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- Network Working Group G. Kessler
- Request for Comments: 2151 S. Shepard
- FYI: 30 Hill Associates, Inc.
- Obsoletes: RFC 1739 June 1997
- Category: Informational
-
-
- A Primer On Internet and TCP/IP Tools and Utilities
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
- does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
- this memo is unlimited.
-
- Abstract
-
- This memo is an introductory guide to many of the most commonly-
- available TCP/IP and Internet tools and utilities. It also describes
- discussion lists accessible from the Internet, ways to obtain
- Internet and TCP/IP documents, and some resources that help users
- weave their way through the Internet.
-
- Table of Contents
-
- 1. Introduction................................................... 2
- 2. Nomenclature................................................... 2
- 3. Finding Information About Internet Hosts and Domains........... 3
- 3.1. NSLOOKUP.................................................. 3
- 3.2. Ping...................................................... 6
- 3.3. Finger.................................................... 8
- 3.4. Traceroute................................................ 9
- 4. The Two Fundamental Tools...................................... 12
- 4.1. TELNET.................................................... 12
- 4.2. FTP....................................................... 15
- 5. User Database Lookup Tools..................................... 19
- 5.1. WHOIS/NICNAME............................................. 19
- 5.2. KNOWBOT................................................... 23
- 6. Information Servers............................................ 24
- 6.1. Archie.................................................... 24
- 6.2. Gopher.................................................... 28
- 6.3. VERONICA, JUGHEAD, and WAIS............................... 30
- 7. The World Wide Web............................................. 31
- 7.1. Uniform Resource Locators................................. 34
- 7.2. User Directories on the Web............................... 35
- 7.3. Other Service Accessible Via the Web...................... 36
- 8. Discussion Lists and Newsgroups................................ 37
- 8.1. Internet Discussion Lists................................. 37
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- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 1]
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- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
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- 8.2. LISTSERV.................................................. 38
- 8.3. Majordomo................................................. 38
- 8.4. Usenet.................................................... 39
- 8.5 Finding Discussion Lists and Newsgroups.................... 40
- 9. Internet Documentation......................................... 41
- 9.1. Request for Comments (RFCs)............................... 41
- 9.2. Internet Standards........................................ 44
- 9.3. For Your Information Documents............................ 45
- 9.4. Best Current Practices.................................... 45
- 9.5. RARE Technical Reports.................................... 46
- 10. Perusing the Internet......................................... 46
- 11. Acronyms and Abbreviations.................................... 48
- 12. Security Considerations....................................... 49
- 13. Acknowledgments............................................... 49
- 14. References.................................................... 49
- 15. Authors' Address.............................................. 51
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- This memo is an introductory guide to some of the most commonly-
- available TCP/IP and Internet tools and utilities that allow users to
- access the wide variety of information on the network, from
- determining if a particular host is up to viewing a multimedia thesis
- on foreign policy. It also describes discussion lists accessible from
- the Internet, ways to obtain Internet and TCP/IP documents, and some
- resources that help users weave their way through the Internet. This
- memo may be used as a tutorial for individual self-learning, a step-
- by-step laboratory manual for a course, or as the basis for a site's
- users manual. It is intended as a basic guide only and will refer to
- other sources for more detailed information.
-
- 2. Nomenclature
-
- The following sections provide descriptions and detailed examples of
- several TCP/IP utilities and applications, including the reproduction
- of actual sessions using these utilities (with some extraneous
- information removed). Each section describes a single TCP/IP-based
- tool, it's application, and, in some cases, how it works. The text
- description is usually followed by an actual sample session.
-
- The sample dialogues shown below were obtained from a variety of
- software and hardware systems, including AIX running on an IBM
- RS/6000, Linux on an Intel 486, Multinet TCP/IP over VMS on a VAX,
- and FTP Software's OnNet (formerly PC/TCP) running on a DOS/Windows
- PC. While the examples below can be used as a guide to using and
- learning about the capabilities of TCP/IP tools, the reader should
- understand that not all of these utilities may be found at all TCP/IP
- hosts nor in all commercial software packages. Furthermore, the user
-
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- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 2]
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- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
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- interface for different packages will be different and the actual
- command line may appear differently than shown here; this will be
- particularly true for graphical user interfaces running over Windows,
- X-Windows, OS/2, or Macintosh systems. Windows-based sessions are not
- shown in this RFC because of the desire to have a text version of
- this document; in addition, most GUI-based TCP/IP packages obscure
- some of the detail that is essential for understanding what is really
- happening when you click on a button or drag a file. The Internet has
- many exciting things to offer but standardized interfaces to the
- protocols is not yet one of them! This guide will not provide any
- detail or motivation about the Internet Protocol Suite; more
- information about the TCP/IP protocols and related issues may be
- found in RFC 1180 [29], Comer [6], Feit [7], Kessler [14], and
- Stevens [30].
-
- In the descriptions below, commands are shown in a Courier font
- (Postscript and HTML versions); items appearing in square brackets
- ([]) are optional, the vertical-bar (|) means "or," parameters
- appearing with no brackets or within curly brackets ({}) are
- mandatory, and parameter names that need to be replaced with a
- specific value will be shown in italics (Postscript and HTML
- versions) or within angle brackets (<>, text version). In the sample
- dialogues, user input is in bold (Postscript and HTML versions) or
- denoted with asterisks (**) in the margin (text version).
-
- 3. Finding Information About Internet Hosts and Domains
-
- There are several tools that let you learn information about Internet
- hosts and domains. These tools provide the ability for an application
- or a user to perform host name/address reconciliation (NSLOOKUP),
- determine whether another host is up and available (PING), learn
- about another host's users (Finger), and learn the route that packets
- will take to another host (Traceroute).
-
- 3.1. NSLOOKUP
-
- NSLOOKUP is the name server lookup program that comes with many
- TCP/IP software packages. A user can use NSLOOKUP to examine entries
- in the Domain Name System (DNS) database that pertain to a particular
- host or domain; one common use is to determine a host system's IP
- address from its name or the host's name from its IP address. The
- general form of the command to make a single query is:
-
- nslookup [IP_address|host_name]
-
- If the program is started without any parameters, the user will be
- prompted for input; the user can enter either an IP address or host
- name at that time, and the program will respond with the name and
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- address of the default name sever, the name server actually used to
- resolve each request, and the IP address and host name that was
- queried. Exit is used to quit the NSLOOKUP application.
-
- Three simple queries are shown in the example below:
-
- 1 Requests the address of the host named www.hill.com, the World
- Wide Web server at Hill Associates. As it turns out, this is not
- the true name of the host, but an alias. The full name of the host
- and the IP address are listed by NSLOOKUP.
-
- 2 Requests the address of host syrup.hill.com, which is the same
- host as in the first query. Note that NSLOOKUP provides a "non-
- authoritative" answer. Since NSLOOKUP just queried this same
- address, the information is still in its cache memory. Rather than
- send additional messages to the name server, the answer is one
- that it remembers from before; the server didn't look up the
- information again, however, so it is not guaranteed to still be
- accurate (because the information might have changed within the
- last few milliseconds!).
-
- 3 Requests the name of the host with the given IP address. The
- result points to the Internet gateway to Australia, munnari.oz.au.
-
- One additional query is shown in the dialogue below. NSLOOKUP
- examines information that is stored by the DNS. The default NSLOOKUP
- queries examine basic address records (called "A records") to
- reconcile the host name and IP address, although other information is
- also available. In the final query below, for example, the user wants
- to know where electronic mail addressed to the hill.com domain
- actually gets delivered, since hill.com is not the true name of an
- actual host. This is accomplished by changing the query type to look
- for mail exchange (MX) records by issuing a set type command (which
- must be in lower case). The query shows that mail addressed to
- hill.com is actually sent to a mail server called mail.hill.com. If
- that system is not available, mail delivery will be attempted to
- first mailme.hill.com and then to netcomsv.netcom.com; the order of
- these attempts is controlled by the "preference" value. This query
- also returns the name of the domain's name servers and all associated
- IP addresses.
-
- The DNS is beyond the scope of this introduction, although more
- information about the concepts and structure of the DNS can be found
- in STD 13/RFC 1034 [19], RFC 1591 [21], and Kessler [16]. The help
- command can be issued at the program prompt for information about
- NSLOOKUP's more advanced commands.
-
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- TECHNICAL NOTE: There are other tools that might be available on your
- system or with your software for examining the DNS. Alternatives to
- NSLOOKUP include HOST and DIG.
-
- ====================================================================
- **SMCVAX$ nslookup
-
- Default Server: ns1.ner.bbnplanet.net
- Address: 192.52.71.5
-
- **> www.hill.com
- Name: syrup.hill.com
- Address: 199.182.20.3
- Aliases: www.hill.com
-
- **> syrup.hill.com
- Non-authoritative answer:
- Name: syrup.hill.com
- Address: 199.182.20.3
-
- **> 128.250.1.21
- Name: munnari.OZ.AU
- Address: 128.250.1.21
-
- **> set type=MX
- **> hill.com
- hill.com preference = 20, mail exchanger = mail.hill.com
- hill.com preference = 40, mail exchanger = mailme.hill.com
- hill.com preference = 60, mail exchanger = netcomsv.netcom.com
- hill.com nameserver = nameme.hill.com
- hill.com nameserver = ns1.noc.netcom.net
- hill.com nameserver = ns.netcom.com
- mail.hill.com internet address = 199.182.20.4
- mailme.hill.com internet address = 199.182.20.3
- netcomsv.netcom.com internet address = 192.100.81.101
- ns1.noc.netcom.net internet address = 204.31.1.1
- ns.netcom.com internet address = 192.100.81.105
-
- **> exit
- SMCVAX$
- ====================================================================
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- 3.2. Ping
-
- Ping, reportedly an acronym for the Packet Internetwork Groper, is
- one of the most widely available tools bundled with TCP/IP software
- packages. Ping uses a series of Internet Control Message Protocol
- (ICMP) [22] Echo messages to determine if a remote host is active or
- inactive, and to determine the round-trip delay in communicating with
- it.
-
- A common form of the Ping command, showing some of the more commonly
- available options that are of use to general users, is:
-
- ping [-q] [-v] [-R] [-c Count] [-i Wait] [-s PacketSize] Host
-
- where:
-
- -q Quiet output; nothing is displayed except summary
- lines at startup and completion
-
- -v Verbose output, which lists ICMP packets that are
- received in addition to Echo Responses
-
- -R Record route option; includes the RECORD_ROUTE
- option in the Echo Request packet and displays the route buffer
- on returned packets
-
- -c Count Specifies the number of Echo Requests to be sent
- before concluding test (default is to run until interrupted
- with a control-C)
-
- -i Wait Indicates the number of seconds to wait between
- sending each packet (default = 1)
-
- -s PacketSize Specifies the number of data bytes to be sent;
- the total ICMP packet size will be PacketSize+8 bytes due to
- the ICMP header (default = 56, or a 64 byte packet)
-
- Host IP address or host name of target system
-
- In the first example below, the user pings the host
- thumper.bellcore.com, requesting that 6 (-c) messages be sent, each
- containing 64 bytes (-s) of user data. The display shows the round-
- trip delay of each Echo message returned to the sending host; at the
- end of the test, summary statistics are displayed.
-
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- In the second example, the user pings the host smcvax.smcvt.edu,
- requesting that 10 messages be sent in quite mode (-q). In this case,
- a summary is printed at the conclusion of the test and individual
- responses are not listed.
-
- TECHNICAL NOTE: Older versions of the Ping command, which are still
- available on some systems, had the following general format:
-
- ping [-s] {IP_address|host_name} [PacketSize] [Count]
-
- In this form, the optional "-s" string tells the system to
- continually send an ICMP Echo message every second; the optional
- PacketSize parameter specifies the number of bytes in the Echo
- message (the message will contain PacketSize-8 bytes of data; the
- default is 56 bytes of data and a 64 byte message); and the optional
- Count parameter indicates the number of Echo messages to send before
- concluding the test (the default is to run the test continuously
- until interrupted).
-
- ====================================================================
- **syrup:/home$ ping -c 6 -s 64 thumper.bellcore.com
- PING thumper.bellcore.com (128.96.41.1): 64 data bytes
- 72 bytes from 128.96.41.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=240 time=641.8 ms
- 72 bytes from 128.96.41.1: icmp_seq=2 ttl=240 time=1072.7 ms
- 72 bytes from 128.96.41.1: icmp_seq=3 ttl=240 time=1447.4 ms
- 72 bytes from 128.96.41.1: icmp_seq=4 ttl=240 time=758.5 ms
- 72 bytes from 128.96.41.1: icmp_seq=5 ttl=240 time=482.1 ms
-
- --- thumper.bellcore.com ping statistics ---
- 6 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 16% packet loss
- round-trip min/avg/max = 482.1/880.5/1447.4 ms
-
- **syrup:/home$ ping -q -c 10 smcvax.smcvt.edu
- PING smcvax.smcvt.edu (192.80.64.1): 56 data bytes
-
- --- smcvax.smcvt.edu ping statistics ---
-
- 10 packets transmitted, 8 packets received, 20% packet loss
- round-trip min/avg/max = 217.8/246.4/301.5 ms
- ====================================================================
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- 3.3. Finger
-
- The Finger program may be used to find out who is logged in on
- another system or to find out detailed information about a specific
- user. This command has also introduced a brand new verb; fingering
- someone on the Internet is not necessarily a rude thing to do! The
- Finger User Information Protocol is described in RFC 1288 [32]. The
- most general format of the Finger command is:
-
- finger [username]@host_name
-
- The first example below shows the result of fingering an individual
- user at a remote system. The first line of the response shows the
- username, the user's real name, their process identifier,
- application, and terminal port number. Additional information may be
- supplied at the option of the user in "plan" and/or "project" files
- that they supply; these files are often named PLAN.TXT or
- PROJECT.TXT, respectively, and reside in a user's root directory (or
- somewhere in an appropriate search path).
-
- The second example shows the result of fingering a remote system.
- This lists all of the processes currently running at the fingered
- system or other information, depending upon how the remote system's
- administrator set up the system to respond to the Finger command.
-
- ====================================================================
- **C:> finger kumquat@smcvax.smcvt.edu
- [smcvax.smcvt.edu]
- KUMQUAT Gary Kessler KUMQUAT not logged in
- Last login Fri 16-Sep-1996 3:47PM-EDT
-
- Plan:
-
- ===================================================================
- Gary C. Kessler
- Adjunct Faculty Member, Graduate College
-
- INTERNET: kumquat@smcvt.edu
-
- ===================================================================
-
- **C:> finger @smcvax.smcvt.edu
- [smcvax.smcvt.edu]
- Tuesday, September 17, 1996 10:12AM-EDT Up 30 09:40:18
- 5+1 Jobs on SMCVAX Load ave 0.16 0.19 0.21
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- User Personal Name Subsys Terminal Console Location
- GOODWIN Dave Goodwin LYNX 6.NTY2 waldo.smcvt.edu
- JAT John Tronoan TELNET 1.TXA5
- HELPDESK System Manager EDT 2:08.NTY4 [199.93.35.182]
- SMITH Lorraine Smith PINE .NTY3 [199.93.34.139]
- SYSTEM System Manager MAIL 23.OPA0 The VAX Console
- *DCL* SMCVX1$OPA0 The VAX Console
- ====================================================================
-
- 3.4. Traceroute
-
- Traceroute is another common TCP/IP tool, this one allowing users to
- learn about the route that packets take from their local host to a
- remote host. Although used often by network and system managers as a
- simple, yet powerful, debugging tool, traceroute can be used by end
- users to learn something about the ever-changing structure of the
- Internet.
-
- The classic Traceroute command has the following general format
- (where "#" represents a positive integer value associated with the
- qualifier):
-
- traceroute [-m #] [-q #] [-w #] [-p #] {IP_address|host_name}
-
- where
- -m is the maximum allowable TTL value, measured as
- the number of hops allowed before the program terminates
- (default = 30)
- -q is the number of UDP packets that will be sent with
- each time-to-live setting (default = 3)
- -w is the amount of time, in seconds, to wait for
- an answer from a particular router before giving up
- (default= 5)
- -p is the invalid port address at the remote host
- (default = 33434)
-
- The Traceroute example below shows the route between a host at St.
- Michael's College (domain smcvt.edu) and a host at Hill Associates
- (www.hill.com), both located in Colchester, VT but served by
- different Internet service providers (ISP).
-
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- 1 St. Michael's College is connected to the Internet via BBN
- Planet; since the mid-1980s, BBN operated the NSF's regional ISP,
- called the New England Academic and Research Network (NEARNET),
- which was renamed in 1994. The first hop, then, goes to St. Mike's
- BBN Planet gateway router (smc.bbnplanet.net). The next hop goes
- to another BBN Planet router (denoted here only by IP address
- since a name was not assigned to the device), until the packet
- reaches the BBN Planet T3 backbone.
-
- 2 The packet takes two hops through routers at BBN Planet's
- Cambridge (MA) facility and is then forwarded to BBN Planet in New
- York City, where the packet takes four more hops. The packet is
- then forwarded to BBN Planet in College Park (MD).
-
- 3 The packet is sent to BBN Planet's router at MAE-East, MFS
- Datanet's Network Access Point (NAP) in Washington, D.C. MAE
- stands for Metropolitan Area Exchange, and is a Fiber Distributed
- Data Interface (FDDI) ring interconnecting routers from
- subscribing ISPs. The packet is then forwarded to NETCOM, Hill
- Associates' ISP.
-
- 4 The packet now travels through NETCOM's T3 backbone, following
- links from Washington, D.C. to Chicago to Santa Clara (CA), to San
- Jose (CA).
-
- 5 The packet is now sent to Hill Associates router (again, a
- system designated only by an IP address since the NETCOM side of
- the router was not named) and then passed to the target system.
- Note that the host's real name is not www.hill.com, but
- syrup.hill.com.
-
- TECHNICAL NOTE: The original version of Traceroute works by sending a
- sequence of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) datagrams to an invalid port
- address at the remote host. Using the default settings, three
- datagrams are sent, each with a Time-To-Live (TTL) field value set to
- one. The TTL value of 1 causes the datagram to "timeout" as soon as
- it hits the first router in the path; this router will then respond
- with an ICMP Time Exceeded Message (TEM) indicating that the datagram
- has expired. Another three UDP messages are now sent, each with the
- TTL value set to 2, which causes the second router to return ICMP
-
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- TEMs. This process continues until the packets actually reach the
- other destination. Since these datagrams are trying to access an
- invalid port at the destination host, ICMP Destination Unreachable
- Messages are returned indicating an unreachable port; this event
- signals the Traceroute program that it is finished! The Traceroute
- program displays the round-trip delay associated with each of the
- attempts. (Note that some current implementations of Traceroute use
- the Record-Route option in IP rather than the method described
- above.)
-
- As an aside, Traceroute did not begin life as a general-purpose
- utility, but as a quick-and-dirty debugging aid used to find a
- routing problem. The code (complete with comments!) is available by
- anonymous FTP in the file traceroute.tar.Z from the host
- ftp.ee.lbl.gov. (See Section 4.2 for a discussion of anonymous FTP.)
-
- ====================================================================
- **SMCVAX$ traceroute www.hill.com
- traceroute to syrup.hill.com (199.182.20.3), 30 hops max, 38 byte
- packets
- 1 smc.bbnplanet.net (192.80.64.5) 10 ms 0 ms 0 ms
- 2 131.192.48.105 (131.192.48.105) 0 ms 10 ms 10 ms
- 3 cambridge1-cr4.bbnplanet.net (199.94.204.77) 40 ms 40 ms 50 ms
- 4 cambridge1-br1.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.205) 30 ms 50 ms 50 ms
- 5 nyc1-br2.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.121) 60 ms 60 ms 40 ms
- 6 nyc2-br2.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.154) 60 ms 50 ms 60 ms
- 7 nyc2-br2.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.154) 60 ms 40 ms 50 ms
- 8 nyc2-br1.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.54) 70 ms 60 ms 30 ms
- 9 collegepk-br2.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.21) 50 ms 50 ms 40 ms
- 10 maeeast.bbnplanet.net (4.0.1.18) 200 ms 170 ms 210 ms
- 11 fddi.mae-east.netcom.net (192.41.177.210) 60 ms 50 ms 70 ms
- 12 t3-2.was-dc-gw1.netcom.net (163.179.220.181) 70 ms 60 ms 50 ms
- 13 t3-2.chw-il-gw1.netcom.net (163.179.220.186) 70 ms 80 ms 80 ms
- 14 t3-2.scl-ca-gw1.netcom.net (163.179.220.190) 140 ms 110 ms 160
- ms
- 15 t3-1.sjx-ca-gw1.netcom.net (163.179.220.193) 120 ms 130 ms 120
- ms
- 16 198.211.141.8 (198.211.141.8) 220 ms 260 ms 240 ms
- 17 syrup.hill.com (199.182.20.3) 220 ms 240 ms 219 ms
- SMCVAX$
- ====================================================================
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- 4. The Two Fundamental Tools
-
- The two most basic tools for Internet applications are TELNET and the
- File Transfer Protocol (FTP). TELNET allows a user to login to a
- remote host over a TCP/IP network, while FTP, as the name implies,
- allows a user to move files between two TCP/IP hosts. These two
- utilities date back to the very early days of the ARPANET.
-
- 4.1. TELNET
-
- TELNET [27] is TCP/IP's virtual terminal protocol. Using TELNET, a
- user connected to one host can login to another host, appearing like
- a directly-attached terminal at the remote system; this is TCP/IP's
- definition of a virtual terminal. The general form of the TELNET
- command is:
-
- telnet [IP_address|host_name] [port]
-
- As shown, a TELNET connection is initiated when the user enters the
- telnet command and supplies either a host_name or IP_address; if
- neither are given, TELNET will ask for one once the application
- begins.
-
- In the example below, a user of a PC uses TELNET to attach to the
- remote host smcvax.smcvt.edu. Once logged in via TELNET, the user can
- do anything on the remote host that would be possible if connected
- via a directly-attached terminal or via modem. The commands that are
- subsequently used are those available on the remote system to which
- the user is attached. In the sample dialogue below, the user attached
- to SMCVAX will use basic VAX/VMS commands:
-
- o The dir command lists the files having a "COM" file extension.
- o The mail command enters the VMS MAIL subsystem; the dir command
- here lists waiting mail.
- o Ping checks the status of another host.
-
- When finished, the logout command logs the user off the remote host;
- TELNET automatically closes the connection to the remote host and
- returns control to the local system.
-
- It is important to note that TELNET is a very powerful tool, one that
- may provide users with access to many Internet utilities and services
- that might not be otherwise available. Many of these features are
- accessed by specifying a port number with the TELNET command, in
- addition to a host's address, and knowledge of port numbers provides
- another mechanism for users to access information with TELNET.
-
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-
- This guide discusses several TCP/IP and Internet utilities that require
- local client software, such as Finger, Whois, Archie, and Gopher. But
- what if your software does not include a needed client? In some cases,
- TELNET may be used to access a remote client and provide the same
- functionality.
-
- This is done by specifying a port number with the TELNET command. Just
- as TCP/IP hosts have a unique IP address, applications on the host are
- associated with an address, called a port. Finger (see Section 3.3
- above), for example, is associated with the well-known port number 79.
- In the absence of a Finger client, TELNETing to port 79 at a remote host
- may provide the same information. You can finger another host with
- TELNET by using a command like:
-
- telnet host_name 79
-
- Other well-known TCP port numbers include 25 (Simple Mail Transfer
- Protocol), 43 (whois), 80 (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), and 119
- (Network News Transfer Protocol).
-
- Some services are available on the Internet using TELNET and special
- port numbers. A geographical information database, for example, may
- be accessed by TELNETing to port 3000 at host martini.eecs.umich.edu
- and current weather information is available at port 3000 at host
- downwind.sprl.umich.edu.
-
- ====================================================================
- **C:> telnet smcvax.smcvt.edu
- FTP Software PC/TCP tn 3.10 01/24/95 02:40
- Copyright (c) 1986-1995 by FTP Software, Inc. All rights reserved
-
- - Connected to St. Michael's College -
-
- **Username: kumquat
- **Password:
-
- St. Michael's College VAX/VMS System.
- Node SMCVAX.
-
- Last interactive login on Monday, 16-SEP-1996 15:47
- Last non-interactive login on Wednesday, 6-MAR-1996 08:19
-
- You have 1 new Mail message.
-
- Good Afternoon User KUMQUAT. Logged in on 17-SEP-1996 at 1:10 PM.
-
- User [GUEST,KUMQUAT] has 3225 blocks used, 6775 available,
- of 10000 authorized and permitted overdraft of 100 blocks on $1$DIA2
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 13]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- To see a complete list of news items, type: NEWS DIR
- To read a particular item, type NEWS followed by
- the name of the item you wish to read.
-
- **SMCVAX$ dir *.com
- Directory $1$DIA2:[GUEST.KUMQUAT]
- BACKUP.COM;24 24 16-JUL-1990 16:22:46.68 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
- DELTREE.COM;17 3 16-JUL-1990 16:22:47.58 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
- EXPANDZ.COM;7 2 22-FEB-1993 10:00:04.35 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
- FTSLOGBLD.COM;3 1 16-JUL-1990 16:22:48.57 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
- FTSRRR.COM;2 1 16-JUL-1990 16:22:48.73 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
- LOGIN.COM;116 5 1-DEC-1993 09:33:21.61 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
- SNOOPY.COM;6 1 16-JUL-1990 16:22:52.06 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
- SYLOGIN.COM;83 8 16-JUL-1990 16:22:52.88 (RWED,RWED,RE,RE)
- SYSTARTUP.COM;88 15 16-JUL-1990 16:22:53.21 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
- WATCH_MAIL.COM;1 173 10-MAY-1994 09:59:52.65 (RWED,RWED,RE,)
- Total of 10 files, 233 blocks.
-
- **SMCVAX$ mail
- You have 1 new message.
- **MAIL> dir
- NEWMAIL
- # From Date Subject
- 1 IN%"ibug@plainfield. 15-SEP-1996 ANNOUNCE: Burlington WWW Conference
- **MAIL> exit
-
- **SMCVAX$ ping kestrel.hill.com /n=5
- PING HILL.COM (199.182.20.24): 56 data bytes
- 64 bytes from 199.182.20.24: icmp_seq=0 time=290 ms
- 64 bytes from 199.182.20.24: icmp_seq=1 time=260 ms
- 64 bytes from 199.182.20.24: icmp_seq=2 time=260 ms
- 64 bytes from 199.182.20.24: icmp_seq=3 time=260 ms
- 64 bytes from 199.182.20.24: icmp_seq=4 time=260 ms
-
- ----KESTREL.HILL.COM PING Statistics----
- 5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss
- round-trip (ms) min/avg/max = 260/266/290
-
- **SMCVAX$ logout
- KUMQUAT logged out at 17-SEP-1996 13:17:04.29
-
- Connection #0 closed
- C:>
- ====================================================================
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 14]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- 4.2. FTP
-
- FTP [26] is one of the most useful and powerful TCP/IP utilities for
- the general user. FTP allows users to upload and download files
- between local and remote hosts. Anonymous FTP, in particular, is
- commonly available at file archive sites to allow users to access
- files without having to pre-establish an account at the remote host.
- TELNET might, in fact, be used for this purpose but TELNET gives the
- user complete access to the remote system; FTP limits the user to
- file transfer activities.
-
- The general form of the FTP command is:
-
- ftp [IP_address|host_name]
-
- An FTP session can be initiated in several ways. In the example shown
- below, an FTP control connection is initiated to a host (the Defense
- Data Network's Network Information Center) by supplying a host name
- with the FTP command; optionally, the host's IP address in dotted
- decimal (numeric) form could be used. If neither host name nor IP
- address are supplied in the command line, a connection to a host can
- be initiated by typing open host_name or open IP_address once the FTP
- application has been started.
-
- The remote host will ask for a username and password. If a bona fide
- registered user of this host supplies a valid username and password,
- then the user will have access to any files and directories to which
- this username has privilege. For anonymous FTP access, the username
- anonymous is used. Historically, the password for the anonymous user
- (not shown in actual use) has been guest, although most systems today
- ask for the user's Internet e-mail address (and several sites attempt
- to verify that packets are coming from that address before allowing
- the user to login).
-
- The "help ?" command may be used to obtain a list of FTP commands and
- help topics available with your software; although not always shown,
- nearly all TCP/IP applications have a help command. An example of the
- help for FTP's type command is shown in the sample dialogue. This
- command is very important one, by the way; if transferring a binary
- or executable file, be sure to set the type to image (or binary on
- some systems).
-
- The dir command provides a directory listing of the files in the
- current directory at the remote host; the UNIX ls command may also
- usually be used. Note that an FTP data transfer connection is
- established for the transfer of the directory information to the
- local host. The output from the dir command will show a file listing
- that is consistent with the native operating system of the remote
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 15]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- host. Although the TCP/IP suite is often associated with UNIX, it can
- (and does) run with nearly all common operating systems. The
- directory information shown in the sample dialogue happens to be in
- UNIX format and includes the following information:
-
- o File attributes. The first character identifies the type of file
- entry as a directory (d), link or symbolic name (l), or individual
- file (-). The next nine characters are the file access permissions
- list; the first three characters are for the owner, the next three
- for the owner's group, and the last three for all other users.
- Three access privileges may be assigned to each file for each of
- these roups: read (r), write (w), and execute (x).
- o Number of entries, or hard links, in this structure. This value
- will be a "1" if the entry refers to a file or link, or will be
- the number of files in the listed directory.
- o File owner
- o File owner's group.
- o File size, in bytes.
- o Date and time of last modification. If the date is followed by a
- timestamp, then the date is from the current year.
- o File name.
-
- After the directory information has been transferred, FTP closes the
- data transfer connection.
-
- The command cd is used to change to another working directory, in
- this case the rfc directory (note that file and directory names may
- be case-sensitive). As in DOS, "cd .." will change to the parent of
- the current directory. The CWD command successful is the only
- indication that the user's cd command was correctly executed; the
- show-directory (may be truncated to fewer characters, as shown)
- command, if available, may be used to see which working directory you
- are in.
-
- Another dir command is used to find all files with the name
- rfc173*.txt; note the use of the * wildcard character. We can now
- copy (download) the file of choice (RFC 1739 is the previous version
- of this primer) by using the get (or receive) command, which has the
- following general format:
-
- get remote_file_name local_file_name
-
- FTP opens another data transfer connection for this file transfer
- purpose; note that the effective data transfer rate is 93.664 kbps.
-
- FTP's put (or send) command allows uploading from the local host to
- the remote. Put is often not available when using anonymous FTP.
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 16]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- Finally, we terminate the FTP connection by using the close command.
- The user can initiate another FTP connection using the open command
- or can leave FTP by issuing a quit command. Quit can also be used to
- close a connection and terminate a session.
-
- TECHNICAL NOTE: It is important to note that different FTP packages
- have different commands available and even those with similar names
- may act differently. In the example shown here (using MultiNet for
- VMS), the show command will display the current working directory; in
- FTP Software's OnNet, show will display a file from the remote host
- at the local host. Some packages have nothing equivalent to either of
- these commands.
-
- ====================================================================
- **SMCVAX$ ftp nic.ddn.mil
- SMCVAX.SMCVT.EDU MultiNet FTP user process 3.4(111)
- Connection opened (Assuming 8-bit connections)
- <*****Welcome to the DOD Network Information Center*****
- < *****Login with username "anonymous" and password "guest"
- **Username: anonymous
- <Guest login ok, send "guest" as password.
- **Password: guest <--- Not displayed
- <Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
-
- **NIC.DDN.MIL> help type
- TYPE
- Set the transfer type to type.
-
- Format
- TYPE type
-
- Additional information available:
- Parameters Example Restrictions
-
- **TYPE Subtopic? parameters
- TYPE
-
- Parameters
- type
-
- Specify a value of ASCII, BACKUP, BINARY, IMAGE or LOGICAL-
- BYTE.
-
- Use TYPE ASCII (the default) for transferring text files.
-
- Use TYPE BACKUP to set the transfer type to IMAGE and write the
- local file with 2048-byte fixed length records. Use this
- command to transfer VAX/VMS BACKUP save sets.
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 17]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- Use TYPE BINARY to transfer binary files (same as TYPE IMAGE).
-
- Use TYPE IMAGE to transfer binary files (for example, .EXE).
-
- Use TYPE LOGICAL-BYTE to transfer binary files to or from a
- TOPS-20 machine.
-
- **TYPE Subtopic?
- **Topic?
-
- **NIC.DDN.MIL> dir
- <Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls.
- total 58
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Sep 16 23:00 bcp
- drwxr-xr-x 2 root 1 512 Mar 19 1996 bin
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 1536 Jul 15 23:00 ddn-news
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Mar 19 1996 demo
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Mar 25 14:25 dev
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 10 512 Mar 19 1996 disn_info
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Sep 17 07:01 domain
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Mar 19 1996 etc
- lrwxrwxrwx 1 nic 1 3 Mar 19 1996 fyi -> rfc
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 10 1024 Sep 16 23:00 gosip
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Mar 19 1996 home
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Mar 19 1996 lost+found
- lrwxrwxrwx 1 nic 1 8 Mar 19 1996 mgt -> ddn-news
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 1024 Sep 13 12:11 netinfo
- drwxr-xr-x 4 nic 1 512 May 3 23:00 netprog
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 1024 Mar 19 1996 protocols
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 512 Mar 19 1996 pub
- drwxr-xr-x 3 140 10 512 Aug 27 21:03 registrar
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 29696 Sep 16 23:00 rfc
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 5632 Sep 9 23:00 scc
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 1536 Sep 16 23:00 std
- drwxr-xr-x 2 nic 1 1024 Sep 16 23:00 templates
- drwxr-xr-x 3 nic 1 512 Mar 19 1996 usr
- <Transfer complete.
-
- 1437 bytes transferred at 33811 bps.
- Run time = 20. ms, Elapsed time = 340. ms.
-
- **NIC.DDN.MIL> cd rfc
- <CWD command successful.
-
- **NIC.DDN.MIL> show
- <"/rfc" is current directory.
-
- **NIC.DDN.MIL> dir rfc173*.txt
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 18]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- <Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls.
- -rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 156660 Dec 20 1994 rfc1730.txt
- -rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 11433 Dec 20 1994 rfc1731.txt
- -rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 9276 Dec 20 1994 rfc1732.txt
- -rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 6205 Dec 20 1994 rfc1733.txt
- -rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 8499 Dec 20 1994 rfc1734.txt
- -rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 24485 Sep 15 1995 rfc1735.txt
- -rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 22415 Feb 8 1995 rfc1736.txt
- -rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 16337 Dec 15 1994 rfc1737.txt
- -rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 51348 Dec 15 1994 rfc1738.txt
- -rw-r--r-- 1 nic 10 102676 Dec 21 1994 rfc1739.txt
- <Transfer complete.
- 670 bytes transferred at 26800 bps.
- Run time = 10. ms, Elapsed time = 200. ms.
-
- **NIC.DDN.MIL> get rfc1739.txt primer.txt
- <Opening ASCII mode data connection for rfc1739.txt (102676 bytes).
- <Transfer complete.
- 105255 bytes transferred at 93664 bps.
- Run time = 130. ms, Elapsed time = 8990. ms.
-
- **NIC.DDN.MIL> quit
- <Goodbye.
- SMCVAX$
- ====================================================================
-
- 5. User Database Lookup Tools
-
- Finding other users on the Internet is an art, not a science.
- Although there is a distributed database listing all of the 16+
- million hosts on the Internet, no similar database yet exists for the
- tens of millions of users. While many commercial ISPs provide
- directories of the users of their network, these databases are not
- yet linked. The paragraphs below will discuss some of the tools
- available for finding users on the Internet.
-
- 5.1. WHOIS/NICNAME
-
- WHOIS and NICNAME are TCP/IP applications that search databases to
- find the name of network and system administrators, RFC authors,
- system and network points-of-contact, and other individuals who are
- registered in appropriate databases. The original NICNAME/WHOIS
- protocol is described in RFC 954 [10].
-
- WHOIS may be accessed by TELNETing to an appropriate WHOIS server and
- logging in as whois (no password is required); the most common
- Internet name server is located at the Internet Network Information
- Center (InterNIC) at rs.internic.net. This specific database only
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 19]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- contains INTERNET domains, IP network numbers, and domain points of
- contact; policies governing the InterNIC database are described in
- RFC 1400 [31]. The MILNET database resides at nic.ddn.mil and PSI's
- White Pages pilot service is located at psi.com.
-
- Many software packages contain a WHOIS/NICNAME client that
- automatically establishes the TELNET connection to a default name
- server database, although users can usually specify any name server
- database that they want.
-
- The accompanying dialogues shows several types of WHOIS/NICNAME
- information queries. In the session below, we request information
- about an individual (Denis Stratford) by using WHOIS locally, a
- specific domain (hill.com) by using NICNAME locally, and a network
- address (199.182.20.0) and high-level domain (com) using TELNET to a
- WHOIS server.
-
- ====================================================================
-
- **SMCVAX$ whois stratford, denis
- Stratford, Denis (DS378) denis@@SMCVAX.SMCVT.EDU
- St. Michael's College
- Jemery Hall, Room 274
- Winooski Park
- Colchester, VT 05439
- (802) 654-2384
-
- Record last updated on 02-Nov-92.
- SMCVAX$
-
-
- **C:> nicname hill.com
- [198.41.0.5]
- Hill Associates (HILL-DOM)
- 17 Roosevelt Hwy.
- Colchester, Vermont 05446
- US
-
- Domain Name: HILL.COM
-
- Administrative Contact:
- Kessler, Gary C. (GK34) g.kessler@HILL.COM
- 802-655-0940
- Technical Contact, Zone Contact:
- Monaghan, Carol A. (CAM4) c.monaghan@HILL.COM
- 802-655-0940
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 20]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- Billing Contact:
- Parry, Amy (AP1257) a.parry@HILL.COM
- 802-655-0940
-
- Record last updated on 11-Jun-96.
- Record created on 11-Jan-93.
-
- Domain servers in listed order:
-
- SYRUP.HILL.COM 199.182.20.3
- NS1.NOC.NETCOM.NET 204.31.1.1
-
-
- **C:> telnet rs.internic.net
- SunOS UNIX 4.1 (rs1) (ttypb)
-
- ***********************************************************************
- * -- InterNIC Registration Services Center --
- *
- * For wais, type: WAIS <search string> <return>
- * For the *original* whois type: WHOIS [search string] <return>
- * For referral whois type: RWHOIS [search string] <return>
- *
- **********************************************************************
- Please be advised that use constitutes consent to monitoring
- (Elec Comm Priv Act, 18 USC 2701-2711)
-
- **[vt220] InterNIC > whois
- InterNIC WHOIS Version: 1.2 Wed, 18 Sep 96 09:49:50
-
- **Whois: 199.182.20.0
- Hill Associates (NET-HILLASSC)
- 17 Roosevelt Highway
- Colchester, VT 05446
-
- Netname: HILLASSC
- Netnumber: 199.182.20.0
-
- Coordinator:
- Monaghan, Carol A. (CAM4) c.monaghan@HILL.COM
- 802-655-0940
-
- Record last updated on 17-May-94.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 21]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- **Whois: com-dom
- Commercial top-level domain (COM-DOM)
- Network Solutions, Inc.
- 505 Huntmar park Dr.
- Herndon, VA 22070
-
- Domain Name: COM
-
- Administrative Contact, Technical Contact, Zone Contact:
- Network Solutions, Inc. (HOSTMASTER) hostmaster@INTERNIC.NET
- (703) 742-4777 (FAX) (703) 742-4811
-
- Record last updated on 02-Sep-94.
- Record created on 01-Jan-85.
-
- Domain servers in listed order:
-
- A.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 198.41.0.4
- H.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 128.63.2.53
- B.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 128.9.0.107
- C.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 192.33.4.12
- D.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 128.8.10.90
- E.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 192.203.230.10
- I.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 192.36.148.17
- F.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 192.5.5.241
- G.ROOT-SERVERS.NET 192.112.36.4
-
- **Would you like to see the known domains under this top-level domain? n
-
- **Whois: exit
-
- **[vt220] InterNIC > quit
-
- Wed Sep 18 09:50:29 1996 EST
-
- Connection #0 closed
- C:>
- ====================================================================
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 22]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- 5.2. KNOWBOT
-
- KNOWBOT is an automated username database search tool that is related
- to WHOIS. The Knowbot Information Service (KIS), operated by the
- Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) in Reston,
- Virginia, provides a simple WHOIS-like interface that allows users to
- query several Internet user databases (White Pages services) all at
- one time. A single KIS query will automatically search the InterNIC,
- MILNET, MCImail, and PSI White Pages Pilot Project; other databases
- may also be included.
-
- KNOWBOT may be accessed by TELNETing to host info.cnri.reston.va.us.
- The help command will supply sufficient information to get started.
- The sample dialogue below shows use of the query command to locate a
- user named "Steven Shepard"; this command automatically starts a
- search through the default set of Internet databases.
-
- ====================================================================
- **C:> telnet info.cnri.reston.va.us
-
- Knowbot Information Service
-
- KIS Client (V2.0). Copyright CNRI 1990. All Rights Reserved.
-
- KIS searches various Internet directory services
- to find someone's street address, email address and phone number.
-
- Type 'man' at the prompt for a complete reference with examples.
- Type 'help' for a quick reference to commands.
- Type 'news' for information about recent changes.
-
- Please enter your email address in our guest book...
- **(Your email address?) > s.shepard@hill.com
-
- **> query shepard, steven
- Trying whois at ds.internic.net...
- The ds.internic.net whois server is being queried:
- Nothing returned.
-
- The rs.internic.net whois server is being queried:
-
- Shepard, Steven (SS2192) 708-810-5215
- Shepard, Steven (SS1302) axisteven@AOL.COM (954) 974-4569
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 23]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- The nic.ddn.mil whois server is being queried:
-
- Shepard, Steven (SS2192)
- R.R. Donnelley & Sons
- 750 Warrenville Road
- Lisle, IL 60532
- Trying mcimail at cnri.reston.va.us...
- Trying ripe at whois.ripe.net...
- Trying whois at whois.lac.net...
-
- No match found for .SHEPARD,STEVEN
-
- **> quit
- KIS exiting
- Connection #0 closed
- C:>
- ====================================================================
-
- 6. Information Servers
-
- File transfer, remote login, and electronic mail remained the primary
- applications of the ARPANET/Internet until the early 1990s. But as
- the Internet user population shifted from hard-core computer
- researchers and academics to more casual users, easier-to-use tools
- were needed for the Net to become accepted as a useful resource. That
- means making things easier to find. This section will discuss some of
- the early tools that made it easier to locate and access information
- on the Internet.
-
- 6.1. Archie
-
- Archie, developed in 1992 at the Computer Science Department at
- McGill University in Montreal, allows users to find software, data,
- and other information files that reside at anonymous FTP archive
- sites; the name of the program, reportedly, is derived from the word
- "archive" and not from the comic book character. Archie tracks the
- contents of several thousand anonymous FTP sites containing millions
- of files. The archie server automatically updates the information
- from each registered site about once a month, providing relatively
- up-to-date information without unduly stressing the network. Archie,
- however, is not as popular as it once was and many sites have not
- updated their information; as the examples below show, many of the
- catalog listings are several years old.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 24]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- Before using archie, you must identify a server address. The sites
- below all support archie; most (but not all) archie sites support the
- servers command which lists all known archie servers. Due to the
- popularity of archie at some sites and its high processing demands,
- many sites limit access to non-peak hours and/or limit the number of
- simultaneous archie users. Available archie sites include:
-
- archie.au archie.rediris.es
- archie.edvz.uni-linz.ac.at archie.luth.se
- archie.univie.ac.at archie.switch.ch
- archie.uqam.ca archie.ncu.edu.tw
- archie.funet.fi archie.doc.ic.ac.uk
- archie.th-darmstadt.de archie.unl.edu
- archie.ac.il archie.internic.net
- archie.unipi.it archie.rutgers.edu
- archie.wide.ad.jp archie.ans.net
- archie.kr archie.sura.net
- archie.sogang.ac.kr
-
- All archie sites can be accessed using archie client software. Some
- archie servers may be accessed using TELNET; when TELNETing to an
- archie site, login as archie (you must use lower case) and hit
- <ENTER> if a password is requested.
-
- Once connected, the help command assists users in obtaining more
- information about using archie. Two more useful archie commands are
- prog, used to search for files in the database, and whatis, which
- searches for keywords in the program descriptions.
-
- In the accompanying dialogue, the set maxhits command is used to
- limit the number of responses to any following prog commands; if this
- is not done, the user may get an enormous amount of information. In
- this example, the user issues a request to find entries related to
- "dilbert"; armed with this information, a user can use anonymous FTP
- to examine these directories and files.
-
- The next request is for files with "tcp/ip" as a keyword descriptor.
- These responses can be used for subsequent prog commands.
-
- Exit archie using the exit command. At this point, TELNET closes the
- connection and control returns to the local host.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 25]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- Additional information about archie can be obtained by sending e-mail
- to Bunyip Information Systems (archie-info@bunyip.com). Client
- software is not required to use archie, but can make life a little
- easier; some such software can be downloaded using anonymous FTP from
- the /pub/archie/clients/ directory at ftp.sura.net (note that the
- newest program in this directory is dated June 1994). Most shareware
- and commercial archie clients hide the complexity described in this
- section; users usually connect to a pre-configured archie server
- merely by typing an archie command line.
-
- ====================================================================
- **C:> telnet archie.unl.edu
- SunOS UNIX (crcnis2)
-
- **login: archie
- **Password:
-
- Welcome to the ARCHIE server at the University of Nebraska - Lincoln
-
- # Bunyip Information Systems, 1993
-
- **unl-archie> help
- These are the commands you can use in help:
-
- . go up one level in the hierarchy
-
- ? display a list of valid subtopics at the current level
-
- <newline>
- done, ^D, ^C quit from help entirely
-
- <string> help on a topic or subtopic
- Eg.
- "help show"
-
- will give you the help screen for the "show" command
-
- "help set search"
-
- Will give you the help information for the "search" variable.
-
- The command "manpage" will give you a complete copy of the archie
- manual page.
- **help> done
-
- **unl-archie> set maxhits 5
-
- **unl-archie> prog dilbert
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 26]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- # Search type: sub.
- # Your queue position: 2
- # Estimated time for completion: 00:20
-
- Host ftp.wustl.edu (128.252.135.4)
- Last updated 10:08 25 Dec 1993
-
- Location: /multimedia/images/gif/unindexed/931118
- FILE -rw-r--r-- 9747 bytes 19:18 17 Nov 1993 dilbert.gif
-
- **unl-archie> whatis tcp/ip
- RFC 1065 McCloghrie, K.; Rose, M.T.
- Structure and identification of management information for TCP/IP-based
- internets. 1988 August; 21 p. (Obsoleted by RFC 1155)
- RFC 1066 McCloghrie, K.; Rose, M.T.
- Management Information Base for network management of TCP/IP-based
- internets. 1988 August; 90 p. (Obsoleted by RFC 1156)
- RFC 1085 Rose, M.T. ISO presentation
- services on top of TCP/IP based internets. 1988 December; 32 p.
- RFC 1095 Warrier, U.S.; Besaw, L. Common
- Management Information Services and Protocol over TCP/IP (CMOT). 1989
- April; 67 p. (Obsoleted by RFC 1189)
- RFC 1144 Jacobson, V. Compressing TCP/IP
- headers for low-speed serial links. 1990 February; 43 p.
- RFC 1147 Stine, R.H.,ed. FYI on a
- network management tool catalog: Tools for monitoring and debugging
- TCP/IP internets and interconnected devices. 1990 April; 126 p. (Also
- FYI 2)
- RFC 1155 Rose, M.T.; McCloghrie, K.
- Structure and identification of management information for TCP/IP-based
- internets. 1990 May; 22 p. (Obsoletes RFC 1065)
- RFC 1156 McCloghrie, K.; Rose, M.T.
- Management Information Base for network management of TCP/IP-based
- internets. 1990 May; 91 p. (Obsoletes RFC 1066)
- RFC 1158 Rose, M.T.,ed. Management
- Information Base for network management of TCP/IP-based internets:
- MIB-II. 1990 May; 133 p.
- RFC 1180 Socolofsky, T.J.; Kale, C.J.
- TCP/IP tutorial. 1991 January; 28 p.
- RFC 1195 Callon, R.W. Use of OSI
- IS-IS for routing in TCP/IP and dual environments. 1990 December; 65 p.
- RFC 1213 McCloghrie, K.; Rose,M.T.,eds.
- Management Information Base for network management of TCP/IP-based
- internets:MIB-II. 1991 March; 70 p. (Obsoletes RFC 1158)
- log_tcp Package to monitor tcp/ip connections
- ping PD version of the ping(1) command. Send ICMP
- ECHO requests to a host on the network (TCP/IP) to see whether it's
- reachable or not
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 27]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- **unl-archie> exit
- # Bye.
-
- Connection #0 closed
-
- C:>
- ====================================================================
-
- 6.2. Gopher
-
- The Internet Gopher protocol was developed at the University of
- Minnesota's Microcomputer Center in 1991, as a distributed
- information search and retrieval tool for the Internet. Gopher is
- described in RFC 1436 [1]; the name derives from the University's
- mascot.
-
- Gopher provides a tool so that publicly available information at a
- host can be organized in a hierarchical fashion using simple text
- descriptions, allowing files to be perused using a simple menu
- system. Gopher also allows a user to view a file on demand without
- requiring additional file transfer protocols. In addition, Gopher
- introduced the capability of linking sites on the Internet, so that
- each Gopher site can be used as a stepping stone to access other
- sites and reducing the amount of duplicate information and effort on
- the network.
-
- Any Gopher site can be accessed using Gopher client software (or a
- WWW browser). In many cases, users can access Gopher by TELNETing to
- a valid Gopher location; if the site provides a remote Gopher client,
- the user will see a text-based, menu interface. The number of Gopher
- sites grew rapidly between 1991 and 1994, although growth tapered due
- to the introduction of the Web; in any case, most Gopher sites have a
- menu item that will allow you to identify other Gopher sites. If
- using TELNET, login with the username gopher (this must be in
- lowercase); no password is required.
-
- In the sample dialogue below, the user attaches to the Gopher server
- at the Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC) by TELNETing to
- ds.internic.net. With the menu interface shown here, the user merely
- follows the prompts. Initially, the main menu will appear. Selecting
- item 3 causes Gopher to seize and display the "InterNIC Registration
- Services (NSI)" menu; move to the desired menu item by typing the
- item number or by moving the pointer (-->) down to the desired entry
- using the DOWN-ARROW key on the keyboard, and then hitting ENTER. To
- quit the program at any time, press q (quit); ? and u will provide
- help or go back up to the previous menu, respectively. Users may also
- search for strings within files using the / command or download the
- file being interrogated using the D command.
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 28]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- Menu item 1 within the first submenu (selected in the dialogue shown
- here) is titled "InterNIC Registration Archives." As its submenu
- implies, this is a place to obtain files containing the InterNIC's
- domain registration policies, domain data, registration forms, and
- other information related to registering names and domains on the
- Internet.
-
- ====================================================================
- **SMCVAX$ telnet ds.internic.net
-
- UNIX(r) System V Release 4.0 (ds2)
-
- **login: gopher
-
- ********************************************************************
- Welcome to the InterNIC Directory and Database Server.
- ********************************************************************
-
- Internet Gopher Information Client v2.1.3
- Home Gopher server: localhost
-
- --> 1. About InterNIC Directory and Database Services/
- 2. InterNIC Directory and Database Services (AT&T)/
- 3. InterNIC Registration Services (NSI)/
- 4. README
-
- Press ? for Help, q to Quit Page: 1/1
- **View item number: 3
-
-
- Internet Gopher Information Client v2.1.3
- InterNIC Registration Services (NSI)
-
- --> 1. InterNIC Registration Archives/
- 2. Whois Searches (InterNIC IP, ASN, DNS, and POC Registry) <?>
-
- Press ? for Help, q to Quit, u to go up a menu Page: 1/1
- **View item number: 1
- Internet Gopher Information Client v2.1.3
- InterNIC Registration Archives
-
- --> 1. archives/
- 2. domain/
- 3. netinfo/
- 4. netprog/
- 5. policy/
- 6. pub/
- 7. templates/
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 29]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- Press ? for Help, q to Quit, u to go up a menu Page: 1/1
- **q
- **Really quit (y/n) ? y
-
- Connection closed by Foreign Host
-
- SMCVAX$
- ====================================================================
-
- 6.3. VERONICA, JUGHEAD, and WAIS
-
- The problem with being blessed with so much information from FTP,
- archie, Gopher, and other sources is exactly that -- too much
- information. To make it easier for users to locate the system on
- which their desired information resides, a number of other tools have
- been created.
-
- VERONICA (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized
- Archives) was developed at the University of Nevada at Reno as an
- archie- like adjunct to Gopher. As the number of Gopher sites quickly
- grew after its introduction, it became increasingly harder to find
- information in gopherspace since Gopher was designed to search a
- single database at a time. VERONICA maintains an index of titles of
- Gopher items and performs a keyword search on all of the Gopher sites
- that it has knowledge of and access to, obviating the need for the
- user to perform a menu-by-menu, site-by-site search for information.
- When a user selects an item from the menu of a VERONICA search,
- "sessions" are automatically established with the appropriate Gopher
- servers, and a list of data items is returned to the originating
- Gopher client in the form of a Gopher menu so that the user can
- access the files. VERONICA is available as an option on many Gopher
- servers.
-
- Another Gopher-adjunct is JUGHEAD (Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy
- Excavation And Display). JUGHEAD supports key word searches and the
- use of logical operators (AND, OR, and NOT). The result of a JUGHEAD
- search is a display of all menu items which match the search string
- which are located in the University of Manchester and UMIST
- Information Server, working from a static database that is re-created
- every day. JUGHEAD is available from many Gopher sites, although
- VERONICA may be a better tool for global searches.
-
- The Wide Area Information Server (WAIS, pronounced "ways") was
- initiated jointly by Apple Computer, Dow Jones, KMPG Peat Marwick,
- and Thinking Machines Corp. It is a set of free-ware, share-ware, and
- commercial software products for a wide variety of hardware/software
- platforms, which work together to help users find information on the
- Internet. WAIS provides a single interface through which a user can
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 30]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- access many different information databases. The user interface
- allows a query to be formulated in English and the WAIS server will
- automatically choose the appropriate databases to search. Further
- information about WAIS can be obtained by reading the WAIS FAQ, from
- host rtfm.mit.edu in file /pub/usenet/news.answers/wais-faq.
-
- 7. The World Wide Web
-
- The World Wide Web (WWW) is thought (erroneously) by many to be the
- same thing as the Internet. But the confusion, in many ways, is
- justified; by early 1996, the WWW accounted for over 40% of all of
- the traffic on the Internet. In addition, the number of hosts on the
- Internet named www has grown from several hundred in mid-1994 to
- 17,000 in mid-1995 to 212,000 in mid-1996 to over 410,000 by early
- 1997. The Web has made information on the Internet accessible to
- users of all ages and computer skill levels. It has provided a
- mechanism so that nearly anyone can become a content provider.
- According to some, growth in the number of WWW users is unparalleled
- by any other event in human history.
-
- The WWW was developed in the early 1990s at the CERN Institute for
- Particle Physics in Geneva, Switzerland. The Web was designed to
- combine aspects of information retrieval with multimedia
- communications, unlike archie and Gopher, which were primarily used
- for the indexing of text-based files. The Web allows users to access
- information in many different types of formats, including text,
- sound, image, animation, and video. WWW treats all searchable
- Internet files as hypertext documents. Hypertext is a term which
- merely refers to text that contains pointers to other text, allowing
- a user reading one document to jump to another document for more
- information on a given topic, and then return to the same location in
- the original document. WWW hypermedia documents are able to employ
- images, sound, graphics, video, and animation in addition to text.
-
- To access WWW servers, users must run client software called a
- browser. The browser and server use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol
- (HTTP) [3]. WWW documents are written in the Hypertext Markup
- Language (HTML) [2, 20], a simple text-based formatting language that
- is hardware and software platform-independent. Users point the
- browser at some location using a shorthand format called a Uniform
- Resource Locator (URL), which allows a WWW servers to obtain files
- from any location on the public Internet using a variety of
- protocols, including HTTP, FTP, Gopher, and TELNET.
-
- Mosaic, developed in 1994 at the National Center for Supercomputer
- Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-
- Champaign, was the first widely-used browser. Because it was
- available at no cost over the Internet via anonymous FTP, and had a
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 31]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- version for Windows, Mac, and UNIX systems, Mosaic was probably the
- single reason that the Web attracted so many users so quickly. The
- most commonly used browsers today include the Netscape Navigator
- (http://www.netscape.com), Microsoft's Internet Explorer
- (http://www.microsoft.com), and NCSA Mosaic
- (http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Software/Mosaic/).
-
- The WWW is ideally suited to a windows environment, or other point-
- and-click graphical user interface. Nevertheless, several text-based
- Web browsers do exist, although their usefulness is limited if trying
- to obtain graphical images, or audio or video clips. One text-based
- Web browser is Lynx, and an example of its use is shown below. Items
- in square brackets in the sample dialogue are Lynx's way of
- indicating an image or other display that cannot be shown on an ASCII
- terminal.
-
- ====================================================================
- **gck@zoo.uvm.edu> lynx www.hill.com
- Getting http://www.hill.com/
- Looking up www.hill.com.
- Making HTTP connection to www.hill.com.Sending HTTP request.
- HTTP request sent; waiting for response.Read 176 bytes of data.
- 512 of 2502 bytes of data.
- 1024 of 2502 bytes of data.
- 536
- 2048
- 502
- Data transfer complete
-
- Hill Associates
-
- [INLINE] Hill Associates, Inc.
-
- Leaders in Telecommunications Training and Education Worldwide
- _________________________________________________________________
-
- Hill Associates is an international provider of voice and data
- telecommunications training and education. We cover the full breadth
- of the field, including telephony, computer networks, ISDN, X.25 and
- fast packet technologies (frame relay, SMDS, ATM), wireless, TCP/IP
- and the Internet, LANs and LAN interconnection, legacy networks,
- multimedia and virtual reality, broadband services, regulation,
- service strategies, and network security.
-
- Hill Associates' products and services include instructor-led,
- computer-based (CBT), and hands-on workshop courses. Courseware
- distribution media include audio tape, video tape, CD-ROM, and 3.5"
- disks (PC).
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 32]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- _________________________________________________________________
-
- Hill Associates products, services, and corporate information
-
- * About Hill Associates
- * HAI Products and Services Catalog
- * Datacomm/2000-ED Series
- * Contacting Hill Associates
- * Employment Opportunities
- * HAI Personnel Home Pages
-
- On-line information resources from Hill Associates
-
- * HAI Telecommunications Acronym List
- * Articles, Books, and On-Line Presentations by HAI Staff
- * GCK's Miscellaneous Sites List...
-
- Hill Associates is host to the:
-
- * IEEE Local Computer Networks Conference Home Page...
- * Vermont Telecommunications Resource Center
- ________________________________________________________________
-
- Please send any comments or suggestions to the HAI Webmaster. Come
- back again soon!
-
- Information at this site (c) 1994-1997 Hill Associates.
-
-
- Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to go
- back.
- H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain screen Q)uit /=search
- [delete]=history list
-
- **G
- **URL to open: http://www.bbn.com
- Getting http://www.bbn.com/
- Looking up www.bbn.com.
- Making HTTP connection to www.bbn.com.Sending HTTP request.
- HTTP request sent; waiting for response.Read 119 bytes of data.
- 500
- 1000 bytes of data.
- 2
- 5
- 925
- Data transfer complete
-
- BBN On The World Wide Web
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 33]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- [LINK]
- BBN Reports Fourth-Quarter and Year-End 1996 Results
-
- [INLINE]
- [ISMAP]
- [ISMAP]
- [LINK]
- [INLINE]
-
- Who Won Our Sweepstakes
- How The Noc Solves Problems
- Noc Noc Who's There
- BBN Planet Network Map
-
- [LINK][LINK][LINK][LINK][LINK][LINK]
- [LINK]
- Contact BBN Planet
- Directions to BBN
- Text only index of the BBN Web site
- |
- Corporate Disclaimer
- Send questions and comments about our site to Webmaster@bbn.com
- (c) 1996 BBN Corporation
-
-
- Arrow keys: Up and Down to move. Right to follow a link; Left to go
- back.
- H)elp O)ptions P)rint G)o M)ain screen Q)uit /=search
- [delete]=history list
- **Q
-
- gck@zoo.uvm.edu>
- ====================================================================
-
- 7.1. Uniform Resource Locators
-
- As more and more protocols have become available to identify files,
- archive and server sites, news lists, and other information resources
- on the Internet, it was inevitable that some shorthand would arise to
- make it easier to designate these sources. The common shorthand
- format is called the Uniform Resource Locator. The list below
- provides information on how the URL format should be interpreted for
- the protocols and resources that will be discussed in this document.
- A complete description of the URL format may be found in [4].
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 34]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- file://host/directory/file-name
- Identifies a specific file. E.g., the file htmlasst in the edu
- directory at host ftp.cs.da would be denoted, using the full URL
- form: <URL:file://ftp.cs.da/edu/htmlasst>.
-
- ftp://user:password@host:port/directory/file-name
- Identifies an FTP site. E.g.:
- ftp://ftp.eff.org/pub/EFF/Policy/Crypto/*.
-
- gopher://host:port/gopher-path
- Identifies a Gopher site and menu path; a "00" at the start of
- the path indicates a directory and "11" indicates a file. E.g.:
- gopher://info.umd.edu:901/00/info/Government/Factbook92.
-
- http://host:port/directory/file-name?searchpart
- Identifies a WWW server location. E.g.:
- http://info.isoc.org/home.html.
-
- mailto:e-mail_address
- Identifies an individual's Internet mail address. E.g.:
- mailto:s.shepard@hill.com.
-
- telnet://user:password@host:port/
- Identifies a TELNET location (the trailing "/" is optional).
- E.g.: telnet://envnet:henniker@envnet.gsfc.nasa.gov.
-
- 7.2. User Directories on the Web
-
- While finding users on the Internet remains somewhat like alchemy if
- using the tools and utilities mentioned earlier, the Web has added a
- new dimension to finding people. Since 1995, many telephone companies
- have placed national white and yellow page telephone directories on-
- line, accessible via the World Wide Web.
-
- For a while, it seemed that the easiest and most reliable approach to
- finding people's e-mail address on the Internet was to look up their
- telephone number on the Web, call them, and ask for their e-mail
- address! More recently, however, many third parties are augmenting
- the standard telephone directory with an e-mail directory. These
- services primarily rely on users voluntarily registering, resulting
- in incomplete databases because most users don't know about all of
- the services. Nevertheless, some of the personal directory services
- available via the Web with which e-mail addresses (and telephone
- numbers) can be found include Four11 Directory Services
- (http://www.Four11.com/), Excite
- (http://www.excite.com/Reference/locators.html), and Yahoo! People
- Search (http://www.yahoo.com/search/people/).
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 35]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- In addition, the Knowbot Information Service (KIS), CNRI's automated
- username database search tool described earlier in this document, is
- also available on the Web, at http://info.cnri.reston.va.us/kis.html.
- Users can select several options for the KIS search, including the
- InterNIC, MILNET, MCImail, and Latin American Internic databases;
- UNIX finger and whois servers; and X.500 databases.
-
- 7.3. Other Service Accessible Via the Web
-
- Many of the other utilities described earlier in this document can
- also be accessed via the WWW. In general, the Web browser acts as a
- viewer to a remote client rather than requiring specialized software
- on the user's system.
-
- Several sites provide DNS information, obviating the need for a user
- to have a local DNS client such as NSLOOKUP. The hosts
- http://ns1.milepost.com/dns/ and
- http://sh1.ro.com/~mprevost/netutils/dig.html are among the best DNS
- sites, allowing the user to access all DNS information. The site
- http://www.bankes.com/nslookup.htm allows users to do multiple,
- sequential searches at a given domain. Other Web sites providing
- simple DNS name/address translation services include
- http://rhinoceros.cs.inf.shizuoka.ac.jp/dns.html,
- http://www.engin.umich.edu/htbin/DNSquery, http://www.lublin.pl/cgi-
- bin/ns/nsgate, and http://www.trytel.com/cgi-bin/weblookup.
-
- Ping is another service available on the Web. The
- http://sh1.ro.com/~mprevost/netutils/ping.html page allows a user to
- select a host name, number of times to ping (1-10), and number of
- seconds between each ping (1-10), and returns a set of summary
- statistics. Other Web-based ping sites include
- http://www.net.cmu.edu/bin/ping (sends ten pings, and reports the
- times and min/max/avg summary statistics) and
- http://www.uia.ac.be/cc/ping.html (indicates whether the target host
- is alive or not).
-
- Traceroute is also available on the Web. Unfortunately, these servers
- trace the route from their host to a host that the user chooses,
- rather than from the user's host to the target. Nevertheless,
- interesting route information can be found at
- http://www.net.cmu.edu/bin/traceroute. Traceroute service and a list
- of a number of other traceroute sites on the Web can be found at
- http://www.lublin.pl/cgi-bin/trace/traceroute.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 36]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- Access to archie is also available via the WWW, where your browser
- acts as the graphical interface to an archie server. To find a list
- of archie servers, and to access them via the Web, point your browser
- at http://www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/Internet/FTP_Sites/
- Searching/Archie/.
-
- Finally, even Finger can be found on the World Wide Web; check out
- http://sh1.ro.com/~mprevost/netutils/finger.html.
-
- 8. Discussion Lists and Newsgroups
-
- Among the most useful features of the Internet are the discussion
- lists that have become available to allow individuals to discuss
- topics of mutual concern. Discussion list topics range from SCUBA
- diving and home brewing of beer to AIDS research and foreign policy.
- Several, naturally, deal specifically with the Internet, TCP/IP
- protocols, and the impact of new technologies.
-
- Most of the discussion lists accessible from the Internet are
- unmoderated, meaning that anyone can send a message to the list's
- central repository and the message will then be automatically
- forwarded to all subscribers of the list. These lists provide very
- fast turn-around between submission of a message and delivery, but
- often result in a lot of messages (including inappropriate junk mail,
- or "spam"). A moderated list has an extra step; a human list
- moderator examines all messages before they are forwarded to ensure
- that the messages are appropriate to the list and not needlessly
- inflammatory!
-
- Users should be warned that some lists generate a large number of
- messages each day. Before subscribing to too many lists, be sure that
- you are aware of local policies and/or charges governing access to
- discussion lists and e-mail storage.
-
- 8.1. Internet Discussion Lists
-
- Mail can be sent to almost all Internet lists at an address with the
- following form:
-
- list_name@host_name
-
- The common convention when users want to subscribe, unsubscribe, or
- handle any other administrative matter is to send a message to the
- list administrator; do not send administrivia to the main list
- address! The list administrator can usually be found at:
-
- list_name-REQUEST@host_name
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 37]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- To subscribe to a list, it is often enough to place the word
- "subscribe" in the main body of the message, although a line with the
- format:
-
- subscribe list_name your_full_name
-
- will satisfy most mail servers. A similar message may be used to get
- off a list; just use the word "unsubscribe" followed by the list
- name. Not every list follows this convention, but it is a safe bet if
- you don't have better information!
-
- 8.2. LISTSERV
-
- A large set of discussion groups is maintained using a program called
- LISTSERV. LISTSERV is a service provided widely on BITNET and EARN,
- although it is also available to Internet users. A LISTSERV User
- Guide can be found on the Web at http://www.earn.net/lug/notice.html.
-
- Mail can be sent to most LISTSERV lists at an address with the
- following form:
-
- list_name@host_name
-
- The common convention when users want to subscribe, unsubscribe, or
- handle any other administrative matter is to send commands in a
- message to the LISTSERV server; do not send administrivia to the main
- list address! The list server can usually be found at:
-
- LISTSERV@host_name
-
- LISTSERV commands are placed in the main body of e-mail messages sent
- to an appropriate list server location. Once you have found a list of
- interest, you can send a message to the appropriate address with any
- appropriate command, such as:
-
-
- subscribe list_name your_full_name Subscribe to a list
- unsubscribe list_name Unsubscribe from a list
- help Get help & a list of commands
- index Get a list of LISTSERV files
- get file_name Obtain a file from the server
-
- 8.3. Majordomo
-
- Majordomo is another popular list server for Internet discussion
- lists. The Web site http://www.greatcircle.com/majordomo/ has a
- large amount of information about Majordomo.
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 38]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- Mail is sent to Majordomo lists using the same general address format
- as above:
-
- list_name@host_name
-
- The common convention when users want to subscribe, unsubscribe, or
- handle any other administrative matter is to send a message to the
- Majordomo list server; do not send administrivia to the main list
- address! The Majordomo server can usually be found at:
-
- MAJORDOMO@host_name
-
- Majordomo commands are placed in the main body of e-mail messages
- sent to an appropriate list server location. Available commands
- include:
-
- help Get help & a list of commands
- subscribe list_name your_e-mail
- Subscribe to a list (E-mail address is optional)
- unsubscribe list_name your_e-mail
- Unsubscribe from a list (E-mail address is optional)
- info list Sends an introduction about the specified list
- lists Get a list of lists served by this Majordomo server
-
- 8.4. Usenet
-
- Usenet, also known as NETNEWS or Usenet news, is another information
- source with its own set of special interest mailing lists organized
- into newsgroups. Usenet originated on UNIX systems but has migrated
- to many other types of hosts. Usenet clients, called newsreaders, use
- the Network News Transfer Protocol [13] and are available for
- virtually any operating system; several web browsers, in fact, have
- this capability built in.
-
- While Usenet newsgroups are usually accessible at Internet sites, a
- prospective Usenet client host must have appropriate newsreader
- software to be able to read news. Users will have to check with their
- local host or network administrator to find out what Usenet
- newsgroups are locally available, as well as the local policies for
- using them.
-
- Usenet newsgroup names are hierarchical in nature. The first part of
- the name, called the hierarchy, provides an indication about the
- general subject area. There are two types of hierarchies, called
- mainstream and alternative; the total number of newsgroups is in the
- thousands. The news.announce.newusers newsgroup is a good place for
- new Usenet users to find a detailed introduction to the use of
- Usenet, as well as an introduction to its culture.
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 39]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- Usenet mainstream hierarchies are established by a process that
- requires the approval of a majority of Usenet members. Most sites
- that receive a NETNEWS feed receive all of these hierarchies, which
- include:
-
- comp Computers
- misc Miscellaneous
- news Network news
- rec Recreation
- sci Science
- soc Social issues
- talk Various discussion lists
-
- The alternative hierarchies include lists that may be set up at any
- site that has the server software and disk space. These lists are not
- formally part of Usenet and, therefore, may not be received by all
- sites getting NETNEWS. The alternative hierarchies include:
-
- alt Alternate miscellaneous discussion lists
- bionet Biology, medicine, and life sciences
- bit BITNET discussion lists
- biz Various business-related discussion lists
- ddn Defense Data Network
- gnu GNU lists
- ieee IEEE information
- info Various Internet and other networking information
- k12 K-12 education
- u3b AT&T 3B computers
- vmsnet Digital's VMS operating system
-
- 8.5 Finding Discussion Lists and Newsgroups
-
- Armed with the rules for signing up for a discussion list or
- accessing a newsgroup, how does one find an appropriate list given
- one's interests?
-
- There are tens of thousands of e-mail discussion lists on the
- Internet. One List of Lists may be found using anonymous FTP at
- ftp://sri.com/netinfo/interest-groups.txt; the List of Lists can be
- searched using a Web browser by going to
- http://catalog.com/vivian/interest-group-search.html. Other places to
- look are the Publicly Accessible Mailing Lists index at
- http://www.neosoft.com/internet/paml/byname.html and the LISZT
- Directory of E-Mail Discussion Groups at http://www.liszt.com.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 40]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- To obtain a list of LISTSERV lists, send e-mail to
- listserv@bitnic.cren.net with the command lists global in the body of
- the message. Alternatively, look on the Web at
- http://www.tile.net/tile/listserv/index.html. The Web site
- http://www.liszt.com has a Mailing Lists Database of lists served by
- LISTSERV and Majordomo.
-
- There are also thousands of Usenet newsgroups. One Usenet archive can
- be found at gopher://rtfm.mit.edu/11//pub/usenet/news.answers; see
- the /active-newsgroups and /alt-hierarchies subdirectories. Usenet
- news may also be read at gopher://gopher.bham.ac.uk/11/Usenet. A good
- Usenet search facility can be found at DejaNews at
- http://www.dejanews.com/; messages can also be posted to Usenet
- newsgroups from this site.
-
- Note that there is often some overlap between Usenet newsgroups and
- Internet discussion lists. Some individuals join both lists in these
- circumstances or, often, there is cross-posting of messages. Some
- Usenet newsgroup discussions are forwarded onto an Internet mailing
- list by an individual site to provide access to those users who do
- not have Usenet available.
-
- 9. Internet Documentation
-
- To fully appreciate and understand what is going on within the
- Internet community, users might wish to obtain the occasional
- Internet specification. The main body of Internet documents are
- Request for Comments (RFCs), although a variety of RFC subsets have
- been defined for various specific purposes. The sections below will
- describe the RFCs and other documentation, and how to get them.
-
- The Internet standardization process is alluded to in the following
- sections. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is the guiding
- body for Internet standards; their Web site is http://www.ietf.org.
- The IETF operates under the auspices of the Internet Society (ISOC),
- which has a Web site at http://www.isoc.org. For complete, up-to-date
- information on obtaining Internet documentation, go to the InterNIC's
- Web site at http://ds.internic.net/ds/dspg0intdoc.html. The IETF's
- history and role in the Internet today is described in Kessler [15].
- For information on the organizations involved in the IETF standards
- process, see RFC 2028 [11]. For information on the relationship
- between the IETF and ISOC, see RFC 2031 [12].
-
- 9.1. Request for Comments (RFCs)
-
- RFCs are the body of literature comprising Internet protocols,
- standards, research questions, hot topics, humor (especially those
- dated 1 April), and general information. Each RFC is uniquely issued
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 41]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- a number which is never reused or reissued; if a document is revised,
- it is given a new RFC number and the old RFC is said to be obsoleted.
- Announcements are sent to the RFC-DIST mailing list whenever a new
- RFC is issued; anyone may join this list by sending e-mail to
- majordomo@zephyr.isi.edu with the line "subscribe rfc-dist" in the
- body of the message.
-
- RFCs may be obtained through the mail (i.e., postal service), but it
- is easier and faster to get them on-line. One easy way to obtain RFCs
- on-line is to use RFC-INFO, an e-mail-based service to help users
- locate and retrieve RFCs and other Internet documents. To use the
- service, send e-mail to rfc-info@isi.edu and leave the Subject: field
- blank; commands that may go in the main body of the message include:
-
- help (Help file)
- help: ways_to_get_rfcs (Help file on how to get RFCs)
-
- RETRIEVE: RFC
- Doc-ID: RFCxxxx (Retrieve RFC xxxx; use all 4
- digits)
-
- LIST: RFC (List all RFCs...)
- [options] (...[matching the following
- options])
- KEYWORDS: xxx (Title contains string "xxx")
- AUTHOR: xxx (Written by "xxx")
- ORGANIZATION: xxx (Issued by company "xxx")
- DATED-AFTER: mmm-dd-yyyy
- DATED-BEFORE: mmm-dd-yyyy
- OBSOLETES: RFCxxxx (List RFCs obsoleting RFC xxxx)
-
- Another RFC e-mail server can be found at the InterNIC. To use this
- service, send an e-mail message to mailserv@ds.internic.net, leaving
- the Subject: field blank. In the main body of the message, use one or
- more of the following commands:
-
- help (Help file)
- file /ftp/rfc/rfcNNNN.txt (Text version of RFC NNNN)
- file /ftp/rfc/rfcNNNN.ps (Postscript version of RFC NNNN)
- document-by-name rfcNNNN (Text version of RFC NNNN)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 42]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
- TABLE 1. Primary RFC Repositories.
-
- HOST ADDRESS DIRECTORY
-
- ds.internic.net rfc
- nis.nsf.net internet/documents/rfc
- nisc.jvnc.net rfc
- ftp.isi.edu in-notes
- wuarchive.wustl.edu info/rfc
- src.doc.ic.ac.uk rfc
- ftp.ncren.net rfc
- ftp.sesqui.net pub/rfc
- nis.garr.it mirrors/RFC
- funet.fi rfc
- munnari.oz.au rfc
- -------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- To obtain an RFC via anonymous FTP, connect to one of the RFC
- repositories listed in Table 1 using FTP. After connecting, change to
- the appropriate RFC directory (as shown in Table 1) using the cd
- command. To obtain a particular file, use the get command:
-
- GET RFC-INDEX.TXT local_name (RFC Index)
- GET RFCxxxx.TXT local_name (Text version of RFC xxxx)
- GET RFCxxxx.PS local_name (Postscript version of RFC
- xxxx)
-
- The RFC index, or a specific reference to an RFC, will indicate
- whether the RFC is available in ASCII text (.txt) or Postscript (.ps)
- format. By convention, all RFCs are available in ASCII while some are
- also available in Postscript where use of graphics and/or different
- fonts adds more information or clarity; an increasing number are also
- being converted to HTML. Be aware that the index file is very large,
- containing the citing for over 2,000 documents. Note that not all
- RFCs numbered below 698 (July 1975) are available on-line.
-
- Finally, the InterNIC's Web site at
- http://ds.internic.net/ds/dspg1intdoc.html contains the RFC index and
- a complete set of RFCs. More information about Web-based RFC servers
- can be found at http://www.isi.edu/rfc-editor/rfc-sources.html.
-
- The sample dialogue below, although highly abbreviated, shows a user
- obtaining RFC 1594 (Answers to Commonly asked "New Internet User"
- Questions) using e-mail and anonymous FTP.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 43]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- ====================================================================
- **SMCVAX$ mail
- **MAIL> send
- **To: in%"rfc-info@isi.edu"
- Subject:
- Enter your message below. Press CTRL/Z when complete, CTRL/C to quit
- **retrieve: rfc
- **doc-id: rfc1594
- **^Z
- **MAIL> exit
-
- **SMCVAX$ ftp ds.internic.net
- **Username: anonymous
- **Password:
- **NIC.DDN.MIL> cd rfc
- **NIC.DDN.MIL> get rfc1594.txt rfc-1594.txt
- **NIC.DDN.MIL> exit
- SMCVAX$
- ====================================================================
-
- 9.2. Internet Standards
-
- RFCs describe many aspects of the Internet. By the early 1990s,
- however, so many specifications of various protocols had been written
- that it was not always clear as to which documents represented
- standards for the Internet. For that reason, a subset of RFCs have
- been designated as STDs to identify them as Internet standards.
-
- Unlike RFC numbers that are never reused, STD numbers always refer to
- the latest version of the standard. UDP, for example, would be
- completely identified as "STD-6/RFC-768." Note that STD numbers
- refer to a standard, which is not necessarily a single document; STD
- 19, for example, is the NetBIOS Service Protocols standard comprising
- RFCs 1001 and 1002, and a complete citation for this standard would
- be "STD-19/RFC-001/RFC-1002."
-
- The availability of new STDs is announced on the RFC-DIST mailing
- list. STD-1 [23] always refers to the latest list of "Internet
- Official Protocol Standards". The Internet standards process is
- described in RFC 2026 [5] and STD notes are explained in RFC 1311
- [24].
-
- STDs can be obtained as RFCs via anonymous FTP from any RFC
- repository. In addition, some RFC sites (such as ds.internic.net)
- provide an STD directory so that STD documents can be found in the
- path /STD/xx.TXT, where xx refers to the STD number.
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 44]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- STD documents may be obtained as RFCs using the methods described in
- Section 9.1. STDs may also be obtained via the RFC-INFO server using
- the RETRIEVE: STD and Doc-ID: STDxxxx commands. Also, check out the
- InterNIC's Web site at http://www.internic.net/std/ for the STD index
- and a complete set of STDs.
-
- 9.3. For Your Information Documents
-
- The For Your Information (FYI) series of RFCs provides Internet users
- with information about many topics related to the Internet. FYI
- topics range from historical to explanatory to tutorial, and are
- aimed at the wide spectrum of people that use the Internet. The FYI
- series includes answers to frequently asked questions by both
- beginning and seasoned users of the Internet, an annotated
- bibliography of Internet books, and an explanation of the domain name
- system.
-
- Like the STDs, an FYI number always refers to the latest version of
- an FYI. FYI 4, for example, refers to the answers to commonly asked
- questions by new Internet users; its complete citation would be
- "FYI-4/RFC-1594." The FYI notes are explained in FYI 1 [18].
-
- FYIs can be obtained as RFCs via anonymous FTP from any RFC
- repository. In addition, some RFC sites (such as ds.internic.net)
- provide an FYI directory so that FYI documents can be found in the
- path /FYI/xx.TXT, where xx refers to the FYI number.
-
- FYI documents may be obtained as RFCs using the methods described in
- Section 9.1. FYIs may also be obtained via the RFC-INFO server using
- the RETRIEVE: FYI and Doc-ID: FYIxxxx commands. Also, check out the
- InterNIC's Web site at http://www.internic.net/fyi/ for the FYI index
- and a complete set of FYIs.
-
- 9.4. Best Current Practices
-
- Standards track RFCs are formally part of the IETF standards process,
- subject to peer review, and intended to culminate in an official
- Internet Standard. Other RFCs are published on a less formal basis
- and are not part of the IETF process. To provide a mechanism of
- publishing relevant technical information which it endorsed, the IETF
- created a new series of RFCs, called the Best Current Practices (BCP)
- series. BCP topics include variances from the Internet standards
- process and IP address allocation in private networks.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 45]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- Like the STDs and FYIs, a BCP number always refers to the latest
- version of a BCP. BCP 5, for example, describes an IP address
- allocation plan for private networks; its complete citation would be
- "BCP-5/RFC-1918." The BCP process is explained in BCP 1 [25].
-
- BCP documents may be obtained as RFCs using the methods described in
- Section 9.1. BCPs may also be obtained via the RFC-INFO server using
- the RETRIEVE: BCP and Doc-ID: BCPxxxx commands. Also, check out the
- RFC Editor's Web site at http://www.isi.edu/rfc-editor/ for the BCP
- index and a complete set of BCPs.
-
- 9.5. RARE Technical Reports
-
- RARE, the Reseaux Associes pour la Recherche Europeenne (Association
- of European Research Networks), has a charter to promote and
- participate in the creation of a high-quality European computer
- communications infrastructure for the support of research endeavors.
- RARE member networks use Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) protocols
- and TCP/IP. To promote a closer relationship between RARE and the
- IETF, RARE Technical Reports (RTRs) have also been published as RFCs
- since the summer of 1993.
-
- RTR documents may be obtained as RFCs using the methods described in
- Section 9.1. RTRs may also be obtained via the RFC-INFO server using
- the RETRIEVE: RTR and Doc-ID: RTRxxxx commands. Also, check out the
- InterNIC's Web site at http://www.internic.net/rtr/ for the RTR index
- and a complete set of RTRs. Finally, RTRs may be obtained via
- anonymous FTP from ftp://ftp.rare.nl/rare/publications/rtr/.
-
- 10. Perusing the Internet
-
- This guide is intended to provide the reader with a rudimentary
- ability to use the utilities that are provided by TCP/IP and the
- Internet. By now, it is clear that the user's knowledge, ability, and
- willingness to experiment are about the only limits to what can be
- accomplished.
-
- There are several books that will help you get started finding sites
- on the Internet, including The INTERNET Yellow Pages [9]. But much
- more timely and up-to-date information can be found on the Internet
- itself, using such search tools as Yahoo! (http://www.yahoo.com),
- Excite (http://www.excite.com), Lycos (http://www.lycos.com),
- WebCrawler (http://www.webcrawler.com), and AltaAvista
- (http://altavista.digital.com).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 46]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- There are several other sources that cite locations from which to
- access specific information about a wide range of subjects using such
- tools as FTP, Telnet, Gopher, and WWW. One of the best periodic
- lists, and archives, is through the Scout Report, a weekly
- publication by the InterNIC's Net Scout Services Project at the
- University of Wisconsin's Computer Science Department. To receive the
- Scout Report by e-mail each week, join the mailing list by sending
- email to listserv@lists.internic.net; place the line subscribe
- scout-report your_full_name in the body of the message to receive the
- text version or use subscribe scout-report-html your_full_name to
- receive the report in HTML. The Scout Report is also available on the
- Web at http://www.cs.wisc.edu/scout/report and
- http://rs.internic.net/scout/report, or via anonymous FTP at
- ftp://rs.internic.net/scout/.
-
- Another list is Yanoff's Internet Services List, which may be found
- at http://www.spectracom.com/islist/ or
- ftp://ftp.csd.uwm.edu/pub/inet.services.txt. Gary Kessler, one of the
- co-author's of this document, maintains his own eclectic
- Miscellaneous Sites List at
- http://www.together.net/~kessler/gck_site.html.
-
- If you are looking for Internet-specific information, one good
- starting point is
- http://www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/Internet/. The InterNIC
- is another valuable resource, with their Scout Report and Scout
- Toolkit (http://rs.internic.net/scout/toolkit).
-
- There is also a fair amount of rudimentary tutorial information
- available on the Internet. The InterNIC cosponsors "The 15 Minute
- Series" (http://rs.internic.net/nic-support/15min/), a collection of
- free, modular, and extensible training materials on specific Internet
- topics. ROADMAP96 (http://www.ua.edu/~crispen/roadmap.html) is a
- free, 27-lesson Internet training workshop over e-mail.
-
- More books and specialized articles came out about the Internet in
- 1993 and 1994 than in all previous years (squared!), and that trend
- has seemed to continue into 1995, 1996, and beyond. Three books are
- worth notable mention because they do not directly relate to finding
- your way around, or finding things on, the Internet. Hafner and Lyon
- [8] have written Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the
- Internet, a history of the development of the Advanced Research
- Projects Agency (ARPA), packet switching, and the ARPANET, focusing
- primarily on the 1960s and 1970s. While culminating with the
- APRANET's 25th Anniversary in 1994, its main thrusts are on the
- groups building the ARPANET backbone (largely BBN) and the host-to-
- host application and communication protocols (largely the Network
- Working Group). Salus' book, Casting The Net: From ARPANET to
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 47]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- INTERNET and beyond... [28], goes into the development of the network
- from the perspective of the people, protocols, applications, and
- networks. Including a set of "diversions," his book is a bit more
- whimsical than Hafner & Lyon's. Finally, Carl Malamud has written a
- delightful book called Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue
- [17], chronicling not the history of the Internet as much as a subset
- of the people currently active in building and defining it. This
- book will not teach you how to perform an anonymous FTP file transfer
- nor how to use Gopher, but provides insights about our network (and
- Carl's gastro-pathology) that no mere statistics can convey.
-
- 11. Acronyms and Abbreviations
-
- ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
- BCP Best Current Practices
- BITNET Because It's Time Network
- DDN Defense Data Network
- DNS Domain Name System
- EARN European Academic Research Network
- FAQ Frequently Asked Questions list
- FTP File Transfer Protocol
- FYI For Your Information series of RFCs
- HTML Hypertext Markup Language
- HTTP Hypertext Transport Protocol
- ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol
- IP Internet Protocol
- ISO International Organization for Standardization
- NetBIOS Network Basic Input/Output System
- NIC Network Information Center
- NICNAME Network Information Center name service
- NSF National Science Foundation
- NSFNET National Science Foundation Network
- RFC Request For Comments
- RARE Reseaux Associes pour la Recherche Europeenne
- RTR RARE Technical Reports
- STD Internet Standards series of RFCs
- TCP Transmission Control Protocol
- TTL Time-To-Live
- UDP User Datagram Protocol
- URL Uniform Resource Locator
- WAIS Wide Area Information Server
- WWW World Wide Web
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 48]
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- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- 12. Security Considerations
-
- Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
-
- 13. Acknowledgments
-
- Our thanks are given to all sites that we accessed or otherwise used
- system resources in preparation for this document. We also appreciate
- the comments and suggestions from our students and members of the
- Internet community, particularly after the last version of this
- document was circulated, including Mark Delany and the rest of the
- gang at the Australian Public Access Network Association, Margaret
- Hall (BBN), John Martin (RARE), Tom Maufer (3Com), Carol Monaghan
- (Hill Associates), Michael Patton (BBN), N. Todd Pritsky (Hill
- Associates), and Brian Williams. Special thanks are due to Joyce
- Reynolds for her continued encouragement and direction.
-
- 14. References
-
- [1] Anklesaria, F., M. McCahill, P. Lindner, D. Johnson, D. Torrey,
- and B. Alberti, "The Internet Gopher Protocol," RFC 1436,
- University of Minnesota, March 1993.
-
- [2] Berners-Lee, T. and D. Connolly, "Hypertext Markup Language - 2.0,"
- RFC 1866, MIT/W3C, November 1995.
-
- [3] _____, R. Fielding, and H. Frystyk, "Hypertext Transfer Protocol -
- HTTP/1.0," RFC 1945, MIT/LCS, UC Irvine, MIT/LCS, May 1996.
-
- [4] _____, L. Masinter, and M. McCahill, Editors, "Uniform Resource
- Locators (URL)," RFC 1738, CERN, Xerox Corp., University of
- Minnesota, December 1994.
-
- [5] Bradner, S. "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3," RFC
- 2026, Harvard University, October 1996.
-
- [6] Comer, D. Internetworking with TCP/IP, Vol. I: Principles,
- Protocols, and Architecture, 3/e. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-
- Hall, 1995.
-
- [7] Feit, S. TCP/IP: Architecture, Protocols, and Implementation with
- IPv6 and IP Security, 2/e. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
-
- [8] Hafner, K. and M. Lyon. Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins
- of the Internet. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 49]
-
- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- [9] Hahn, H. and R. Stout. The Internet Yellow Pages, 3/e. Berkeley
- (CA): Osborne McGraw-Hill, 1996.
-
- [10] Harrenstien, K., M. Stahl, and E. Feinler, "NICNAME/WHOIS,"
- RFC 954, SRI, October 1985.
-
- [11] Hovey, R. and S. Bradner. "The Organizations Involved in the IETF
- Standards Process," RFC 2028, Digital, Harvard University, October
- 1996.
-
- [12] Huizer, E. "IETF-ISOC Relationship," RFC 2031, SEC, October 1996.
-
- [13] Kantor, B. and P. Lapsley. "Network News Transfer Protocol," RFC
- 977, U.C. San Diego, U.C. Berkeley, February 1986.
-
- [14] Kessler, G.C. "An Overview of TCP/IP Protocols and the Internet."
- URL: http://www.hill.com/library/tcpip.html. Last accessed: 17
- February 1997
-
- [15] _____. "IETF-History, Background, and Role in Today's Internet."
- URL: http://www.hill.com/library/ietf_hx.html. Last accessed: 17
- February 1997.
-
- [16] _____. "Running Your Own DNS." Network VAR, July 1996. (See also
- URL: http://www.hill.com/library/dns.html. Last accessed: 17
- February 1997.)
-
- [17] Malamud, C. Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue.
- Englewood Cliffs (NJ): PTR Prentice Hall, 1992.
-
- [18] Malkin, G.S. and J.K. Reynolds, "F.Y.I. on F.Y.I.: Introduction to
- the F.Y.I. notes," FYI 1/RFC 1150, Proteon, USC/Information
- Sciences Institute, March 1990.
-
- [19] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities,"
- STD 13/RFC 1034, USC/Information Sciences Institute, November 1987.
-
- [20] National Center for Supercomputer Applications (NCSA). "A
- Beginner's Guide to HTML." URL:
- http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/HTMLPrimer.html. Last
- accessed: 2 February 1997.
-
- [21] Postel, J., "Domain Name System Structure and Delegation,"
- USC/Information Sciences Institute, RFC 1591, March 1994.
-
- [22] _____, "Internet Control Message Protocol," USC/Information
- Sciences Institute, RFC 792, September 1981.
-
-
-
-
- Kessler & Shepard Informational [Page 50]
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- RFC 2151 Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities June 1997
-
-
- [23] _____, Editor, "Internet Official Protocol Standards,"
- STD 1/RFC 2000, Internet Architecture Board, February 1997.
-
- [24] _____, "Introduction to the STD Notes," RFC 1311, USC/Information
- Sciences Institute, March 1992.
-
- [25] _____, T. Li, and Y. Rekhter, "Best Current Practices," BCP 1/RFC
- 1818, USC/Information Sciences Institute, Cisco Systems, August
- 1995.
-
- [26] _____ and J. Reynolds, "File Transfer Protocol (FTP),"
- STD 9/RFC 959, USC/Information Sciences Institute, October 1985.
-
- [27] _____ and J. Reynolds, "TELNET Protocol Specification,"
- STD 8/RFC 854, USC/Information Sciences Institute, May 1983.
-
- [28] Salus, P.H. Casting The Net: From ARPANET to INTERNET and beyond...
- Reading (MA): Addison-Wesley, 1995.
-
- [29] Socolofsky, T.J. and C.J. Kale, "TCP/IP Tutorial," RFC 1180, Spider
- Systems Ltd., January 1991.
-
- [30] Stevens, W.R. TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1: The Protocols. Reading
- (MA): Addison-Wesley, 1994.
-
- [31] Williamson, S., "Transition and Modernization of the Internet
- Registration Service," RFC 1400, Network Solutions, Inc., March
- 1993.
-
- [32] Zimmerman, D., "The Finger User Information Protocol," RFC 1288,
- Rutgers University, December 1991.
-
- 15. Authors' Address
-
- Gary C. Kessler
- Hill Associates
- 17 Roosevelt Highway
- Colchester, VT 05446
- Phone: +1 802-655-8659
- Fax: +1 802-655-7974
- E-mail: kumquat@hill.com
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- Steven D. Shepard
- Hill Associates
- 17 Roosevelt Highway
- Colchester, VT 05446
- Phone: +1 802-655-8646
- Fax: +1 802-655-7974
- E-mail: s.shepard@hill.com
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