per month, with 9 yen per minute after you go over your
hourly limit during the month.  This pricing is similar to that of hundreds
of other Japanese ISPs.  It's the dedicated Internet connection pricing that
has the community up in arms: Y37,000/month for a 128Kbps Internet
connection, INCLUDING the leased line; Y350,000/month for a T1, and
Y980,000/month for speed freaks who want that right-side-of-the-tariff-chart
6 Mbps connection.  Now, if you check NTT's standard (non-OCN) leased line
prices, you'll find that a vanilla 128Kbps end-to-end connection of under 15
km will cost you Y74,000/month plus DSU rental charges.  This Y74,000 is the
same price that your friendly neighborhood ISP has to pay to NTT if you
purchase a 128Kbps link TO the ISP...  and that doesn't include the Internet
port charge that the ISP has to tack on to cover its own Internet bandwidth
costs, staffing costs, equipment, and profit margin.  What we're seeing in
OCN's pricing, then, is confirmation of something I've believed for a long
time: NTT's leased line pricing is too high.  It simply makes no rational
sense to charge Y74,000 per month for a point-to-point 128Kbps leased line,
while charging half of that price for the leased line PLUS the value-added
service of Internet connectivity, a service which ostensibly requires heavy
international bandwidth, a robust domestic network, a Cisco router port at
the NTT central site, heavy investment in Cisco 7000-series equipment to act
as default-free backbone routers, and a team of trained (and extremely rare)
Japanese Internet router gurus to manage the whole thing.

A dedicated OCN connection, by the way, grants you a maximum of only 5 IP
addresses, which is enough to connect 4 computers and one router.  You can
supposedly have 10 IP addresses if you beg.  This is enough for the small
(very small) office to connect, but if you have more than 9 computers that
you want to put onto the Internet, you're out of luck with OCN.  I've also
heard this nasty rumor that OCN will be run entirely over zero CIR frame
relay...  and believe me, as someone with extensive experience running
Internet packets over zero CIR frame relay (I have since learned the error
of my ways), if this is what OCN is doing, you may want to look elsewhere.
Zero CIR means that the entire network has no guaranteed bandwidth.

On the other hand, every time I hear some more juicy details about OCN, the
details have changed, or the rollout has been postponed, or it's all
tentative, so by the time you read this they may have changed the playing
field again.  Regardless of what happens, it's put the fear of God into many
of the providers which have a heavy base of leased line customers (IIJ and
Tokyo Internet come to mind).  The situation reminds me of not so long ago
when Tokyo Internet hit the scene in April 1995 with Internet dedicated
circuit pricing that undercut IIJ's pricing by a factor of two.  Back in
those days, if memory serves, IIJ was asking Y400,000/month for a 64Kbps
port on its routers, and Tokyo Internet came out with a 64Kbps port price of
Y198,000.  As the months crept by, every other provider had to reduce prices
to stay in line with Tokyo Internet's pricing...  even mighty IIJ had to
announce some reductions.  Eventually, Tokyo Internet dropped the pricing
again, to an unheard-of Y98,000/month for a 64Kbps port.  Today, a 64Kbps
Internet port in Japan will set you back between Y60,000 and Y200,000 per
month, depending on who your upstream provider is.  It's true testimony to
the old mantra that competition works.  As someone who used to sit on the
board of directors of an Internet provider, I must admit that I saw a bit of
red every time I heard that Tokyo Internet was adjusting its prices downward
again.  I'd wander around muttering vague threats about what I'd do to Toru
Takahashi, head of Tokyo Internet, if I were ever to meet him in person.
However, quite honestly, Toru Takahashi and his price wars have probably
done more for the accessibility of Internet service in Japan than any
individual since Jun Murai.

  ** New toys **

The Net & Com show, while not as large as Networld/Interop Tokyo, the
traditional "event of the year" to attend for those in the Japanese Internet
industry, still packed an impressive lineup of big-name companies and
consumed a fair amount of floor space in Makuhari.  Sun, HP, NEC, Microsoft,
Lotus, and Novell all took out large chunks of floorspace, as did a variety
of NTT spawn including NTT Data, NTT International, and NTT PC.

When I'm at shows, I'm a network hardware person, not a software person.  If
what you have on display doesn't have a back panel that I can plug cables
into, I'm likely to quickly move on to the next booth, and after I've seen
the fifth or sixth vendor with an enterprise-ready client-server software
product available today for Windows NT or the Unix server of your choice, my
eyes start to glaze over and I start looking desperately for something that
I can hook up to an ISDN line.  Thankfully, even though the newly-named Net
& Com show isn't truly an Internet show, or even a networking equipment
show, there were enough toys on display to keep me happy.  One of my
favorites, it being the first time I had seen it, was the US Robotics Edge
Server card (more appropriate would be "server on a card") for the USR Total
Control network chassis.  Sure, we all know you can fit 4 modems on a card
that slides into your rack-mountable box...  but this double-width card is a
full Windows NT server-on-two-cards, including a floppy drive, 800 MB hard
drive, VGA port, keyboard port, serial port, 64 Mb of RAM, and a 100 Mhz DX4
Intel CPU all in one slide-it-in-and-it-works package.  The idea behind this
is "why put your web server in a big external box on your ethernet when you
can put it INSIDE your access server?" Now, if only if it were running some
OS other than Windows NT...  I didn't ask the booth staff if I could throw
out NT and install BSDI Unix instead.

  ** Standards wars **

And while I'm on the subject of modem vendors, I noticed that the
56Kbps-over-analog wars are starting to heat up in Japan just as they are in
the U.S., with USR pushing its X2 technology, and some literature from
Rockwell conspicuously nearby at a different vendor's booth pushing
Rockwell's "K56Plus" technology.  Both do the same thing for you, of course:
56Kbps downstream to your modem so that your web pages come in faster, same
old 33.6Kbps upstream to your Internet provider, with two catches: first,
your provider has to be using central-site equipment which taps directly
into something digital, meaning that in Japan your provider will need to be
connected to NTT via ISDN, usually PRI (NTT calls this "INS1500").  Second,
both you and your provider have to use compatible equipment for you to be
able to get 56Kbps service.  USR X2 won't work with Rockwell K56Plus, and
vice-versa.  Frankly, in Japan this is a battle that I expect Rockwell to
win, at least in the ISP market, because the overwhelming majority of ISP
central-site equipment that uses INS1500 today is Ascend Maxes, and Ascend
uses Rockwell chips.  To use USR modems at 56Kbps, your Internet provider
has to be using USR Total Control equipment, and by USR's own count there
are only a handful of providers in Japan which have deployed the USR TC.
Advice to USR: if you want to sell the Japanese public on 56Kbps modems for
personal Internet use, you're going to have to crack the ISP market.  To do
that, you're going to have to offer an aggressive ISP discount plan to give
providers a reason to defect from Ascend, which has a 2-year head start on
you.

  ** Toys and trends **

The show also gave some hints of future directions for Japan's Internet.
First, the general trend seems to be that Internet-related products in the
west are making it to Japan faster than they used to.  I was a surprised to
see that Internet-to-TV technology, which was making its mark in the U.S.
this past Christmas in the form of the "WebTV" product, was on display at
Net & Com and is apparently available to buy today.  JCC demonstrated the
"super iBOX" Internet TV appliance (basically a stripped-down PC with an
NTSC video connector), with list pricing that starts at Y54,000.  Of course,
they were cheating by running the video connection out the S-VHS jack into
high-end Sony wide-screen televisions, giving a much higher video quality
than the average user would see on an average TV set, but the fact remains
that the technology is here and ready to go.

Security products, mostly firewall hardware and software, were on display at
a large number of booths, and I saw displays advertising encryption cards at
several locations.  If this is any anticipation of demand, we may see a lot
of sites throw up firewalls in the next 12 months.  Whether they'll actually
be configured to offer any reasonable security is another issue, but at
least the purchasers will FEEL safe.

Also present were the usual large number of low-end "SOHO" ISDN and
leased-line routers.  What's interesting at this particular point in time is
that we're seeing so many vendors with these basic 64Kbps and 128Kbps
routers that they're starting to seriously think about price as a
competition point.  For at least a year, Yamaha has dominated Japan's
64Kbps/128Kbps router market, because they were the first vendor to get out
a product which had all of these features:
     1. It worked as advertised.
     2. It had documentation in Japanese.
     3. It handled leased line connections as well as ISDN connections.
     4. The price was right; Y200,000 list initially, now down to about
        Y139,000 list, which means you can buy it for about Y100,000.

Ascend, which had an early lead in getting these routers to market in Japan,
fell behind in my opinion primarily because they delayed providing
Japanese-language manuals.  Tzone in Akihabara, for example, sells Yamaha
routers, not Ascend routers.  New on the scene, however, is the Cisco 760
low-end router, and Cisco is rather surprisingly adopting an aggressive
pricing strategy.  I've seen this product, which doesn't handle leased line
connections yet as far as I can tell, priced LOWER than Yamaha's rather low
pricing.  Is the Cisco brand name enough to overcome Yamaha's momentum?
Time will tell.

The big surprise of the Net & Com show was the large number of voice-over-IP
products on display, suggesting that at least the technology, if not the
regulatory environment or the business will, to shift voice phone calls onto
Internet connections is becoming available in Japan.  Granted, the fact that
Net & Com specifically wooed Computer Telephony equipment vendors for a
special section of floor space managed to draw some of these products out of
the woodwork, but stil wars are starting to heat up in Japan just as they are in
the U.S., with USR pushing its X2 technology, and some literature from
Rockwell conspicuously nearby at a different vendor's booth pushing
Rockwell's "K56Plus" technology.  Both do the same thing for you, of course:
56Kbps downstream to your modem so that your web pages come in faster, same
old 33.6Kbps upstream to your Internet provider, with two catches: first,
your provider has to be using central-site equipment which taps directly
into something digital, meaning that in Japan your provider will need to be
connected to NTT via ISDN, usually PRI (NTT calls this "INS1500").  Second,
both you and your provider have to use compatible equipment for you to be
able to get 56Kbps service.  USR X2 won't work with Rockwell K56Plus, and
vice-versa.  Frankly, in Japan this is a battle that I expect Rockwell to
win, at least in the ISP market, because the overwhelming majority of ISP
central-site equipment that uses INS1500 today is Ascend Maxes, and Ascend
uses Rockwell chips.  To use USR modems at 56Kbps, your Internet provider
has to be using USR Total Control equipment, and by USR's own count there
are only a handful of providers in Japan which have deployed the USR TC.
Advice to USR: if you want to sell the Japanese public on 56Kbps modems for
personal Internet use, you're going to have to crack the ISP market.  To do
that, you're going to have to offer an aggressive ISP discount plan to give
providers a reason to defect from Ascend, which has a 2-year head start on
you.

  ** Toys and trends **

The show also gave some hints of future directions for Japan's Internet.
First, the general trend seems to be that Internet-related products in the
west are making it to Japan faster than they used to.  I was a surprised to
see that Internet-to-TV technology, which was making its mark in the U.S.
this past Christmas in the form of the "WebTV" product, was on display at
Net & Com and is apparently available to buy today.  JCC demonstrated the
"super iBOX" Internet TV appliance (basically a stripped-down PC with an
NTSC video connector), with list pricing that starts at Y54,000.  Of course,
they were cheating by running the video connection out the S-VHS jack into
high-end Sony wide-screen televisions, giving a much higher video quality
than the average user would see on an average TV set, but the fact remains
that the technology is here and ready to go.

Security products, mostly firewall hardware and software, were on display at
a large number of booths, and I saw displays advertising encryption cards at
several locations.  If this is any anticipation of demand, we may see a lot
of sites throw up firewalls in the next 12 months.  Whether they'll actually
be configured to offer any reasonable security is another issue, but at
least the purchasers will FEEL safe.

Also present were the usual large number of low-end "SOHO" ISDN and
leased-line routers.  What's interesting at this particular point in time is
that we're seeing so many vendors with these basic 64Kbps and 128Kbps
routers that they're starting to seriously think about price as a
competition point.  For at least a year, Yamaha has dominated Japan's
64Kbps/128Kbps router market, because they were the first vendor to get out
a product which had all of these features:
     1. It worked as advertised.
     2. It had documentation in Japanese.
     3. It handled leased line connections as well as ISDN connections.
     4. The price was right; Y200,000 list initially, now down to about
        Y139,000 list, which means you can buy it for about Y100,000.

Ascend, which had an early lead in getting these routers to market in Japan,
fell behind in my opinion primarily because they delayed providing
Japanese-language manuals.  Tzone in Akihabara, for example, sells Yamaha
routers, not Ascend routers.  New on the scene, however, is the Cisco 760
low-end router, and Cisco is rather surprisingly adopting an aggressive
pricing strategy.  I've seen this product, which doesn't handle leased line
connections yet as far as I can tell, priced LOWER than Yamaha's rather low
pricing.  Is the Cisco brand name enough to overcome Yamaha's momentum?
Time will tell.

The big surprise of the Net & Com show was the large number of voice-over-IP
products on display, suggesting that at least the technology, if not the
regulatory environment or the business will, to shift voice phone calls onto
Internet connections is becoming available in Japan.  Granted, the fact that
Net & Com specifically wooed Computer Telephony equipment vendors for a
special section of floor space managed to draw some of these products out of
the woodwork, but still...  voice over IP? Only 12 months ago that idea was
considered a fringe hobbyist experiment even in the states, and now we're
seeing IP-capable PBXes on display at a business technology show in Japan?
The mind boggles.  Just to reinforce my state of mind, hiding within one of
the demo booth sections I found a one-page flier from Rimnet which says that
they're using technology from a company called Vienna Systems to provide true
PSTN-to-PSTN connectivity running over the Internet.  I was informed two
days later that Rimnet has started offering voice telephone service between
Tokyo and Osaka, presumably running the voice traffic as IP packets over its
own leased circuits, for rates which undercut those of NTT... and then
informed two days after THAT that MPT has just declared Rimnet's
PSTN-to-PSTN voice IP service illegal.  Politics as usual, it would seem...
if it's good for the consumer but NTT doesn't like it, it's not going to
happen.  It's interesting to compare MPT's "no Internet telephony" attitude
to the situation in Australia, where there is an active Internet telephony
service run by OZemail providing real competition to the established
telcos.  I know it's providing real competition because I heard a Telstra
manager complaining about it at APRICOT in Hong Kong two weeks ago.  What
Japan needs is its own equivalent of the VON (voice-over-network) coalition
(www.von.com) to push in favor of MPT rulings allowing full interconnection
between Internet networks and the public voice network.  It might teach NTT a
thing or two about its own long distance charges.


  ** My advice **

Nobody ever takes my advice, but I'll give it anyway, if only so that I can
say "I told you so" a few years from now.

To small Japanese ISPs: Some observers believe that you're doomed; that OCN,
declining margins for dial-up, and the advent of advertising-sponsored free
Internet services will put you all out of business.  I'm not convinced, nor
is Jack Rickard of Boardwatch Magazine, who wrote in September that
"customer service and scalability are the only issues that matter in
providing Internet access.  The big telcos and cable companies are not going
to 'take over' internet access and drive the little guys out any time soon."
Providing the hand-holding necessary to get the newbies up and running with
their first Internet connection is tough, time-consuming, and not something
that the big boys necessarily want to deal with... after all, there are an
awful lot of newbies out there, and sometimes they can be a real pain to
teach.  If you can maintain a strong reputation for personal service in your
local area, and keep your overhead costs down, I think there's a future for
you.  However, no matter who you are, your customers WILL start asking for
56Kbps and 64Kbps dial-up services.  This means that if you haven't already
done so, you need to study up on ISDN-capable central-site equipment and
start thinking about ordering an INS1500 line from NTT.  If you don't
operate in a major metropolitain area, order that first INS1500 line NOW...
you'll force NTT to haul the fiber to your building, and by the time they
get it there you'll probably be wanting that line.

To Yamaha: your basic 64/128Kbps ISDN and leased line RT100i router is nice,
and your four-line central-site version is nice too, but now the big boys in
the router business are entering this game and you'll need to keep up.  Work
on a larger central-site product with more ports.  You might even want to
consider building a high-speed unit that works at speeds from 192Kbps to T1.

To Cisco:  does your entry-level 760-series ISDN router work over leased
lines?  If not, change it so it does... you'll then become a full competitor
to the Yamaha RT100i series.

To (terminal server maker) Livingston: congratulations on finally
discovering the Japanese market...  various evidence I've seen recently
suggests you're getting serious about Japan.  However, Ascend has at least a
2-year head start on you with their PRI product, and nobody seems to care
how much they've mutated RADIUS with their own proprietary modifications.  I
don't know if you've got a price advantage for your Portmaster 3 series
equipment, but if you don't, you're going to have to find a good set of
reasons to convince potential customers why they shouldn't buy Ascend.  In
addition, one of the best-kept secrets in Japan is that it's possible for
ISPs to inexpensively provide 64Kbps and 128Kbps dial-up service to
customers using the Portmaster 2 series with an ISDN card.  Because it can
take so long to get INS1500 into a site in Japan, the PM2 with INS64 lines
is an excellent, reasonably-priced alternative for a small ISP trying to
provide some 64Kbps and 128Kbps dial-up service.  Write up a small
Japanese-language white paper on this topic and get it out to your sales
force.  Include cost comparisons.  For a small to medium port count, the PM2
solution will win hands-down over something like the Ascend Max 4000.

To Ascend: What can I say? It's difficult to argue with success.  Still,
your boxes need at least two things: more CPU and fewer bugs.  I have yet to
talk to an ISP that uses the full number of PRI ports on an Ascend Max
box...  apparently there just isn't enough CPU firepower in the box to
handle that many calls.  Back in the bad old days of 1995, I had first-hand
experience with an Ascend Pipeline 400 router that was crashing every 3 to 5
minutes...  all because I was foolish enough to think that because the box
had 4 ISDN ports, I could actually USE all 4 ISDN ports.  Is your tech
support department's stock response to "I have this problem, it looks like a
bug" still "Upgrade to patch level 5.3b6l2c57, which is today's patch
release"?  If Ascend hasn't got past the "a new software patch every day!"
stage of software quality control, you should get there fast or risk an
angry customer base.

To the Japanese government: your gorilla telco, NTT, is trying to become an
even larger gorilla.  This is getting out of control, assuming that you ever
had any control over the situation in the first place.  Until you stop
accepting fictitious telco breakups, take major steps to deregulate your
telecommunications industry, and impose more stringent restrictions on NTT
to force down its pricing in its monopoly areas and prevent it from engaging
in cross-subsidization, your citizens will continue to pay far more than
they have to for telco services and your businesses will not be competitive
on an information technology level with businesses in countries with saner
telecommunications costs.  If you want to know what to do, talk to people in
the trenches who have to buy services from NTT, talk to GLOCOM, talk to the
consumer, talk to anybody except MPT bureaucrats and NTT managers and board
members.  You should promote separate facilities-based competition, not the
sort of pseudo-competition we have today where everybody else has to purchase
rack space in NTT's buildings and buy access to their local loop.  You
should pass right-of-passage legislation declaring that all conduits, pipes
and poles which carry telecommunications lines are a public good which
cannot be owned by NTT; no more of this nonsense about TTnet not being able
to pull in fiber because NTT owns the poles.  Allow voice over IP; if Rimnet
can compete with NTT for voice traffic using NTT's own leased lines as the
primary conduit of the packets, there's no reason they shouldn't be allowed
to do so.  Reduce your restrictions on wireless networking to allow
license-free wireless equipment, and in particular spread-spectrum
equipment, with a range of more than a few hundred meters.  20 kilometers
would be nice for starters.  And above all else, stop NTT from using its
lock on the local loop as a way to prevent competition.

To the Japanese telecommunications-using citizen: are there any public
interest groups that lobby on behalf of Joe Citizen regarding Internet and
telecommunications issues in Japan? If there aren't, could you make some? Or
is this so foreign a concept that it isn't even possible to imagine it? In
the U.S. we have the VON coalition promoting voice-over-IP when the telcos
tried to squash it.  We have the Internet Access Coalition producing studies
countering the telco claim that Internet users are clogging up the public
phone network.  We have a broad coalition of plaintiffs working together in
the anti-CDA (communications decency act) court challenge.  We have, at least
occasionally, the open comments solicitation process from the FCC as a
method of the public making sure that the FCC doesn't do something totally
stupid.  We have, I would like to hope, a process and a culture which help
to ensure that the phone companies don't always get what they want...
because what your phone company wants isn't always what YOU should want.  If
citizens don't control this process in Japan, somebody else (the phone
company, MPT bureaucrats, politicians, pick your favorite) will.

To the English-speaking Internet consumer in Japan: there are still people
out there propogating one of two myths.  These are, first, that Niftyserve
is the best/only method of obtaining Internet access in Japan, and second,
that TWICS is the only method.  Whenever you find one of these people,
please hit them over the head with blunt objects and tell them to buy either
a copy of Internet Magazine (if they read Japanese) or a copy of Computing
Japan (if they don't) and to start reading the ads.  There are over 1000
Internet providers in Japan today; anybody who still thinks that Niftyserve
is a necessity needs an education.  And sure, TWICS is still an option, and
has been for years, but it isn't the ONLY option.

To NTT: Lay down more fiber.  Lay down more copper.  Clean up the quality of
your copper and your switching equipment in areas where transmission quality
is poor.  Divert some of your huge piles of money into doing realistic
demand projections and investing in switching infrastructure so that you
have equipment ready IN ADVANCE of demand.  ISP customers should not have to
wait 3, 6, or 9 months for your internal procurement wheels to grind to
order a new PRI board for your central-site equipment just so the ISP can
get another INS1500 line.  There shouldn't be an extra 3 month delay in
smaller cities to obtain INS64 lines because your copper isn't clean.


  ** No fate but what we make **

In June 1994, in an essay which appeared in Computer-Mediated
Communication magazine, I wrote these words after attending the 1994 Tokyo
Business show:
    "I was keeping my eyes out for the magic word 'Internet' in katakana,
     but I saw it almost not at all."

Today, nearly 3 years after I wrote those words, it's impossible to NOT see
the word "Internet" at any technology show in Japan.  We've gone from 2
providers of dial-up service in the entire country, one selling only UUCP at
Y30/minute (IIJ) and one only providing VMS shell accounts (TWICS, which
started offering PPP in 1995), to over 1000 ISPs in hundreds of locations.
We now have nationwide call-routing services available from the various NTT
competitors which allow end users anywhere in the country to connect to a
variety of Internet providers for rates as low as Y9/minute... still a heavy
surcharge, but better than the bad old days when some users were going so
far as to use international callback systems to reach their Tokyo-based
Internet providers, since the $1.00/minute or so that they paid to route the
call to the U.S. and back was still lower than NTT's domestic long-distance
charges to call Tokyo.  We've seen the total Internet bandwidth into Japan
increase from about 1 Mbps total in late 1994 to multiple T3 (45 mbps)
circuits today.  We've seen leased line and dial-up prices slashed and
burned in price wars which have lowered the price (and, frankly, almost
certainly lowered the average quality) of Internet service to the end user.
And for the most part, with one or two notable exceptions, the government
has steered clear of the censorhappy attempts to control content which the
governments of the U.S., Singapore, Germany, and other nations have
disgracefully indulged themselves in.  Internet life in Japan is certainly
better than it was in late 1994, and I'm happy to have played my part in
helping it to grow.

Yet despite the improvements, I'm haunted by feelings that life could be
better, and I find myself always asking "what if..." questions.  What if
leased line circuits in Japan had a price per unit bandwidth per unit
distance comparable to those in the U.S?  What if opening an Internet
exchange were as simple as providing the housing, the electrical power, and
an air conditioner?  Would we see a new collection of IXes pop up in
unexpected locations... Sapporo IX, Kyuushu IX?  What if unlicensed
spread-spectrum wireless devices were allowed to transmit at 1 watt of power
instead of the 10 mw I keep seeing in the spec sheets?  What if there were
consumer-friendly and competition-friendly interconnection regulations,
rigorously enforced?  What if the government were more interested in
promoting competition and new methods of communication than in protecting
NTT's interests?  What if anybody could order an international line, or set
up a satellite transmission system, without needing at least a few million
dollars in working capital and various permissions from the government?  What
if NTT were REALLY broken up... into 8 or more separate local loop
companies ("baby NTT's"?) and several long-distance-only companies, with a
consumer-friendly watchdog organization appointed to prevent collusive
practices between the new corporations?  What if it didn't cost US$700 to
install a phone line?  What if voice-over-IP were legal?  What if I had legal
recourse to force faster action when NTT tells me it's going to take 9
months to put in an ISDN line?  What if telecommunications regulations were
made on a regional or city-by-city basis instead of by one Tokyo-cental
organization?  Might we see some cities gaining reputations as "telco
havens" for business due to their efforts to promote competition and push
down costs?

There are some things, it's said, that man was never meant to know.  And,
wonder as I might, I don't see much chance of any of my questions being
answered any time this century.  I hope, for once, that I'm dead wrong.

------

Author's bio:

After earning his M.S.E.E. from Cornell University (Ithaca, New York), Bruce
Hahne came to Japan in the fall of 1993.  After one year of grinding out C++
code for Mitsubishi Electric and continued frustration with the poor quality
and low availability of Internet service in Japan, he escaped the clutches
of corporate Japan in 1994 to help create the Internet service provider
Global OnLine Japan K.K., where he served as V.P. Technology until 1996.  He
is presently finishing a brief stint as head engineer for Business Network
Telecom K.K.  Where he goes after that is anyone's guess, though hopes are
high for maintaining some involvement in Asia-Pacific Internet and
communications development.  He has recently created a new company, ISP
Solutions Inc., whose goal is to provide cutting-edge hardware and software
technologies to ISPs worldwide.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
References and resources:

Publications:
- Computing Japan's web site is at www.cjmag.co.jp
- Internet Magazine's publisher, Impress, is at www.impress.co.jp
- Boardwatch magazine is at www.boardwatch.com
- The Computer-Mediated Communication archives are at
  www.december.com/cmc/mag/archive/index.html

Providers and telcos:
- Tokyo Internet is at www.tokyonet.ad.jp
- IIJ is at www.iij.ad.jp
- TWICS is at www.twics.com
- Rimnet is at www.rim.or.jp
- NTT is at www.ntt.co.jp
- News items about Direct Internet are at:
    www.pcronline.com/pcnews/1127/010.html
    www.dbsdish.com/news3/news1773.html
    www.tele-satellit.com/listserver/tags1/sat-nd/msg00205.html
- OZemail, provider of voice-over-IP services in Australia, is at
  www.ozemail.com.au
- KDD is at www.kdd.co.jp
- IDC is at www.idc.co.jp
- ITJ is at www.itj.co.jp
- DDI is at www.ddi.co.jp
- TWJ is at www.telewaynet.ad.jp
- JCC is at www.jcc.co.jp

Equipment and product suppliers and manufacturers:
- Livingston Enterprises is at www.livingston.com
- Ascend Communications is at www.ascend.com
- Cisco Systems is at www.cisco.com
- US Robotics is at www.usr.com and www.usr.co.jp
- Rockwell Semiconductor is at www.rockwell.com
- Yamaha is at www.yamaha.co.jp

Organizations:
- WIDE, Japan's academic Internet, is at www.wide.ad.jp
- GLOCOM's home page is at www.glocom.ac.jp
- Japan's MPT is at www.mpt.go.jp

Other:
- The APRICOT conference home page is at www.apricot.net
- The voice-over-net coalition is at www.von.com
- The Internet Access Coalition is at www.internetaccess.org
- The home site for the anti-CDA court challenge in the U.S. is at
  www.aclu.org/issues/cyber/hmcl.html
- Various fact-checking and background research for this essay was done
  using the Altavista search engine at www.altavista.com.
- The Newsbytes Pacifica archives at
  www.nb-pacifica.com/headlines/archives.html and the GLOCOM Netizen mailing
  list archives at www1.glocom.ac.jp/Netizen/archive-e/ provided reference
  material on the NTT "breakup" announcements of late 1996.
- Thanks to Stephen Anderson of GLOCOM for comments on a preliminary draft of
  this essay.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Disclaimers: With the exception of Business Network Telecom, I don't
work for any of the companies listed above.  All opinions are mine; any
resemblance to the opinions of others, or to anything vaguely resembling
sanity, is completely coincidental.  These opinions are free, so you get
what you pay for, and anybody running out and investing in somebody's
stock just because of something I wrote here is not allowed to come
yelling to me when a competitor comes out with a vastly superior product
next month.  Send factual corrections to my email box, flames to /dev/null.

Legal matters: This essay is copyright (c) 1997 by Bruce M. Hahne.
Republication or redistribution of this essay for non-commercial purposes,
including noncommercial archiving on web, ftp, and gopher sites, is
permitted and encouraged so long as this copyright notice and the contact
information below is maintained.  Although it's not required, it would be
nice if you'd drop me email to let me know where you republished it.
Republication or redistribution in any form for commercial purposes is not
permitted without my permission; please contact me first and we can discuss
your plans.

Contact information:
  Author's present address: [e-mail]
  Author's permanent address: [e-mail]

Affiliations: EFF (Electronic Frontier Foundation), CPSR (Computer
  Professionals for Social Responsibility), ACM (Association for Computing
  Machinery), ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------

Date: Thu, 15 Dec 1996 22:51:01 CST
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