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- Network Working Group K. Murakami
- Request for Comments: 2171 M. Maruyama
- Category: Informational NTT Laboratories
- June 1997
-
- MAPOS - Multiple Access Protocol over SONET/SDH Version 1
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
- does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
- this memo is unlimited.
-
- Authors' Note
-
- This memo documents a multiple access protocol for transmission of
- network-protocol datagrams, encapsulated in High-Level Data Link
- Control (HDLC) frames, over SONET/SDH. This document is NOT the
- product of an IETF working group nor is it a standards track
- document. It has not necessarily benefited from the widespread and
- in depth community review that standards track documents receive.
-
- Abstract
-
- This document describes the protocol MAPOS, Multiple Access Protocol
- over SONET/SDH, for transmitting network-protocol datagrams over
- SONET/SDH. It focuses on the core protocol -- other documents listed
- in the bibliography may be referenced in conjunction with this
- document to provide support and services for protocols at higher
- layers.
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- 1.1 SONET/SDH
-
- The Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
- (SONET/SDH) [1][2][3][4] family of ITU-T standard protocols are
- designed to provide common, simple, and flexible interface for
- broadband optical fiber transmission systems. It enables direct
- octet-synchronous multiplexing of lower rate tributaries.
- SONET/SDH-compliant transmission systems are widely deployed by
- telephone carriers world wide.
-
- This document defines the MAPOS protocol -- a method for transmitting
- HDLC frames over SONET/SDH. The protocol provides multiple access
- capability to SONET/SDH, an inherently point-to-point link. This
- enables construction of seamless networking environment using
- SONET/SDH as transmission media for both LAN and WAN.
-
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- Murakami & Maruyama Informational [Page 1]
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- RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
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-
- 1.2 Possible Configurations
-
- The MAPOS protocol provides multiple access, broadcast / multicast-
- capable switched LAN environment using SONET/SDH lines as
- transmission media. Possible configurations of MAPOS system are
- shown in the following diagrams. In (a), two end nodes are connected
- to each other. Figure (b) shows a star-topology "SONET-LAN" where
- multiple end nodes are connected to an HDLC frame switch. The frame
- switch forwards packets between nodes and provides multiple access
- capability. In (c), multiple frame switches are linked together,
- creating a switching cluster.
-
-
- +------+ +------+
- | Node +--------------------------------+ Node |
- +------+ +------+
-
- (a) Point-to-Point configuration
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- Murakami & Maruyama Informational [Page 2]
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- RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
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-
- +------+ +---------------+
- | Node +--------------------------------+ |
- +------+ | |
- | |
- +------+ | |
- | Node +--------------------------------+ |
- +------+ | |
- | Frame Switch |
- +------+ | |
- | Node +--------------------------------+ |
- +------+ | |
- | |
- +------+ | |
- | Node +--------------------------------+ |
- +------+ +---------------+
-
- (b) Point-to-Multipoint configuration
-
-
- +--------+ +--------+
- | Frame +----------------------+ Frame |
- | Switch +--------+ +--------+ Switch |
- +--+-----+ +-+----+-+ +--------+
- | | Frame | +--------+
- +--+-----+ | Switch | +--------+ | Frame |
- | Frame | +-----+--+ | Frame +------+ Switch |
- | Switch | +---------+ Switch | ++-------+
- +-------++ +--------+ |
- |________________________________________|
-
- (c) Switching cluster configuration
-
- Figure 1. Possible configurations
-
- Each port on a switch has an unique identifier within the switch. A
- node connected to a switch port must inherit the address of the port.
- That is, the node address is equal to the port identifier and is
- unique within the switch.
-
- In a switch cluster, a node address is subnetted. The high-order
- bits, the part where the corresponding bits in the "subnet mask" are
- 1, indicate the switch address. The remaining low-order bits
- indicate the unique node address within the switch. The two fields
- form an unique address for a given node.
-
- In either case, the address may be configured manually into a node
- interface, or automatically by the address assignment mechanism
- described in [5].
-
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- Murakami & Maruyama Informational [Page 3]
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- RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
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- Note that any two components may be connected either directly, or via
- a long-haul SONET/SDH leased line.
-
- 1.3 Packet Transmission
-
- The protocol is connection-less -- when a node wish to communicate
- with some other node, it simply fills-in the destination address of
- an HDLC frame, places it in one or more SONET/SDH payloads, and sends
- it over a SONET/SDH link.
-
- The switch forwards the frame to its destination based on the
- destination address. In a switch cluster, the frame may be forwarded
- by multiple switches and is eventually delivered to the specified
- node. Broadcast and multicast are also supported. Frames with an
- invalid destination address are silently discarded.
-
- Like ethernet, the multiple access capability is provided by a switch
- or a switch cluster. Since MAPOS is a link layer protocol, it is
- independent of the upper layer protocols. That is, it can support any
- network layer protocols such as IP. MAPOS IPv4 support is described
- in [6].
-
- 2. Physical Layer
-
- This protocol treats the underlying end-to-end SONET/SDH transmission
- link as if it was a plain, transparent channel. It sends HDLC frames
- in SONET/SDH payloads, and expects them to arrive at the other end
- unaltered.
-
- Each node and switch should terminate SONET/SDH overhead such as
- section overhead, line overhead, and path overhead according to the
- specification of SONET/SDH. Unfortunately, SONET and SDH overhead
- interpretations are not identical. In addition, some SONET/SDH
- implementations utilize some overhead bytes in proprietary manner.
-
- The detail of the interpretation is beyond the scope of this
- document. Appendix A describes some of the most significant
- differences among SONET, SDH, and their implementations that often
- causes interoperability problems. Implementors of SONET/SDH
- interfaces are strongly encouraged to be aware of such differences,
- and provide workaround options in their products.
-
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- Murakami & Maruyama Informational [Page 4]
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- RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
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- 3. Data Link Layer
-
- 3.1 HDLC Frame Format
-
- MAPOS uses the same HDLC-like framing as used in PPP-over-SONET,
- described in RFC-1662[7]. Figure 2 shows the frame format. Logical
- Link Control (LLC), and Sublayer/Sub-Network Access Protocol (SNAP)
- are not used. It does not include the bytes for transparency. The
- fields are transmitted from left to right.
-
- +----------+----------+----------+----------+
- | | | | |
- | Flag | Address | Control | Protocol |
- | 01111110 | 8bits | 00000011 | 16 bits |
- +----------+----------+----------+----------+
- +-------------+------------+----------+-----------
- | | | | Inter-frame
- | Information | FCS | Flag | fill or next
- | | 16/32 bits | 01111110 | address
- +-------------+------------+----------+------------
-
- Figure 2. Frame format
-
- Flag Sequence
-
- Flag sequence is used for frame synchronization. Each frame begins
- and ends with a flag sequence 01111110 (0x7E). If a frame
- immediately follows another, one flag sequence may be treated as
- the end of the preceding frame and the beginning of the immediately
- following frame. When the line is idle, the flag sequence is to be
- transmitted continuously on the line.
-
- Address
-
- The address field contains the destination HDLC address. A frame
- is forwarded by a switch based on this field. It is 8 bits wide.
- The LSB indicates the end of this field, and must always be 1. The
- MSB is used to indicate if the frame is a unicast or a multicast
- frame. The MSB of 0 means unicast, with the remaining six bits
- indicating the destination node address. MSB of 1 means multicast,
- with the remaining six bits indicating the group address. The
- address 11111111 (0xFF) means that the frame is a broadcast frame.
- The address 00000001 (0x01) is reserved to identify the control
- processor inside a switch. Frames with an invalid address should
- be silently discarded.
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- Murakami & Maruyama Informational [Page 5]
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- RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
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-
- +-------------+-+
- | | | | | | | | |
- | | node addr |1|
- +-+-----------+-+
- ^ ^
- | |
- | +------- EA bit (always 1)
- |
- 1 : broadcast, multicast
- 0 : unicast
-
- Figure 3 Address format
-
- Control
-
- The control field contains single octet 00000011 (0x03) which, in
- HDLC nomenclature, means that the frame is an Unnumbered
- Information (UI) with the Poll/Final (P/F) bit set to zero. Frames
- with any other control field values should be silently discarded.
-
- Protocol
-
- The protocol field indicates the protocol to which the datagram
- encapsulated in the information field belongs. It conforms to the
- ISO 3309 extension mechanism, and the value for this field may be
- obtained from the most recent "Assigned Numbers" [8] and "MAPOS
- Version 1 Assigned Numbers" [9].
-
- Information
-
- The information field contains the datagram for the protocol
- specified in the protocol field. The length of this field may
- vary, but shall not exceed 65,280 (64K - 256) octets.
-
- Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
-
- By default, the frame check sequence (FCS) field is 16-bits long.
- Optionally, 32 bit FCS may be used instead. The FCS is calculated
- over all bits of the address, control, protocol, and information
- fields prior to escape conversions. The least significant octet of
- the result is transmitted first as it contains the coefficient of
- the highest term.
-
- Inter-frame fill
-
- A sending station must continuously transmit the flag sequence as
- inter-frame fill after the FCS field. The inter-frame flag
- sequences must be silently discarded by the receiving station.
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- RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
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- When an under-run occurs during DMA in the sending station, it must
- abort the frame transfer and continuously send the flag sequence to
- indicate the error.
-
- 3.2 Octet-Synchronous Framing
-
- MAPOS uses an octet stuffing procedure because it treats SONET/SDH as
- a byte-oriented synchronous link. Since SONET/SDH provides
- transparency, Async-Control-Character-Map (ACCM) is not used. HDLC
- frames are mapped into the SONET/SDH payload as follows.
-
- Each HDLC frame is separated from another frame by one or more flag
- sequence, 01111110 (0x7E). An escape sequence is defined to escape
- the flag sequence and itself. Prior to sending the frame, but after
- the FCS computation, every occurrence of 01111110 (0x7E) other than
- the flags is to be converted to the sequence 01111101 01011110 (0x7D
- 0x5E), and the sequence 01111101 (0x7D) is to be converted to the
- sequence 01111101 01011101 (0x7D 0x5D). Upon receiving a frame, this
- conversion must be reversed prior to FCS computation.
-
- 4. Further Reading
-
- To fully utilize MAPOS protocol, it is useful to reference other
- documents[5][6][9][10] in conjunction with this document.
-
- 5. Security Considerations
-
- Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
-
- References
-
- [1] CCITT Recommendation G.707: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Bit
- Rates (1990).
-
- [2] CCITT Recommendation G.708: Network Node Interface for
- Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (1990).
-
- [3] CCITT Recommendation G.709: Synchronous Multiplexing Structure
- (1990).
-
- [4] American National Standard for Telecommunications - Digital
- Hierarchy - Optical Interface Rates and Formats Specification,
- ANSI T1.105-1991.
-
- [5] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "A MAPOS version 1 Extension -
- Node Switch Protocol," RFC2173, June, 1997.
-
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- RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
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- [6] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "IPv4 over MAPOS Version 1,"
- RFC2176, June, 1997.
-
- [7] Simpson, W., editor, "PPP in HDLC-like Framing," RFC1662, July
- 1994.
-
- [8] IANA, "IANA-Assignments,"
- http://www.iana.org/iana/assignments.html
-
- [9] Maruyama, M. and K. Murakami, "MAPOS Version 1 Assigned
- Numbers," RFC2172, June 1997.
-
- [10] Murakami, K. and M. Maruyama, "A MAPOS version 1 Extension -
- Switch Switch Protocol," RFC2174, June, 1997.
-
- Acknowledgements
-
- The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions and
- thoughtful suggestions of John P. Mullaney, Clark Bremer, Masayuki
- Kobayashi, Paul Francis, Toshiaki Yoshida, and Takahiro Sajima.
-
- Author's Address
-
- Ken Murakami
- NTT Software Laboratories
- 3-9-11, Midori-cho
- Musashino-shi
- Tokyo-180, Japan
- E-mail: murakami@ntt-20.ecl.net
-
- Mitsuru Maruyama
- NTT Software Laboratories
- 3-9-11, Midori-cho
- Musashino-shi
- Tokyo-180, Japan
- E-mail: mitsuru@ntt-20.ecl.net
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- Murakami & Maruyama Informational [Page 8]
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- RFC 2171 MAPOS June 1997
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- APPENDIX A. Differences among SONET, SDH, and their Implementations
-
- This section briefly describes the major differences among SONET
- which is an ANSI standard, SDH, an ITU-T standard, and their
- implementations.
-
- AU pointer (H1, H2, H3)
-
- The AU pointer consists of bytes H1, H2, and H3. The bits 5 and 6
- of the H1 byte are called "SS bits," and are used to indicate the
- offset into the payload where the beginning of a SPE is located.
- (Note that "SPE" is a SONET term -- SDH calls it "VC.") In the
- case of OC-3c, SONET sets the SS bits of the second and the third
- H1 bytes to 0, whereas SDH sets them to 10 for AU-4, and 01 for
- AU-31. Although the SS bits may be ignored at the receiving
- station, some transmission systems discards SONET/SDH frames with
- SS bits that it doesn't expect -- the sending station should be
- aware of this, and include a configuration option to handle it.
-
- Z1 and Z2
-
- The Z bytes are reserved in SONET/SDH. Some transmission systems,
- however, use them in a proprietary manner. SONET uses Z1 for Line
- Error Monitoring. NTT, a carrier in Japan, utilized Z1 for
- Automatic Protection Switching (APS.)
-
- DCC Bytes
-
- The D bytes are called the Data Communication channel (DCC), and
- are defined for maintenance and operations. However, some carriers
- and vendors use them in a proprietary manner. For example, NTT's
- STM-1 UNI uses the D4, D5, and D6 bytes to transfer section and
- path maintenance information.
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