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- Network Working Group J. Stewart
- Request for Comments: 2270 ISI
- Category: Informational T. Bates
- R. Chandra
- E. Chen
- Cisco
- January 1998
-
-
- Using a Dedicated AS for Sites Homed to a Single Provider
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
- not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
- memo is unlimited.
-
- Copyright Notice
-
- Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
-
- Abstract
-
- With the increased growth of the Internet, the number of customers
- using BGP4 has grown significantly. RFC1930 outlines a set of
- guidelines for when one needs and should use an AS. However, the
- customer and service provider (ISP) are left with a problem as a
- result of this in that while there is no need for an allocated AS
- under the guidelines, certain conditions make the use of BGP4 a very
- pragmatic and perhaps only way to connect a customer homed to a
- single ISP. This paper proposes a solution to this problem in line
- with recommendations set forth in RFC1930.
-
- 1. Problems
-
- With the increased growth of the Internet, the number of customers
- using BGP4 [1],[2] has grown significantly. RFC1930 [4] outlines a
- set of guidelines for when one needs and should use an AS. However,
- the customer and service provider (ISP) are left with a problem as a
- result of this in that while there is no need for an allocated AS
- under the guidelines, certain conditions make the use of BGP4 a very
- pragmatic and perhaps only way to connect a customer homed to a
- single ISP. These conditions are as follows:
-
- 1) Customers multi-homed to single provider
-
-
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- Stewart, et. al. Informational [Page 1]
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- RFC 2270 Dedicated AS January 1998
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- Consider the scenario outlined in Figure 1 below.
-
-
-
- +-------+ +-------+
- +----+ | | |
- +------+ | | ISP A +------+ ISP B |
- | Cust.+---+ | | | |
- | X +--------+ | | |
- +------+ ++-----++\ +-------+
- | | \
- | | \ +--------+
- ++-----++ +-| |
- | Cust. | | ISP C |
- | Y | | |
- +-------+ +--------+
-
- Figure 1: Customers multi-home to a single provider
-
- Here both customer X and customer Y are multi-homed to a single
- provider, ISP A. Because these multiple connections are "localized"
- between the ISP A and its customers, the rest of the routing system
- (ISP B and ISP C in this case) doesn't need to see routing
- information for a single multi-homed customer any differently than a
- singly-homed customer as it has the same routing policy as ISP A
- relative to ISP B and ISP C. In other words, with respect to the
- rest of the Internet routing system the organization is singly-homed,
- so the complexity of the multiple connections is not relevant in a
- global sense. Autonomous System Numbers (AS) are identifiers used in
- routing protocols and are needed by routing domains as part of the
- global routing system. However, as [4] correctly outlines,
- organizations with the same routing policy as their upstream provider
- do not need an AS.
-
- Despite this fact, a problem exists in that many ISPs can only
- support the load-sharing and reliability requirements of a multi-
- homed customer if that customer exchanges routing information using
- BGP-4 which does require an AS as part of the protocol.
-
- 2) Singly-homed customers requiring dynamic advertisement of NLRI's
-
- While this is not a common case as static routing is generally
- used for this purpose, if a large amount of NLRI's need to be
- advertised from the customer to the ISP it is often
- administratively easier for these prefixes to be advertised using
- a dynamic routing protocol. Today, the only exterior gateway
- protocol (EGP) that is able to do this is BGP. This leads to the
- same problem outlined in condition 1 above.
-
-
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- Stewart, et. al. Informational [Page 2]
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- RFC 2270 Dedicated AS January 1998
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-
- As can be seen there is clearly a problem with the recommendations
- set forth in [4] and the practice of using BGP4 in the scenarios
- above. Section 2 proposes a solution to this problem with following
- sections describing the implications and application of the proposed
- solution.
-
- It should also be noted that if a customer is multi-homed to more
- than one ISP then they are advised to obtain an official allocated AS
- from their allocation registry.
-
- 2. Solution
-
- The solution we are proposing is that all BGP customers homed to the
- same single ISP use a single, dedicated AS specified by the ISP.
-
- Logically, this solution results in an ISP having many peers with the
- same AS, although that AS exists in "islands" completely disconnected
- from one another.
-
- Several practical implications of this solution are discussed in the
- next section.
-
- 3. Implications
-
- 3.1 Full Routing Table Announcement
-
- The solution precludes the ability for a BGP customer using the
- dedicated AS to receive 100% full routes. Because of routing loop
- detection of AS path, a BGP speaker rejects routes with its own AS
- number in the AS path. Imagine Customer X and Customer Y maintain
- BGP peers with Provider A using AS number N. Then, Customer X will
- not be able to received routes of Customer Y. We do not believe that
- this would cause a problem for Customer X, though, because Customer X
- and Customer Y are both stub networks so default routing is adequate,
- and the absence of a very small portion of the full routing table is
- unlikely to have a noticeable impact on traffic patterns guided by
- MEDs received.
-
- A BGP customer using the dedicated AS must carry a default route
- (preferably receiving from its provider via BGP).
-
- 3.2 Change of External Connectivity
-
- The dedicated AS specified by a provider is purely for use in peering
- between its customers and the provider. When a customer using the
- dedicated AS changes its external connectivity, it may be necessary
- for the customer to reconfigure their network to use a different AS
- number (either a globally unique one if homed to multiple providers,
-
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- Stewart, et. al. Informational [Page 3]
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- RFC 2270 Dedicated AS January 1998
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- or a dedicated AS of a different provider).
-
- 3.3 Aggregation
-
- As BGP customers using this dedicated AS are only homed to one ISP,
- their routes allocated from its providers CIDR block do not need to
- be announced upstream by its provider as the providers will already
- be originating the larger block. [6].
-
- 3.4 Routing Registries
-
- The Internet Routing Registry (IRR) [5] is used by providers to
- generate route filtering lists. Such lists are derived primarily
- from the "origin" attribute of the route objects. The "origin" is
- the AS that originates the route. With multiple customers using the
- same AS, finer granularity will be necessary to generate the correct
- route filtering. For example, the "mntner" attribute or the
- "community" attribute of a route object can be used along with the
- "origin" attribute in generating the filtering lists.
-
- 4. Practice
-
- The AS number specified by a provider can either be an AS from the
- private AS space (64512 - 65535) [4], or be an AS previously
- allocated to the provider. With the former, the dedicated AS like
- all other private AS's should be stripped from its AS path while the
- route is being propagated to the rest of the Internet routing system.
-
- 5. Security Considerations
-
- The usage of AS numbers described in this document has no effective
- security impact. Acceptance and filtering of AS numbers from
- customers is an issue dealt with in other documents.
-
- 6. Acknowledgments
-
- The authors would like to thank Roy Alcala of MCI and Arpakorn
- Boonkongchuen for their input to this document. The members of the
- IDR Working Group also provided helpful comments.
-
- 7. References
-
- [1] Rekhter, Y., and T. Li, "A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)",
- RFC 1771, March 1995.
-
- [2] Rekhter, Y., and P. Gross, "Application of the Border Gateway
- Protocol in the Internet", RFC 1772, March 1995.
-
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- Stewart, et. al. Informational [Page 4]
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- RFC 2270 Dedicated AS January 1998
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- [3] Rekhter, Y., "Routing in a Multi-provider Internet", RFC 1787,
- April 1995.
-
- [4] Hawkinson, J., and T. Bates, "Guidelines for creation, selection,
- and registration of an Autonomous System (AS)", RFC 1930, March 1996.
-
- [5] Bates, T., Gerich, E., Joncheray, L., Jouanigot, J-M, Karrenberg,
- D., Terpstra, M., and J. Yu., "Representation of IP Routing Policies
- in a Routing Registry (ripe-81++)", RFC 1786, March 1995.
-
- [6] Chen, E., and J. Stewart., "A Framework for Inter-Domain Route
- Aggregation", Work in Progress.
-
- 8. Authors' Addresses
-
- John Stewart
- USC/ISI
- 4350 North Fairfax Drive
- Suite 620
- Arlington, VA 22203
-
- EMail: jstewart@isi.edu
-
-
- Tony Bates
- Cisco Systems, Inc.
- 170 West Tasman Drive
- San Jose, CA 95134
-
- EMail: tbates@cisco.com
-
-
- Ravi Chandra
- Cisco Systems, Inc.
- 170 West Tasman Drive
- San Jose, CA 95134
-
- EMail: rchandra@cisco.com
-
-
- Enke Chen
- Cisco Systems, Inc.
- 170 West Tasman Drive
- San Jose, CA 95134
-
- EMail: enkechen@cisco.com
-
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- Stewart, et. al. Informational [Page 5]
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- RFC 2270 Dedicated AS January 1998
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- 9. Full Copyright Statement
-
- Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
-
- This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
- others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
- or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
- and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
- kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
- included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
- document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
- the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
- Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
- developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
- copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
- followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
- English.
-
- The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
- revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
-
- This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
- "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
- TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
- BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
- HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
- MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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